@incollection{fritz_self-sovereign_2021,
title = {Self-{Sovereign} {Identity}. {Decentralized} {Digital} {Identity} and {Verifiable} {Credentials}},
volume = {1},
number = {1},
publisher = {Manning},
author = {Fritz, Daniel and Cuomo, Marco},
editor = {Preuschkat, Alexander and Reed, Drummond},
year = {2021},
note = {Section: Healthcare supply chain powered by SSI},
pages = {374--382},
}
@book{kalthoff_soziologie_2012,
address = {Bielefeld},
series = {Sozialtheorie},
title = {Soziologie der {Finanzmärkte}},
isbn = {978-3-8376-1806-8},
publisher = {Transcript},
editor = {Kalthoff, Herbert},
year = {2012},
}
@article{tang_financial_2021,
title = {Financial {Innovation} in {Digital} {Payment} with {WeChat} towards {Electronic} {Business} {Success}},
volume = {16},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fjtaer16050103>},
doi = {10.3390/jtaer16050103},
number = {5},
journal = {Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research},
author = {Tang, Yuk Ming and Chau, Ka Yin and Hong, Luchen and Ip, Yun Kit and Yan, Wan},
month = jun,
year = {2021},
note = {Publisher: MDPI},
pages = {1844--1861},
}
@techreport{sverige_riksbank_e-krona_2021,
title = {E-krona pilot {Phase} 1},
institution = {Sverige Riksbank},
author = {{Sverige Riksbank}},
month = apr,
year = {2021},
}
@article{albrecht_use_2019,
title = {The use of cryptocurrencies in the money laundering process},
volume = {22},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1108%2Fjmlc-12-2017-0074>},
doi = {10.1108/jmlc-12-2017-0074},
number = {2},
journal = {Journal of Money Laundering Control},
author = {Albrecht, Chad and Duffin, Kristopher McKay and Hawkins, Steven and Rocha, Victor Manuel Morales},
month = may,
year = {2019},
note = {Publisher: Emerald},
pages = {210--216},
}
@book{noauthor_foreign_nodate,
title = {Foreign {Relations} of the {United} {States}, 1950–1955, {The} {Intelligence} {Community}, 1950–1955},
}
@incollection{president_trumans_secretary_national_nodate,
title = {National {Security} {Council} {Intelligence} {Directive} {No}. 9, {Revised}},
url = {<https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/ch2>},
urldate = {2021-05-21},
booktitle = {Foreign {Relations} of the {US}},
author = {{President Truman's Secretary}},
}
@misc{office_of_public_affairs_three_2019,
title = {Three {Germans} {Who} {Allegedly} {Operated} {Dark} {Web} {Marketplace} with {Over} 1 {Million} {Users} {Face} {U}.{S}. {Narcotics} and {Money} {Laundering} {Charges}},
url = {<https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/three-germans-who-allegedly-operated-dark-web-marketplace-over-1-million-users-face-us>},
urldate = {2021-05-17},
author = {{Office of Public Affairs}},
editor = {{Department of Justice}},
month = may,
year = {2019},
note = {Place: Washington, DC},
}
@book{nakamoto_peer--peer_2008,
title = {A peer-to-peer electronic cash system},
url = {<http://www.klausnordby.com/bitcoin/bitcoin_whitepaper_document_hd.pdf>},
author = {Nakamoto, Satoshi},
year = {2008},
}
@book{herman_manufacturing_2002,
address = {New York},
title = {Manufacturing consent: {The} political economy of the mass media / {Edward} {S}. {Herman} and {Noam} {Chomsky} ; with a new introduction by the authors},
isbn = {0-375-71449-9},
publisher = {Pantheon Books},
author = {Herman, Edward S. and Chomsky, Noam},
year = {2002},
}
@misc{bundesnachrichtendienst_mat--bnd-1-11-k_2014,
title = {{MAT}-{A}-{BND}-1-11-{K}},
url = {<https://wikileaks.org/bnd-inquiry/docs/BND/MAT%20A%20BND-1-11k.pdf>},
urldate = {2021-05-15},
publisher = {BND},
author = {{Bundesnachrichtendienst}},
year = {2014},
note = {Place: Berlin},
}
@misc{bundeskriminalamt_bundeslagebild_2020,
title = {Bundeslagebild: {Cybercrime}},
url = {<https://www.bka.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/JahresberichteUndLagebilder/Cybercrime/cybercrimeBundeslagebild2020.html;jsessionid=AF6B24F92395BB5F005623DFDE393812.live2301?nn=28110>},
urldate = {2021-05-21},
publisher = {BKA},
author = {{Bundeskriminalamt}},
year = {2020},
note = {Place: Berlin},
}
@book{noauthor_foreign_nodate-1,
title = {Foreign {Relations} of the {US}},
}
@book{noauthor_bgb_nodate,
title = {{BGB}},
}
@misc{oecd_about_2021,
title = {About the {OECD}},
url = {<https://www.oecd.org/about/>},
abstract = {The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international organisation that works to build better policies for better lives.},
urldate = {2021-03-28},
author = {{OECD}},
year = {2021},
note = {Publisher: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development},
}
@misc{pelling_natural_2005,
title = {Natural {Disasters} as {Catalysts} for {Political} {Change}: {Environmental} {Crisis}, {Social} {Instability} and {Political} {Change}},
author = {Pelling, M. and Dill, K.},
year = {2005},
note = {Issue: 1
Place: London
Publisher: Department of Geography, King's College},
}
@article{pelling_macro-economic_2002,
title = {The macro-economic impact of disasters},
volume = {2},
issn = {1477-027X},
doi = {10.1191/1464993402ps042ra},
number = {4},
journal = {Progress in Development Studies},
author = {Pelling, Mark and Özerdem, Alpaslan and Barakat, Sultan},
year = {2002},
pages = {283--305},
}
@misc{kolodziejski_european_2020,
title = {European {Cohesion} {Fund}},
url = {<https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/96/cohesion-fund>},
abstract = {Read about the Cohesion Fund. Fact Sheets provide an overview of European integration and the role of the European Parliament.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2021-01-07},
author = {Ko{\\textbackslash}lodziejski, Marek},
year = {2020},
note = {Publisher: European Parliament},
}
@misc{lattes_saint_2015,
title = {Saint {Kitts} and {Nevis}: {Migration} {Profiles}},
url = {<https://esa.un.org/miggmgprofiles/indicators/files/SaintKitts.pdf>},
urldate = {2020-11-19},
author = {Lattes, Pablo},
year = {2015},
note = {Num Pages: 4
Publisher: UNICEF},
}
@incollection{lemke_foucault_2013,
address = {Huddinge},
series = {Södertörn academic studies},
title = {Foucault, {Politics} and {Failure}},
isbn = {978-91-86069-59-9},
number = {54},
booktitle = {Foucault, biopolitics, and governmentality},
publisher = {Södertörns högskola},
author = {Lemke, Thomas},
editor = {Nilsson, Jakob and Wallenstein, Sven-Olov},
year = {2013},
pages = {35--53},
}
@book{lepenies_macht_2013,
address = {Berlin},
edition = {Erste Auflage, Originalausgabe},
series = {Edition {Suhrkamp}},
title = {Die {Macht} der einen {Zahl}: {Eine} politische {Geschichte} des {Bruttoinlandsprodukts}},
volume = {2673},
isbn = {978-3-518-12673-8},
abstract = {{\\textbackslash}textquotedblDiscover the best baby sleep method-gentle, science-backed, and inspired by the latest Nobel Prize-winning research-that shows you how to get your baby to sleep through the night naturally{\\textbackslash}textquotedbl–},
publisher = {Suhrkamp},
author = {Lepenies, Philipp},
year = {2013},
annote = {Axelrod, Sofia, (author.) Lepenies, Philipp, (author.)},
}
@misc{luebering_list_2020,
title = {List of the total areas of the world's countries, dependencies, and territories},
url = {<https://www.britannica.com/topic/list-of-the-total-areas-of-the-worlds-countries-dependencies-and-territories-2130540>},
abstract = {This list provides the total area in square miles and square kilometres for all the countries of the world and for all but the smallest political dependencies and territories. It is ordered alphabetically by the name of the country, dependency, or territory. 1 Includes river area of 3,180 square},
urldate = {2021-03-28},
author = {Luebering, J. E.},
year = {2020},
note = {Publisher: Encyclopedia Britannica},
}
@article{maass_elusive_2009,
title = {The elusive definition of the small state},
volume = {46},
issn = {1384-5748},
url = {<https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/11081093/3-10072020-AP-EN.pdf/d2f799bf-4412-05cc-a357-7b49b93615f1>},
doi = {10.1057/ip.2008.37},
number = {1},
journal = {International Politics},
author = {Maass, Matthias},
year = {2009},
pages = {65--83},
annote = {PII: BFip200837},
}
@misc{molica_textquotedblnext_2020,
title = {{\\textbackslash}{textquotedblNext} {Generation} {EU}{\\textbackslash}textquotedbl: a threat to cohesion {Policy}?},
url = {<https://cpmr.org/wpdm-package/next-generation-eu-a-threat-to-cohesion-policy-december-2020/?wpdmdl=27908&ind=1608103449422>},
urldate = {2021-01-06},
author = {Molica, Francesco and Fontàs, Eugènia Lleal},
year = {2020},
note = {Publisher: Conference of Peripheral Maritime Regions},
}
@misc{mfsa_virtual_2020,
title = {Virtual {Financial} {Assets}},
url = {<https://www.mfsa.mt/fintech/virtual-financial-assets/>},
urldate = {2021-01-07},
author = {{MFSA}},
year = {2020},
}
@article{ruggie_international_1982,
title = {International regimes, transactions, and change: embedded liberalism in the postwar economic order},
volume = {36},
issn = {0020-8183},
doi = {10.1017/S0020818300018993},
number = {2},
journal = {International Organization},
author = {Ruggie, John Gerard},
year = {1982},
pages = {379--415},
annote = {PII: S0020818300018993},
}
@article{saltelli_composite_2007,
title = {Composite {Indicators} between {Analysis} and {Advocacy}},
volume = {81},
issn = {0303-8300},
doi = {10.1007/s11205-006-0024-9},
number = {1},
journal = {Social Indicators Research},
author = {Saltelli, Andrea},
year = {2007},
pages = {65--77},
annote = {PII: 24},
}
@misc{united_nations_list_2020,
title = {List of {SIDS}: {Sustainable} {Development} {Knowledge} {Platform}},
url = {<https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sids/list>},
urldate = {2021-01-31},
author = {{United Nations}},
year = {2020},
note = {Place: New York
Publisher: United Nations},
}
@misc{unuhrlss_small_2013,
title = {Small {Islands} {Developing} {States} ({SIDS}) {Statistics}},
url = {<http://unohrlls.org/custom-content/uploads/2013/09/Small-Island-Developing-States-Factsheet-2013-.pdf>},
author = {{UNUHRLSS}},
editor = {{United Nations}},
year = {2013},
note = {Place: New York},
}
@misc{veenendaal_how_2019,
title = {How smallness produces clientelism, polarisation, record turnout and corruption in {Malta}},
url = {<https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2019/05/16/how-smallness-produces-clientelism-polarisation-record-turnout-and-corruption-in-malta/>},
abstract = {Politics in Malta is characterised by deep polarisation between the country's two main parties and high levels of voter turnout in elections. Wouter Veenendaal explains that these two features are {\\textbackslash}ldots},
urldate = {2020-11-17},
author = {Veenendaal, Wouter},
year = {2019},
note = {Publisher: London School of Economics},
keywords = {elections, featured, politics},
}
@article{vidoli_non-compensability_2015,
title = {Non-compensability in {Composite} {Indicators}: {A} {Robust} {Directional} {Frontier} {Method}},
volume = {122},
issn = {0303-8300},
doi = {10.1007/s11205-014-0710-y},
number = {3},
journal = {Social Indicators Research},
author = {Vidoli, Francesco and Fusco, Elisa and Mazziotta, Claudio},
year = {2015},
pages = {635--652},
annote = {PII: 710},
}
@misc{wto_ds58_1997,
title = {{DS58} {Summary}: {US} {Shrimp}},
url = {<https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/1pagesum_e/ds58sum_e.pdf>},
urldate = {2021-01-31},
author = {{WTO}},
year = {1997},
note = {Num Pages: 2},
}
@misc{world_trade_organisation_trade_2017,
title = {Trade and {Investment}: {Trade} {Related} {Investment} {Measures}},
url = {<https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/invest_e/invest_info_e.htm>},
abstract = {This TRADE TOPICS page will take you to information available on the WTO website, on issues handled by the WTO's councils and committees, and its trade agreements},
urldate = {2021-03-28},
author = {{World Trade Organisation}},
year = {2017},
note = {Publisher: WTO},
}
@misc{world_bank_population_2020,
title = {Population, total: {St}. {Kitts} and {Nevis}},
url = {<https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=KN>},
abstract = {Population, total - St. Kitts and Nevis from The World Bank: Data},
urldate = {2020-11-19},
author = {{World Bank}},
year = {2020},
note = {Publisher: World Bank},
}
@misc{world_bank_adjusted_2018,
title = {Adjusted net national income: (constant 2010 {US}\\$)},
url = {<https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.ADJ.NNTY.KD?end=2018&locations=MT&start=1960&view=map>},
abstract = {Adjusted net national income (constant 2010 US\\$) - Malta from The World Bank: Data},
urldate = {2020-08-14},
author = {{World Bank}},
year = {2018},
}
@article{wisner_risk_2001,
title = {Risk and the neoliberal state: why post-{Mitch} lessons didn't reduce {El} {Salvador}'s earthquake losses},
volume = {25},
issn = {0361-3666},
doi = {10.1111/1467-7717.00176},
abstract = {Although El Salvador suffered light losses from Hurricane Mitch in 1998, it benefited from the increased international aid and encouragement for advance planning, especially mitigation and prevention interventions. Thus, one would have supposed, El Salvador would have been in a very advantageous position, able more easily than its economically crippled neighbours, Honduras and Nicaragua, to implement the 'lessons of Mitch'. A review of the recovery plan tabled by the El Salvador government following the earthquakes of early 2001 shows that despite the rhetoric in favour of 'learning the lessons of Mitch', very little mitigation and prevention had actually been put in place between the hurricane (1998) and the earthquakes (2001). The recovery plan is analysed in terms of the degree to which it deals with root causes of disaster vulnerability, namely, the economic and political marginality of much of the population and environmental degradation. An explanation for the failure to implement mitigation and preventive actions is traced to the adherence by the government of El Salvador to an extreme form of neoliberal, free market ideology, and the deep fissures and mistrust in a country that follow a long and bloody civil war.},
language = {eng},
number = {3},
journal = {Disasters},
author = {Wisner, B.},
year = {2001},
note = {\\_eprint: 11570338},
pages = {251--268},
annote = {Journal Article},
}
@book{winckelmann_gesammelte_1988,
address = {Tbingen},
edition = {7. Aufl., photomechanischer Nachdr. der 6. Aufl.},
series = {Uni-{Taschenbcher}},
title = {Gesammelte {Aufsätze} zur {Wissenschaftslehre}},
volume = {1492},
isbn = {3-16-845369-2},
language = {ger},
publisher = {J.C.B. Mohr},
editor = {Winckelmann, Johannes},
year = {1988},
annote = {Winckelmann, Johannes, (ed.)},
}
@misc{santander_trade_foreign_2020,
title = {Foreign investment in {Malta}},
url = {<https://santandertrade.com/en/portal/establish-overseas/malta/investing>},
urldate = {2020-08-12},
author = {{Santander Trade}},
year = {2020},
note = {Publisher: Santander Bank},
}
@article{santos_integrating_2017,
title = {Integrating {Quantitative} and {Qualitative} {Data} in {Mixed} {Methods} {Research}},
volume = {26},
doi = {10.1590/0104-07072017001590016},
number = {3},
journal = {Texto \\& Contexto - Enfermagem},
author = {Santos, José Luís Guedes dos and Erdmann, Alacoque Lorenzini and Meirelles, Betina Hörner Schlindwein and Lanzoni, Gabriela Marcellino de Melo and Da Cunha, Viviane Pecini and Ross, Ratchneewan},
year = {2017},
annote = {PII: S0104-07072017000300330},
}
@article{schipper_disaster_2006,
title = {Disaster risk, climate change and international development: scope for, and challenges to, integration},
volume = {30},
issn = {0361-3666},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9523.2006.00304.x},
abstract = {Reducing losses to weather-related disasters, meeting the Millennium Development Goals and wider human development objectives, and implementing a successful response to climate change are aims that can only be accomplished if they are undertaken in an integrated manner. Currently, policy responses to address each of these independently may be redundant or, at worst, conflicting. We believe that this conflict can be attributed primarily to a lack of interaction and institutional overlap among the three communities of practice. Differences in language, method and political relevance may also contribute to the intellectual divide. Thus, this paper seeks to review the theoretical and policy linkages among disaster risk reduction, climate change and development. It finds that not only does action within one realm affect capacity for action in the others, but also that there is much that can be learnt and shared between realms in order to ensure a move towards a path of integrated and more sustainable development.},
language = {eng},
number = {1},
journal = {Disasters},
author = {Schipper, Lisa and Pelling, Mark},
year = {2006},
note = {\\_eprint: 16512859},
pages = {19--38},
annote = {Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
}
@book{spitzmuller_diskurslinguistik_2011,
address = {Berlin and Boston},
series = {De {Gruyter} {Studium}},
title = {Diskurslinguistik: {Eine} {Einführung} in {Theorien} und {Methoden} der transtextuellen {Sprachanalyse}},
isbn = {978-3-11-021244-0},
publisher = {De Gruyter},
editor = {Spitzmüller, Jürgen and Warnke, Ingo},
year = {2011},
annote = {Spitzmüller, Jürgen, (author.) Warnke, Ingo, (author.)},
}
@article{srinivasan_nondiscrimination_2005,
title = {Nondiscrimination in {GATT}/{WTO}: was there anything to begin with and is there anything left?},
volume = {4},
issn = {1474-7456},
doi = {10.1017/S1474745605002144},
number = {01},
journal = {World Trade Review},
author = {Srinivasan, T. N.},
year = {2005},
pages = {69--95},
annote = {PII: S1474745605002144},
}
@misc{st_kitts_and_nevis__data_gdp_2020,
title = {{GDP} {Data}: {PPP} (current international \\$)},
url = {<https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD?locations=KN>},
abstract = {GDP, PPP (current international \\$) - St. Kitts and Nevis from The World Bank: Data},
urldate = {2020-11-18},
author = {{St. Kitts and Nevis {\\textbar} Data}},
year = {2020},
note = {Publisher: Eurostat},
}
@misc{statista_malaysia_2019,
title = {Malaysia: {Share} of economic sectors in the gross domestic product},
url = {<https://www.statista.com/statistics/318732/share-of-economic-sectors-in-the-gdp-in-malaysia/>},
abstract = {This statistic shows the share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) in Malaysia from 2009 to 2019.},
urldate = {2021-01-31},
author = {{Statista}},
year = {2019},
note = {Publisher: World Bank},
}
@misc{statista_st_2019,
title = {St. {Kitts} and {Nevis}: {Share} of economic sectors in gross domestic product 2009-2019},
url = {<https://www.statista.com/statistics/731536/share-of-economic-sectors-in-the-gdp-in-st-kitts-and-nevis/>},
abstract = {This statistic shows the share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) in St.},
urldate = {2020-11-18},
author = {{Statista}},
year = {2019},
note = {Publisher: World Bank},
}
@misc{statista_antigua_2020,
title = {Antigua and {Barbuda}: share of economic sectors in gross domestic product},
url = {<https://www.statista.com/statistics/731101/share-of-economic-sectors-in-gdp-in-antigua-and-barbuda/>},
abstract = {This statistic shows the share of economic sectors in gross domestic product (GDP) in Antigua and Barbuda from 2009 to 2019.},
urldate = {2020-11-11},
author = {{Statista}},
year = {2020},
note = {Publisher: Statista},
}
@misc{times_of_malta_protesters_2020,
title = {Protesters march against the beat of developers' drum in {Valletta}},
url = {<https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/enough-is-enough-citizens-march-to-protest-construction-excesses.733768>},
urldate = {2020-12-31},
author = {{Times of Malta}},
year = {2020},
note = {Place: Valletta},
}
@misc{team_unity_party_2015,
title = {Party {Manifesto}},
url = {<http://www.caribbeanelections.com/eDocs/manifestos/kn/team_unity_manifesto_2015.pdf>},
urldate = {2020-11-19},
author = {{Team Unity}},
year = {2015},
note = {Num Pages: 52
Publisher: Team Unity},
}
@article{swank_tax_2006,
title = {Tax {Policy} in an {Era} of {Internationalization}: {Explaining} the {Spread} of {Neoliberalism}},
volume = {60},
issn = {0020-8183},
doi = {10.1017/S0020818306060280},
number = {04},
journal = {International Organization},
author = {Swank, Duane},
year = {2006},
annote = {PII: S0020818306060280},
}
@misc{trading_economies_malta_2020,
title = {Malta - {Economic} {Indicators}},
url = {<https://tradingeconomics.com/malta/indicators>},
urldate = {2020-08-14},
author = {{Trading Economies}},
year = {2020},
}
@misc{statista_singapore_2021,
title = {Singapore - {GDP} distribution across economic sectors 2019 {\\textbar} {Statista}},
url = {<https://www.statista.com/statistics/378575/singapore-gdp-distribution-across-economic-sectors/>},
abstract = {This statistic shows the distribution of the gross domestic product (GDP) across economic sectors in Singapore from 2009 to 2019.},
urldate = {2021-01-31},
author = {{Statista}},
month = jan,
year = {2021},
}
@misc{statista_amazon_2020,
title = {Amazon rainforest: deforestation area {Brazil} 2020},
url = {<https://www.statista.com/statistics/940696/brazil-amazon-deforestation-rate-area/>},
abstract = {The deforestation rate of the Legal Amazon region in Brazil reached the highest level in over a decade.},
urldate = {2020-12-09},
author = {{Statista}},
month = dec,
year = {2020},
}
@misc{statista_st_2020,
title = {St. {Kitts} and {Nevis}: {Ratio} of government expenditure to gross domestic product ({GDP}) 2024},
url = {<https://www.statista.com/statistics/731503/ratio-of-government-expenditure-to-gross-domestic-product-gdp-in-st-kitts-and-nevis/>},
abstract = {The statistic shows the ratio of government expenditure to gross domestic product (GDP) in St.},
urldate = {2020-11-19},
author = {{Statista}},
year = {2020},
note = {Publisher: IMF},
}
@misc{statista_malta_2020,
title = {Malta: {Share} of economic sectors in gross domestic product ({GDP}) from 2009 to 201},
url = {<https://www.statista.com/statistics/731269/share-of-economic-sectors-in-the-gdp-in-malta/>},
author = {{Statista}},
year = {2020},
note = {Publisher: Statista},
}
@misc{statista_cyprus_2020,
title = {Cyprus: {GDP} distribution across economic sectors 2009-2019},
url = {<https://www.statista.com/statistics/382070/cyprus-gdp-distribution-across-economic-sectors/>},
abstract = {This statistic shows the distribution of gross domestic product (GDP) across economic sectors in Cyprus from 2009 to 2019.},
urldate = {2020-12-31},
author = {{Statista}},
year = {2020},
}
@article{kandlikar_climate_1999,
title = {Climate change research and analysis in {India}: an integrated assessment of a {South}–{North} divide},
volume = {9},
issn = {0959-3780},
doi = {10.1016/S0959-3780(98)00033-8},
number = {2},
journal = {Global Environmental Change},
author = {Kandlikar, Milind and Sagar, Ambuj},
year = {1999},
pages = {119--138},
annote = {PII: S0959378098000338},
}
@misc{commonwealth_secretariat_commonwealth_2013,
title = {Commonwealth {Charter}},
url = {<https://thecommonwealth.org/about-us/charter>},
abstract = {The Commonwealth Charter is a document of the values and aspirations which unite the Commonwealth. It expresses the commitment of member states to the development of free and democratic societies and the promotion of peace and prosperity to improve the lives of all the people of the Commonwealth. The Charter also acknowledges the role of civil society in supporting the goals},
urldate = {2021-04-03},
author = {{Commonwealth Secretariat}},
year = {2013},
note = {Publisher: The Commonwealth of Nations},
}
@misc{commonwealth_head_secretariat_member_2013,
title = {Member countries},
url = {<https://thecommonwealth.org/member-countries>},
abstract = {There are 54 countries in the Commonwealth, in Africa, Asia, the Americas, Europe and the Pacific. Commonwealth countries are diverse – they are amongst the world's biggest, smallest, richest and poorest countries. 32 of our members are classified as small states. Small states are especially vulnerable to things like climate change or developmental challenges. Leaders of},
urldate = {2021-02-06},
author = {{Commonwealth Head Secretariat}},
year = {2013},
note = {Publisher: Commonwealth of Nations},
}
@misc{carribean_elections_st_2020,
title = {St {Kitts} and {Nevis} {Past} {General} {Election} {Results}},
url = {<http://www.caribbeanelections.com/kn/elections/default.asp>},
urldate = {2020-11-18},
author = {{Carribean Elections}},
year = {2020},
}
@misc{ares701_2030_2020,
title = {2030 {Agenda} for {Sustainable} {Development}},
url = {<https://sdgs.un.org/sites/default/files/publications/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf>},
urldate = {2020-12-30},
author = {{A/RES/70/1}},
editor = {{United Nations}},
year = {2020},
note = {Num Pages: 41
Place: New York},
}
@article{zhou_mathematical_2007,
title = {A mathematical programming approach to constructing composite indicators},
volume = {62},
issn = {09218009},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.12.020},
number = {2},
journal = {Ecological Economics},
author = {Zhou, P. and Ang, B. W. and Poh, K. L.},
year = {2007},
pages = {291--297},
annote = {PII: S0921800907000080},
}
@article{garcia-bernardo_uncovering_2017,
title = {Uncovering {Offshore} {Financial} {Centers}: {Conduits} and {Sinks} in the {Global} {Corporate} {Ownership} {Network}},
volume = {7},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-017-06322-9},
abstract = {Multinational corporations use highly complex structures of parents and subsidiaries to organize their operations and ownership. Offshore Financial Centers (OFCs) facilitate these structures through low taxation and lenient regulation, but are increasingly under scrutiny, for instance for enabling tax avoidance. Therefore, the identification of OFC jurisdictions has become a politicized and contested issue. We introduce a novel data-driven approach for identifying OFCs based on the global corporate ownership network, in which over 98 million firms (nodes) are connected through 71 million ownership relations. This granular firm-level network data uniquely allows identifying both sink-OFCs and conduit-OFCs. Sink-OFCs attract and retain foreign capital while conduit-OFCs are attractive intermediate destinations in the routing of international investments and enable the transfer of capital without taxation. We identify 24 sink-OFCs. In addition, a small set of five countries - the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Singapore and Switzerland - canalize the majority of corporate offshore investment as conduit-OFCs. Each conduit jurisdiction is specialized in a geographical area and there is significant specialization based on industrial sectors. Against the idea of OFCs as exotic small islands that cannot be regulated, we show that many sink and conduit-OFCs are highly developed countries.},
language = {eng},
number = {1},
journal = {Scientific reports},
author = {Garcia-Bernardo, Javier and Fichtner, Jan and Takes, Frank W. and Heemskerk, Eelke M.},
year = {2017},
note = {\\_eprint: 28740120},
pages = {6246},
annote = {Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
}
@misc{government_of_malaysia_information_2019,
title = {Information on {Malaysia} {Information}: {Summary} {Of} {Malaysia}'s {History}},
url = {<https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30120>},
abstract = {The Government of Malaysia's Official Portal},
urldate = {2021-01-31},
author = {{Government of Malaysia}},
year = {2019},
}
@misc{government_of_st_kitts_and_nevis_citizenship_2020,
title = {Citizenship {By} {Investment}},
url = {<http://www.caribbeanelections.com/eDocs/manifestos/kn/team_unity_manifesto_2015.pdf>},
abstract = {Citizenship by Investment Unit},
author = {{Government of St. Kitts and Nevis}},
year = {2020},
note = {Place: St. Kitts and Nevis
Publisher: Government of St. Kitts and Nevis},
keywords = {caribbean, citizenship, ciu, government, investment, Kitts, nevis, skn, st, unit},
}
@misc{harper_citizen_2001,
title = {Citizen: {Origin} and meaning of citizen},
url = {<https://www.etymonline.com/word/citizen>},
urldate = {2021-02-14},
author = {Harper, Douglas},
year = {2001},
note = {Publisher: Online Etymology Dictionary},
}
@misc{harper_online_2001,
title = {Online {Etymology} {Dictionary}: {Origin} and meaning of integrate},
url = {<https://www.etymonline.com/word/integrate>},
urldate = {2021-01-06},
author = {Harper, Douglas},
year = {2001},
}
@misc{harper_polis_2001,
title = {Polis: {Origin} and meaning of polis},
url = {<https://www.etymonline.com/word/polis?ref=etymonline_crossreference>},
urldate = {2021-02-14},
author = {Harper, Douglas},
year = {2001},
note = {Publisher: Online Etymology Dictionary},
}
@article{jones_determinants_2016,
title = {The determinants of tax haven {FDI}},
volume = {51},
issn = {10909516},
doi = {10.1016/j.jwb.2015.09.001},
number = {2},
journal = {Journal of World Business},
author = {Jones, Chris and Temouri, Yama},
year = {2016},
pages = {237--250},
annote = {PII: S1090951615000772},
}
@book{jahoda_arbeitslosen_2014,
address = {Frankfurt am Main},
edition = {24. Aufl.},
series = {Edition {Suhrkamp}},
title = {Die {Arbeitslosen} von {Marienthal}: {Ein} soziographischer {Versuch} über die {Wirkungen} langandauernder {Arbeitslosigkeit}; mit einem {Anh}. zur {Geschichte} der {Soziographie}},
volume = {769},
isbn = {978-3-518-10769-0},
language = {ger},
publisher = {Suhrkamp},
author = {Jahoda, Marie and Lazarsfeld, Paul Felix and Zeisel, Hans},
year = {2014},
annote = {Jahoda, Marie (VerfasserIn) Lazarsfeld, Paul Felix (VerfasserIn) Zeisel, Hans (VerfasserIn)},
}
@article{jackson_sovereignty-modern_2003,
title = {Sovereignty-{Modern}: {A} {New} {Approach} to an {Outdated} {Concept}},
volume = {97},
issn = {0002-9300},
doi = {10.2307/3133680},
number = {4},
journal = {American Journal of International Law},
author = {Jackson, John H.},
year = {2003},
pages = {782--802},
annote = {PII: S0002930000194539},
}
@article{hulme_relative_1999,
title = {Relative impacts of human-induced climate change and natural climate variability},
volume = {397},
issn = {1476-4687},
doi = {10.1038/17789},
number = {6721},
journal = {Nature},
author = {Hulme, Mike and Barrow, Elaine M. and Arnell, Nigel W. and Harrison, Paula A. and Johns, Timothy C. and Downing, Thomas E.},
year = {1999},
pages = {688--691},
annote = {PII: BF17789},
}
@article{howse_politics_2002,
title = {From {Politics} to {Technocracy}—and {Back} {Again}: {The} {Fate} of the {Multilateral} {Trading} {Regime}},
volume = {96},
issn = {0002-9300},
doi = {10.2307/2686127},
abstract = {From Politics to Technocracy—and Back Again: The Fate of the Multilateral Trading Regime - Volume 96 Issue 1},
number = {1},
journal = {American Journal of International Law},
author = {Howse, Robert},
year = {2002},
pages = {94--117},
annote = {PII: S0002930000221453},
}
@misc{freedom_house_countries_2020,
title = {Countries and {Territories}: {Freedom} {Scores}},
url = {<https://freedomhouse.org/countries/freedom-world/scores>},
abstract = {Freedom House rates people's access to political rights and civil liberties in 210 countries and territories through its annual Freedom in the World report. Individual freedoms—ranging from the right to vote to freedom of expression and equality before the law—can be affected by state or nonstate actors. Click on a country name below to access the full country narrative report.},
urldate = {2020-11-18},
author = {{Freedom House}},
year = {2020},
note = {Publisher: Freedom House},
}
@misc{department_of_justice_where_2017,
title = {Where our legal system comes from: {About} {Canada}'s {System} of {Justice}},
url = {<https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/just/03.html>},
abstract = {Department of Justice Canada's Internet site},
urldate = {2021-03-28},
author = {{Department of Justice}},
year = {2017},
note = {Publisher: Government of Canada},
}
@article{elman_foreign_1995,
title = {The {Foreign} {Policies} of {Small} {States}: {Challenging} {Neorealism} in {Its} {Own} {Backyard}},
volume = {25},
issn = {0007-1234},
doi = {10.1017/S0007123400007146},
number = {2},
journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
author = {Elman, Miriam Fendius},
year = {1995},
pages = {171--217},
annote = {PII: S0007123400007146},
}
@misc{european_commission_recovery_2020,
title = {Recovery and {Resilience} {Facility}},
url = {<https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/recovery-coronavirus/recovery-and-resilience-facility_en#the-recovery-and-resilience-facility>},
abstract = {The Recovery and Resilience Facility is the key instrument at the heart of NextGenerationEU to help the EU emerge stronger and more resilient...},
urldate = {2021-01-07},
author = {{European Commission}},
year = {2020},
note = {Publisher: European Union},
}
@book{noauthor_official_2012,
address = {Brussels},
title = {Official {Journal} of the {European} {Union}},
publisher = {European Union},
year = {2012},
}
@article{zhou_weighting_2010,
title = {Weighting and {Aggregation} in {Composite} {Indicator} {Construction}: a {Multiplicative} {Optimization} {Approach}},
volume = {96},
issn = {0303-8300},
doi = {10.1007/s11205-009-9472-3},
number = {1},
journal = {Social Indicators Research},
author = {Zhou, P. and Ang, B. W. and Zhou, D. Q.},
year = {2010},
pages = {169--181},
annote = {PII: 9472},
}
@techreport{weigl_social_2022,
title = {The {Social} {Construction} of {Self}-{Sovereign} {Identity}: {An} {Extended} {Model} of {Interpretive} {Flexibility}},
institution = {University of Luxembourg},
author = {Weigl, Linda and Barbereau, Tom and Rieger, Alexander and Fridgen, Gilbert},
year = {2022},
}
@misc{malta_gaming_authority_legislation_2021,
title = {Legislation \\& {Regulations}: {Malta} {Gaming} {Authority}},
url = {<https://www.mga.org.mt/legislations-regulations/>},
abstract = {Legislation and Regulations A number of laws and regulations have been drawn up to create the regulatory framework that covers the activities licensed by the Malta Gaming Authority (MGA). In this section you can find the English and Maltese versions of all the laws and regulations related to gaming. Whilst the Authority makes every effort [{\\textbackslash}ldots]},
urldate = {2021-08-20},
author = {{Malta Gaming Authority}},
year = {2021},
}
@misc{makerdao_unbiased_2021,
title = {An {Unbiased} {Global} {Financial} {System}},
url = {<https://makerdao.com/en/>},
urldate = {2021-08-03},
author = {{MakerDAO}},
year = {2021},
}
@misc{universal_navigation_inc_disclaimer_2021,
title = {Disclaimer},
url = {<https://uniswap.org/disclaimer>},
urldate = {2021-08-22},
author = {{Universal Navigation Inc.}},
year = {2021},
}
@misc{united_states_district_court_of_southern_district_of_new_york_sec_2020,
title = {{SEC} v {Ripple} {Labs} {Inc}.},
url = {<https://www.sec.gov/litigation/complaints/2020/comp-pr2020-338.pdf>},
urldate = {2021-06-20},
author = {{United States District Court of Southern District of New York}},
month = dec,
year = {2020},
}
@misc{srivastava_integrating_2003,
title = {Integrating {Sustainable} {Development} and {Climate} {Change} in {AR4}: {Preparatory} document for the drafting of the {Fourth} {Assessment} {Report} of the {Intergovernmental} {Panel} on {Climate} {Change}},
url = {<https://www.ipcc.ch/activity/ccct4.pdf>},
author = {Srivastava, L. and Heller, T.},
year = {2003},
note = {Place: Geneva},
}
@book{grech_central_2018,
address = {Valletta},
title = {The {Central} {Bank} of {Malta}'s first fifty years: {A} solid foundation for the future},
isbn = {978-99957-875-8-5},
publisher = {Central Bank of Malta},
author = {Grech, Aaron G. and Micallef, Brian and Zerafa, Sandra and Gauci, Tiziana M.},
year = {2018},
note = {Backup Publisher: Central Bank of Malta},
}
@misc{icij_offshore_2021,
title = {Offshore {Leaks} {Database}},
url = {<https://offshoreleaks.icij.org/pages/database>},
abstract = {Find out who's behind almost 500,000 offshore companies, foundations and trusts from the Panama Papers, the Offshore Leaks and the Bahamas Leaks investigations, and explore the offshore financial data from some politicians featured in the Paradise Papers investigation.},
urldate = {2021-08-22},
author = {{ICIJ}},
year = {2021},
note = {Place: Washington D.C.},
}
@misc{eurostat_eu_2020,
title = {{EU} population in 2020:almost 448million: {More} deaths than births: {First} population estimates},
url = {<https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/11081093/3-10072020-AP-EN.pdf/d2f799bf-4412-05cc-a357-7b49b93615f1>},
urldate = {2020-11-01},
author = {{Eurostat}},
year = {2020},
}
@misc{european_union_consolidated_2012,
title = {Consolidated {Version} of the {Treaty} on the {Functioning} of the {European} {Union}: {TFEU}},
url = {<https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=10&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwj39pijk6HnAhUO36QKHa2dChwQFjAJegQIBBAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FLexUriServ%2FLexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DCELEX%3A12012E%2FTXT%3AEN%3APDF&usg=AOvVaw1F6-sx3m0cLh4a5pn14F8D>},
urldate = {2020-01-24},
author = {{European Union}},
year = {2012},
note = {Issue: 326
Pages: 49–390
Publication Title: Official Journal of the European Union
Volume: C},
}
@inproceedings{parliament_directive_2014,
title = {Directive on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market},
volume = {257},
booktitle = {Official {Journal} of the {European} {Union}},
publisher = {European Union},
author = {Parliament, European},
month = aug,
year = {2014},
note = {Backup Publisher: European Parliament},
pages = {73--112},
}
@misc{commission_proposal_2020,
title = {Proposal for a {Regulation} on {Markets} in {Crypto}-assets: 2020/0265/{COD}},
url = {<https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52020PC0593&from=EN>},
urldate = {2021-08-21},
author = {Commission, European},
year = {2020},
note = {Place: Brussels},
}
@techreport{ecb_report_2020,
type = {Ecosystem {Report}},
title = {Report on a digital euro},
institution = {European Central Bank},
author = {{ECB}},
month = oct,
year = {2020},
}
@techreport{riksbank_riksbanks_2018,
type = {Report},
title = {The {Riksbank}'s e-krona project},
number = {2},
institution = {Sverige Riksbank},
author = {Riksbank, Sverige},
month = oct,
year = {2018},
}
@techreport{riksbank_e-krona_2021,
title = {E-krona pilot {Phase} 1},
institution = {Sverige Riksbank},
author = {Riksbank, Sverige},
month = apr,
year = {2021},
}
@article{altmann_self-sovereign_2020,
title = {Self-{Sovereign} {Digital} {Identity} on the {European} {Blockchain} {Services} {Infrastructure}},
url = {<http://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.2.30892.49281>},
doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.30892.49281},
language = {en},
author = {Altmann, Peter and Rissanen, Erik},
year = {2020},
note = {Publisher: RISE Research Institutes of Sweden},
}
@unpublished{am_beskrivelse_2022,
title = {Beskrivelse av overordnet prosjekt som er i gang eller som skal utvikles gjennom tildeling av stipendiatstilling},
author = {Åm, Heidrun},
month = jul,
year = {2022},
}
@techreport{tobin_inevitable_2016,
title = {The {Inevitable} {Rise} of {Self}-{Sovereign} {Identity}},
institution = {Sovrin Foundation},
author = {Tobin, Andrew and Reed, Drummond},
month = sep,
year = {2016},
}
@misc{european_parliament_regulation_2014,
title = {Regulation on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market},
publisher = {European Union},
author = {{European Parliament}},
month = aug,
year = {2014},
note = {Backup Publisher: European Parliament
Pages: 73-112
Publication Title: Official Journal of the European Union
Volume: 257},
keywords = {eIDAS},
}
@article{bugnicourt_indivisibility_1964,
title = {Indivisibility of the production process and “economies of scale”},
url = {<https://hdl.handle.net/10855/42474>},
author = {Bugnicourt, M. J.},
year = {1964},
note = {Publisher: United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa. African Institute for Economic Development and Planning (IDEP)},
}
@article{bugnicourt_indivisibility_1964,
title = {Indivisibility of the production process and “economies of scale”},
url = {<https://hdl.handle.net/10855/42474>},
author = {Bugnicourt, M. J.},
year = {1964},
note = {Publisher: United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa. African Institute for Economic Development and Planning (IDEP)},
}
@techreport{european_commission_european_2022,
title = {European {Digital} {Identity}. {Architecture} and {Reference} {Framework}},
url = {<https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/redirection/document/83643>},
institution = {European Union},
author = {{European Commission}},
month = feb,
year = {2022},
}
@book{wright_envisioning_2010,
edition = {1},
title = {Envisioning {Real} {Utopias}},
publisher = {Verso},
author = {Wright, Erik Olin},
year = {2010},
}
@article{weyl_decentralized_2022,
title = {Decentralized {Society}: {Finding} {Web3}'s {Soul}},
author = {Weyl, E. Glen and Ohlhaver, Puja and Buterin, Vitalik},
month = may,
year = {2022},
}
@techreport{giaglis_g_et_al_central_2021,
title = {Central {Bank} {Digital} {Currencies} and a {Euro} for the {Future}},
url = {<https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:162998>},
institution = {EU Blockchain Observatory},
author = {{Giaglis, G. et al.}},
year = {2021},
}
@techreport{directorate-general_for_research_and_innovation_horizon_2021,
title = {Horizon {Europe} {Strategic} {Plan} (2021 – 2024)},
institution = {European Commission},
author = {{Directorate-General for Research and Innovation}},
month = feb,
year = {2021},
}
@misc{european_parliament_directive_2015,
title = {Directive on payment services in the internal market ({EU}/2015/2366},
publisher = {European Union},
author = {{European Parliament}},
year = {2015},
note = {Journal Abbreviation: L
Pages: 35–127
Publication Title: Official Journal of the European Union
Volume: 337},
}
@inproceedings{european_parliament_regulation_2016,
series = {L},
title = {Regulation {EU} 2016/679 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing {Directive} 95/46/{EC} ({General} {Data} {Protection} {Regulation})},
volume = {119},
url = {<https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj>},
urldate = {2022-08-02},
publisher = {Official Journal of the European Union},
author = {{European Parliament} and {European Council}},
month = apr,
year = {2016},
note = {Backup Publisher: European Union},
pages = {1--88},
}
@techreport{reflection_group_on_the_future_of_the_eu_2030_project_2010,
title = {Project {Europe} 2030: {Opportunities} and {Challenges}},
url = {<https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/30776/qc3210249enc.pdf>},
institution = {European Council},
author = {{Reflection Group on the Future of the EU 2030}},
month = may,
year = {2010},
}
@techreport{toip_interoperability_working_group_for_good_health_pass_good_2020,
title = {The {Good} {Health} {Pass} {Interoperability} {Blueprint}. {Approved} {Deliverable} of the {Interoperability} {Working} {Group} for {Good} {Health} {Pass}},
url = {<https://drive.google.com/file/d/14EzejZc_O_c3gThPFccO_mSyNkc-RVPs/view>},
institution = {Trust over IP Foundation},
author = {{ToIP Interoperability Working Group for Good Health Pass}},
year = {2020},
}
@techreport{general_assembly_of_the_united_nations_resolution_2015,
title = {Resolution adopted by the {General} {Assembly}. {Transforming} our {World}: {The} {Agenda} 2030 for sustainable development},
url = {<https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N15/291/89/PDF/N1529189.pdf?OpenElement>},
number = {70/1},
institution = {United Nations},
author = {{General Assembly of the United Nations}},
month = sep,
year = {2015},
}
@article{ellul_regulating_2020,
title = {Regulating {Blockchain}, {DLT} and {Smart} {Contracts}: a technology regulator's perspective},
volume = {21},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12027-020-00617-7>},
doi = {10.1007/s12027-020-00617-7},
number = {2},
journal = {ERA Forum},
author = {Ellul, Joshua and Galea, Jonathan and Ganado, Max and Mccarthy, Stephen and Pace, Gordon J.},
month = jun,
year = {2020},
note = {Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
pages = {209--220},
}
@techreport{danmarks_nationalbank_central_2017,
title = {Central bank digital currency in {Denmark}?},
institution = {Danmarks Nationalbank},
author = {{Danmarks Nationalbank}},
month = dec,
year = {2017},
}
@unpublished{international_association_for_trusted_blockchain_applications_latest_2022,
title = {Latest {Policy} {Developments} for {DLT}},
author = {{International Association for Trusted Blockchain Applications}},
month = jun,
year = {2022},
}
@misc{fatf_jurisdictions_2022,
title = {Jurisdictions under {Increased} {Monitoring}: {Malta}},
url = {<https://www.fatf-gafi.org/publications/high-risk-and-other-monitored-jurisdictions/documents/increased-monitoring-june-2021.html#malta>},
urldate = {2022-07-03},
author = {{FATF}},
year = {2022},
note = {Place: Paris},
}
@book{latour_hoffnung_2017,
address = {Frankfurt am Main},
edition = {6. Auflage},
series = {Suhrkamp-{Taschenbuch} {Wissenschaft}},
title = {Die {Hoffnung} der {Pandora}: {Untersuchungen} zur {Wirklichkeit} der {Wissenschaft}},
volume = {1595},
isbn = {978-3-518-29195-5},
language = {ger},
publisher = {Suhrkamp},
author = {Latour, Bruno},
year = {2017},
keywords = {Gesellschaft, Philosophy, Realism, Reality Testing, Research, Science, Wirklichkeit, Wissenschaft},
annote = {Latour, Bruno (VerfasserIn) Roßler, Gustav (ÜbersetzerIn)},
}
@misc{maggino_obtaining_2011,
title = {Obtaining {Weights}: from objective to subjective approaches in view of more participative methods in the construction of composite indicators},
url = {<https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/1001617/4398464/POSTER-1A-OBTAINING-WEIGHTS-MAGGINO-RUVIGLIONI.pdf>},
urldate = {2021-02-17},
author = {Maggino, Filomena and Ruviglioni, Elena and Maggino, Filomena and Ruviglioni, Elena},
year = {2011},
note = {Place: Dublin
Publisher: Eurostat},
}
@incollection{monteiro_social_1996,
address = {Boston, MA},
title = {Social {Shaping} of {Information} {Infrastructure}: {On} {Being} {Specific} about the {Technology}},
isbn = {978-0-387-34872-8},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-34872-8_20>},
abstract = {In this paper, we discuss conceptualizations of the relationship between IT and organizational issues. To move beyond an “IT enables/constrains” position, we argue that it is necessary to take the specifics of an information system (IS) more seriously. A theoretical framework called actor-network theory from social studies of science and technology is presented as promising in this regard. With respect to new organizational forms, the class of ISs which needs closer scrutiny is information infrastructures (INIs). They have characteristics which distinguish them from other ISs, namely the role and pattern of diffusion of standards. These standards are neither ready-made nor neutral: they inscribe organizational behavior deeply within their “technical” details. Diffusion and adoption of standards depart from other kinds of ISs by requiring the coordination of the surrounding actors, institutional arrangements and work practices.},
booktitle = {Information {Technology} and {Changes} in {Organizational} {Work}: {Proceedings} of the {IFIP} {WG8}.2 working conference on information technology and changes in organizational work, {December} 1995},
publisher = {Springer US},
author = {Monteiro, Eric and Hanseth, Ole},
editor = {Orlikowski, Wanda J. and Walsham, Geoff and Jones, Matthew R. and Degross, Janice I.},
year = {1996},
doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-34872-8_20},
pages = {325--343},
}
@book{cybersecurity_digital_2022,
title = {Digital identity : leveraging the {SSI} concept to build trust},
publisher = {Publications Office of the European Union},
author = {Cybersecurity, {and} European Union Agency for and Nikolouzou, E and Paggio, V and Dekker, M},
year = {2022},
doi = {doi/10.2824/8646},
}
@book{european_commission_assessment_2021,
title = {Assessment of the {EU} {Member} {States}' rules on health data in the light of {GDPR}},
publisher = {Publications Office},
author = {{European Commission} and {Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency} and Hansen, Johan and Wilson, Petra and Verhoeven, Eline and Kroneman, Madelon and Kirwan, Mary and Verheij, Robert and Veen, Evert-Ben van},
year = {2021},
doi = {doi/10.2818/546193},
}
@book{weber_wirtschaft_2009,
address = {Tübingen},
series = {Max {Weber}-{Studienausgabe}},
title = {Wirtschaft und {Gesellschaft}},
volume = {I/22-1},
isbn = {978-3-16-148516-9},
publisher = {Mohr Siebeck},
author = {Weber, Max},
year = {2009},
annote = {Mommsen, Wolfgang J., (Hrsg.)},
annote = {Mommsen, Wolfgang J., (Hrsg.)},
}
@book{weber_wirtschaft_2009-1,
address = {Tübingen},
series = {Max {Weber}-{Studienausgabe}},
title = {Wirtschaft und {Gesellschaft}},
volume = {I/22-4},
isbn = {978-3-16-149282-2},
publisher = {Mohr},
author = {Weber, Max},
year = {2009},
annote = {Hanke, Edith, (Hrsg.)},
annote = {Hanke, Edith, (Hrsg.)},
}
@misc{world_bank_adjusted_2018-1,
title = {Adjusted net national income},
url = {<https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.ADJ.NNTY.KD?end=2018&locations=MT&start=1960&view=map>},
abstract = {Adjusted net national income (constant 2010 US\\$) - Malta from The World Bank: Data},
author = {{World Bank}},
year = {2018},
}
@misc{statista_antigua_2020-1,
title = {Antigua and {Barbuda}},
url = {<https://www.statista.com/statistics/731101/share-of-economic-sectors-in-gdp-in-antigua-and-barbuda/>},
abstract = {This statistic shows the share of economic sectors in gross domestic product (GDP) in Antigua and Barbuda from 2009 to 2019.},
urldate = {2020-11-11},
author = {{Statista}},
year = {2020},
note = {Publisher: Statista},
}
@misc{statista_cyprus_2020-1,
title = {Cyprus},
url = {<https://www.statista.com/statistics/382070/cyprus-gdp-distribution-across-economic-sectors/>},
abstract = {This statistic shows the distribution of gross domestic product (GDP) across economic sectors in Cyprus from 2009 to 2019.},
urldate = {2020-12-31},
author = {{Statista}},
year = {2020},
}
@misc{wto_ds58_1997-1,
title = {{DS58} {Summary}},
url = {<https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/1pagesum_e/ds58sum_e.pdf>},
urldate = {2021-01-31},
author = {{WTO}},
year = {1997},
note = {Num Pages: 2},
}
@misc{st_kitts_and_nevis__data_gdp_2020-1,
title = {{GDP} {Data}},
url = {<https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD?locations=KN>},
abstract = {GDP, PPP (current international \\$) - St. Kitts and Nevis from The World Bank: Data},
urldate = {2020-11-18},
author = {{St. Kitts and Nevis {\\textbar} Data}},
year = {2020},
note = {Publisher: Eurostat},
}
@misc{srivastava_integrating_2003-1,
title = {Integrating {Sustainable} {Development} and {Climate} {Change} in {AR4}},
url = {<https://www.ipcc.ch/activity/ccct4.pdf>},
author = {Srivastava, L. and Heller, T.},
year = {2003},
note = {Place: Geneva
Publisher: IPPC},
}
@misc{united_nations_list_2020-1,
title = {List of {SIDS}},
url = {<https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sids/list>},
urldate = {2021-01-31},
author = {{United Nations}},
year = {2020},
note = {Place: New York
Publisher: United Nations},
}
@misc{statista_malaysia_2019-1,
title = {Malaysia},
url = {<https://www.statista.com/statistics/318732/share-of-economic-sectors-in-the-gdp-in-malaysia/>},
abstract = {This statistic shows the share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) in Malaysia from 2009 to 2019.},
urldate = {2021-01-31},
author = {{Statista}},
year = {2019},
note = {Publisher: World Bank},
}
@misc{statista_malta_2020-1,
title = {Malta},
url = {<https://www.statista.com/statistics/731269/share-of-economic-sectors-in-the-gdp-in-malta/>},
author = {{Statista}},
year = {2020},
note = {Publisher: Statista},
}
@misc{world_bank_population_2020-1,
title = {Population, total},
url = {<https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=KN>},
abstract = {Population, total - St. Kitts and Nevis from The World Bank: Data},
urldate = {2020-11-19},
author = {{World Bank}},
year = {2020},
note = {Publisher: World Bank},
}
@misc{statista_st_2020-1,
title = {St. {Kitts} and {Nevis}},
url = {<https://www.statista.com/statistics/731503/ratio-of-government-expenditure-to-gross-domestic-product-gdp-in-st-kitts-and-nevis/>},
abstract = {The statistic shows the ratio of government expenditure to gross domestic product (GDP) in St.},
urldate = {2020-11-19},
author = {{Statista}},
year = {2020},
note = {Publisher: IMF},
}
@misc{world_trade_organisation_trade_2017-1,
title = {Trade and {Investment}},
url = {<https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/invest_e/invest_info_e.htm>},
abstract = {This TRADE TOPICS page will take you to information available on the WTO website, on issues handled by the WTO's councils and committees, and its trade agreements},
urldate = {2021-03-28},
author = {{World Trade Organisation}},
year = {2017},
note = {Publisher: WTO},
}
@article{callon_actor-network_1999,
title = {Actor-{Network} {Theory}–{The} {Market} {Test}},
volume = {47},
number = {1},
journal = {The Sociological Review},
author = {Callon, Michel},
month = may,
year = {1999},
pages = {181--195},
}
@article{doherty_re-_2006,
title = {A re- conceptualization of the interpretive flexibility of information technologies: redressing the balance between the social and the technical},
volume = {15},
number = {6},
journal = {European Journal of Information Systems},
author = {Doherty, N. F. and Coombs, C. R. and Loan-Clarke, J.},
year = {2006},
pages = {569--582},
}
@article{baldacchino_exploring_2006,
title = {Exploring sub-national island jurisdictions: {An} editorial introduction},
volume = {95},
issn = {0035-8533},
doi = {10.1080/00358530600929735},
number = {386},
journal = {The Round Table},
author = {Baldacchino, Godfrey and Milne, David},
year = {2006},
pages = {487--502},
}
@incollection{burns_shadow_2012,
address = {Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA},
title = {The {Shadow} {Banking} {System} as a {New} {Source} of financial turmoil},
isbn = {978-1-84542-270-7},
booktitle = {Research handbook on international financial regulation},
publisher = {Edward Elgar},
author = {Burns, Tom},
editor = {Alexander, Kern and Dhumale, Rahul},
year = {2012},
pages = {30--41},
}
@article{shermin_disrupting_2017,
title = {Disrupting governance with blockchains and smart contracts},
volume = {26},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1002/jsc.2150>},
number = {5},
journal = {Strategic Change},
author = {Shermin, Voshmgir},
month = sep,
year = {2017},
note = {Publisher: Wiley},
keywords = {DAO, DLT},
pages = {499--509},
}
@techreport{european_commission_report_2021,
type = {Report},
title = {Report on the evaluation of {Regulation} ({EU}) {No} 910/2014 on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market ({eIDAS})},
number = {290},
institution = {European Union},
author = {{European Commission} and {European Council}},
month = jun,
year = {2021},
keywords = {eIDAS},
}
@book{jansen_einfuhrung_2003,
title = {Einführung in die {Netzwerkanalyse}},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-663-09875-1>},
publisher = {VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften},
author = {Jansen, Dorothea},
year = {2003},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-663-09875-1},
}
@misc{world_wide_web_consortium_w3c_verifiable_2022,
title = {Verifiable {Credentials} {Data} {Model} v1.1},
url = {<https://www.w3.org/TR/vc-data-model/>},
urldate = {2022-05-31},
author = {{World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)}},
month = mar,
year = {2022},
keywords = {SSI, VC},
}
@article{bjerg_who_2018,
title = {Who {Should} {Make} {Kroner}? - {A} {Review} of {Danmarks} {Nationalbank}'s {Analysis} of {CBDC}},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.3124816>},
doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3124816},
journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
author = {Bjerg, Ole and Nielsen, Rasmus Hougaard},
year = {2018},
note = {Publisher: Elsevier BV},
}
@article{gross_designing_2021,
title = {Designing a {Central} {Bank} {Digital} {Currency} with {Support} for {Cash}-{Like} {Privacy}},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.3891121>},
doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3891121},
journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
author = {Gross, Jonas and Sedlmeir, Johannes and Babel, Matthias and Bechtel, Alexander and Schellinger, Benjamin},
year = {2021},
note = {Publisher: Elsevier BV},
}
@techreport{central_bank_of_the_russian_federation_cryptocurrencies_2022,
address = {12 Neglinnaya Street, Moscow 107016},
title = {Cryptocurrencies: {Trends}, {Risks}, and {Regulation}},
institution = {Central Bank of the Russian Federation},
author = {{Central Bank of the Russian Federation}},
month = jan,
year = {2022},
}
@article{kroll_accountable_2017,
title = {Accountable {Algorithms}},
volume = {165},
issn = {00419907},
url = {<http://www.jstor.org/stable/26600576>},
abstract = {Many important decisions historically made by people are now made by computers. Algorithms count votes, approve loan and credit card applications, target citizens or neighborhoods for police scrutiny, select taxpayers for IRS audit, grant or deny immigration visas, and more. The accountability mechanisms and legal standards that govern such decision processes have not kept pace with technology. The tools currently available to policymakers, legislators, and courts were developed to oversee human decisionmakers and often fail when applied to computers instead. For example, how do you judge the intent of a piece of software? Because automated decision systems can return potentially incorrect, unjustified, or unfair results, additional approaches are needed to make such systems accountable and governable. This Article reveals a new technological toolkit to verify that automated decisions comply with key standards of legal fairness. We challenge the dominant position in the legal literature that transparency will solve these problems. Disclosure of source code is often neither necessary (because of alternative techniques from computer science) nor sufficient (because of the issues analyzing code) to demonstrate the fairness of a process. Furthermore, transparency may be undesirable, such as when it discloses private information or permits tax cheats or terrorists to game the systems determining audits or security screening. The central issue is how to assure the interests of citizens, and society as a whole, in making these processes more accountable. This Article argues that technology is creating new opportunities—subtler and more flexible than total transparency—to design decisionmaking algorithms so that they better align with legal and policy objectives. Doing so will improve not only the current governance of automated decisions, but also—in certain cases—the governance of decisionmaking in general. The implicit (or explicit) biases of human decisionmakers can be difficult to find and root out, but we can peer into the `brain' of an algorithm: computational processes and purpose specifications can be declared prior to use and verified afterward. The technological tools introduced in this Article apply widely. They can be used in designing decisionmaking processes from both the private and public sectors, and they can be tailored to verify different characteristics as desired by decisionmakers, regulators, or the public. By forcing a more careful consideration of the effects of decision rules, they also engender policy discussions and closer looks at legal standards. As such, these tools have far-reaching implications throughout law and society. Part I of this Article provides an accessible and concise introduction to foundational computer science techniques that can be used to verify and demonstrate compliance with key standards of legal fairness for automated decisions without revealing key attributes of the decisions or the processes by which the decisions were reached. Part II then describes how these techniques can assure that decisions are made with the key governance attribute of procedural regularity, meaning that decisions are made under an announced set of rules consistently applied in each case. We demonstrate how this approach could be used to redesign and resolve issues with the State Department's diversity visa lottery. In Part III, we go further and explore how other computational techniques can assure that automated decisions preserve fidelity to substantive legal and policy choices. We show how these tools may be used to assure that certain kinds of unjust discrimination are avoided and that automated decision processes behave in ways that comport with the social or legal standards that govern the decision. We also show how automated decisionmaking may even complicate existing doctrines of disparate treatment and disparate impact, and we discuss some recent computer science work on detecting and removing discrimination in algorithms, especially in the context of big data and machine learning. And lastly, in Part IV, we propose an agenda to further synergistic collaboration between computer science, law, and policy to advance the design of automated decision processes for accountability.},
number = {3},
journal = {University of Pennsylvania Law Review},
author = {Kroll, Joshua A. and Huey, Joanna and Barocas, Solon and Felten, Edward W. and Reidenberg, Joel R. and Robinson, David G. and Yu, Harlan},
year = {2017},
note = {Publisher: The University of Pennsylvania Law Review},
pages = {633--705},
}
@incollection{low_characterization_2019,
address = {Oxford},
title = {The {Characterization} of {Cryptocurrencies} in {East} {Asia}},
isbn = {978-0-19-882638-5},
booktitle = {Cryptocurrencies in public and private law},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
author = {Low, Kelvin FK; Ying-Chieh, Wu},
editor = {Fox, David and Green, Sarah and Carr, Daniel J.},
year = {2019},
pages = {199--228},
}
@techreport{calle_central_2020,
title = {Central {Bank} {Digital} {Currency}: an innovation in payments},
institution = {r3 Corda},
author = {Calle, George and Eidan, Daniel},
month = apr,
year = {2020},
}
@techreport{european_central_bank_report_2020,
type = {Ecosystem {Report}},
title = {Report on a digital euro},
institution = {European Central Bank},
author = {{European Central Bank}},
month = oct,
year = {2020},
}
@techreport{sverige_riksbank_riksbanks_2018,
type = {Report},
title = {The {Riksbank}'s e-krona project},
number = {2},
institution = {Sverige Riksbank},
author = {{Sverige Riksbank}},
month = oct,
year = {2018},
}
@article{ehrlich_self-sovereign_2021,
title = {Self-{Sovereign} {Identity} als {Grundlage} für universell einsetzbare digitale {Identitäten}},
volume = {58},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1365%2Fs40702-021-00711-5>},
doi = {10.1365/s40702-021-00711-5},
number = {2},
journal = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik},
author = {Ehrlich, Tobias and Richter, Daniel and Meisel, Michael and Anke, Jürgen},
month = feb,
year = {2021},
note = {Publisher: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden},
pages = {247--270},
}
@techreport{echikson_europes_2020,
title = {Europe's {Digital} {Identification} {Opportunity}},
institution = {Centre for European Policy Studies},
author = {Echikson, William},
year = {2020},
}
@article{kalthoff_finanzwirtschaftliche_2004,
title = {Finanzwirtschaftliche {Praxis} und {Wirtschaftstheorie}: {Skizze} einer {Soziologie} ökonomischen {Wissens}},
volume = {33},
number = {2},
journal = {Zeitschrift für Soziologie},
author = {Kalthoff, Herbert},
month = apr,
year = {2004},
pages = {154--175},
}
@article{arvidsson_cashing_2019,
title = {{CASHING} {OUT}},
volume = {165},
issn = {09580433},
url = {<https://www.jstor.org/stable/26936889>},
number = {4 (5580)},
journal = {RSA Journal},
author = {Arvidsson, Niklas},
year = {2019},
note = {Publisher: RSA The royal society for arts, manufactures and commerce},
pages = {32--35},
}
@article{dostov_customer_2014,
title = {Customer loyalty programs: money laundering and terrorism financing risks},
volume = {17},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1108%2Fjmlc-06-2013-0021>},
doi = {10.1108/jmlc-06-2013-0021},
number = {4},
journal = {Journal of Money Laundering Control},
author = {Dostov, Victor and Shust, Pavel},
month = oct,
year = {2014},
note = {Publisher: Emerald},
pages = {385--394},
}
@article{hamin_recent_2017,
title = {Recent changes to the {AML}/{CFT} law in {Malaysia}},
volume = {20},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1108%2Fjmlc-04-2015-0013>},
doi = {10.1108/jmlc-04-2015-0013},
number = {1},
journal = {Journal of Money Laundering Control},
author = {Hamin, Zaiton},
month = jan,
year = {2017},
note = {Publisher: Emerald},
pages = {5--14},
}
@incollection{lezaun_actor-network_2017,
title = {Actor-{Network} {Theory}},
booktitle = {Social {Theory} {Now}},
publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
author = {Lezaun, Javier},
editor = {Benzecry, C. and Krause, M. and Reed, I.},
year = {2017},
}
@article{van_eeten_where_2012,
title = {Where is the governance in {Internet} governance},
volume = {0},
number = {0},
journal = {new media \\& society},
author = {van Eeten, Michael; Mueller, Milton},
year = {2012},
pages = {1--17},
annote = {10.1177/1461444812462850},
}
@book{noauthor_liechtensteinisches_nodate,
title = {Liechtensteinisches {Landesgesetzblatt}},
}
@article{odell_chairing_2005,
title = {Chairing a {WTO} {Negotiation}},
volume = {8},
issn = {1369-3034},
doi = {10.1093/jielaw/jgi028},
number = {2},
journal = {Journal of International Economic Law},
author = {Odell, John S.},
year = {2005},
pages = {425--448},
}
@book{nurse_small_2014,
title = {Small islands},
editor = {Nurse, L. A. and McLean, R. F. and Agard, J. and Briguglio, P. L. and Duvat-Magnan, V. and Pelesikoti, N. and Tompkins, E. and Webb, A.},
year = {2014},
}
@book{nilsson_foucault_2013,
address = {Huddinge},
series = {Södertörn academic studies},
title = {Foucault, biopolitics, and governmentality},
volume = {54},
isbn = {978-91-86069-59-9},
publisher = {Södertörns högskola},
editor = {Nilsson, Jakob and Wallenstein, Sven-Olov},
year = {2013},
}
@article{nash_non-cooperative_1951,
title = {Non-{Cooperative} {Games}},
volume = {54},
issn = {0003486X},
doi = {10.2307/1969529},
number = {2},
journal = {The Annals of Mathematics},
author = {Nash, John},
year = {1951},
pages = {286},
}
@article{narlikar_fairness_2006,
title = {Fairness in {International} {Trade} {Negotiations}: {Developing} {Countries} in the {GATT} and {WTO}},
volume = {29},
issn = {0378-5920},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9701.2006.00833.x},
number = {8},
journal = {The World Economy},
author = {Narlikar, Amrita},
year = {2006},
pages = {1005--1029},
}
@incollection{musiani_governing_2017,
address = {London},
series = {{RIPE} series in global political economy},
title = {Governing what wasn't meant to be governed: {A} controversy-based approach to the study of {Bitcoin} governance},
isbn = {978-1-315-21190-9},
booktitle = {Bitcoin and beyond},
publisher = {Routledge},
author = {Musiani, Francesca and Mallard, Alexandre and Méadel, Cécile},
editor = {Campbell-Verduyn, Malcolm},
year = {2017},
pages = {133--156},
}
@article{munda_constructing_2005,
title = {Constructing {Consistent} {Composite} {Indicators}: {The} {Issue} of {Weights}},
author = {Munda, Guiseppe and Nardo, Michela},
year = {2005},
}
@article{munda_methodological_2003,
title = {On the {Methodological} {Foundations} of {Composite} {Indicators} {Used} for {Ranking} {Countries}},
author = {Munda, Guiseppe and Nardo, Michela},
year = {2003},
}
@misc{moser_effective_2019,
title = {Effective {Cryptocurrency} {Regulation} {Through} {Blacklisting}},
url = {<https://maltemoeser.de/paper/blacklisting-regulation.pdf>},
publisher = {Princeton University},
author = {Möser, Malte and Narayanan, Arvind},
year = {2019},
}
@book{montesano_critical_2014,
address = {Oxford},
edition = {1st ed.},
title = {A critical and variorum edition},
isbn = {978-0-19-960795-2},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
editor = {Montesano, Aldo et al.},
year = {2014},
}
@misc{moneyval_anti-money_2019,
title = {Anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing measures {Malta}},
publisher = {Council of Europe},
author = {{Moneyval}},
year = {2019},
note = {Issue: 5
Place: Strasbourg
Series: Mutual Evaluation Report},
}
@misc{moneyval_anti-money_2014,
title = {Anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing measures {Liechtenstein}},
publisher = {Council of Europe},
author = {{Moneyval}},
year = {2014},
note = {Issue: 4
Place: Strasbourg
Series: Mutual Evaluation Report},
}
@article{moncada_guest_2018,
title = {Guest editorial},
volume = {10},
issn = {1756-8692},
doi = {10.1108/IJCCSM-03-2018-184},
number = {2},
journal = {International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management},
author = {Moncada, Stefano and Briguglio, Lino Pascal and Bambrick, Hilary and Kelman, Ilan},
year = {2018},
pages = {214--216},
}
@article{molchanov_regionalism_2005,
title = {Regionalism and {Globalization}: {The} {Case} of the {European} {Union}},
volume = {4},
doi = {10.1163/156915005775093205},
number = {3},
journal = {Perspectives on Global Development and Technology},
author = {Molchanov, Mikhail},
year = {2005},
pages = {431--446},
}
@misc{mfsa_financial_2021,
title = {Financial {Services} {Register}},
url = {<https://www.mfsa.mt/financial-services-register/result/?id=15685>},
author = {{MFSA}},
year = {2021},
}
@article{mehmet_globalization_2003,
title = {Globalization and {Sustainability} of {Small} {States}},
volume = {19},
issn = {0828-8666},
doi = {10.1108/eb018883},
number = {1},
journal = {Humanomics},
author = {Mehmet, Ozay and Tahiroglu, M.},
year = {2003},
pages = {45--59},
}
@book{oecd_making_2018,
address = {Paris},
title = {Making development co-operation work for small island developing states},
isbn = {978-92-64-28761-7},
publisher = {OECD Publishing},
author = {{OECD}},
year = {2018},
note = {Backup Publisher: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development},
keywords = {Economic development Developing countries, Islands Economic conditions, Small Economic conditions, States},
}
@book{oecd_global_2020,
title = {Global {Forum} on {Transparency} and {Exchange} of {Information} for {Tax} {Purposes}: {Malta} 2020 ({Second} {Round})},
publisher = {OECD},
author = {{OECD}},
year = {2020},
doi = {10.1787/d92a4f90-en},
note = {Backup Publisher: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development},
}
@book{oecd_making_2020,
address = {Paris},
series = {{OECD}/{G20} base erosion and profit shifting project},
title = {Making dispute resolution more effective - {MAP} peer review report, the {British} {Virgin} {Islands} ({Stage} 1): {Inclusive} framework on {BEPS}: action 14},
isbn = {978-92-64-64599-8},
publisher = {OECD Publishing},
author = {{OECD}},
year = {2020},
}
@incollection{proctor_cryptocurrencies_2019,
address = {Oxford},
title = {Cryptocurrencies in {International} and {Public} {Law} {Conceptions} of {Money}},
isbn = {978-0-19-882638-5},
booktitle = {Cryptocurrencies in public and private law},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
author = {Proctor, Charles},
editor = {Fox, David and Green, Sarah and Carr, Daniel J.},
year = {2019},
pages = {33--55},
}
@book{popper_objective_1973,
address = {S.l.},
title = {Objective {Knwoledge} an evolutionary approach},
isbn = {0-19-875024-2},
publisher = {Clarendon Press},
author = {Popper, Karl R.},
year = {1973},
}
@incollection{plato_theaetetus_2008,
title = {Theaetetus},
url = {<https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1726/1726-h/1726-h.htm#link2H_4_0002>},
booktitle = {The {Project} {Gutenberg}},
publisher = {The Gutenberg Project},
author = {{Plato}},
editor = {Asscher, Sue and Widger, David},
year = {2008},
pages = {43--107},
}
@book{piketty_capital_2014,
address = {Cambridge Massachusetts},
title = {Capital in the twenty-first century},
isbn = {978-0-674-43000-6},
publisher = {The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press},
author = {Piketty, Thomas and Goldhammer, Arthur},
year = {2014},
}
@misc{pietrewicz_token-based_2002,
title = {Token-based blockchain financing and governance: {Relational} {Contracts} and the {Theory} of the {Firm}: {A} transaction cost approach},
publisher = {Institute of Economics, Polish Academy of Sciences},
author = {Pietrewicz, Les{\\textbackslash}law and Baker, G. and Gibbons, R. and Murphy, K. J.},
year = {2002},
doi = {10.1162/003355302753399445},
note = {Issue: 1
Place: Krakow},
}
@article{pelling_viewpoint_2003,
title = {Viewpoint: {Disaster} risk and development planning: the case for integration},
volume = {25},
issn = {1478-3401},
doi = {10.3828/idpr.25.4.1},
number = {4},
journal = {International Development Planning Review},
author = {Pelling, Mark},
year = {2003},
pages = {i--ix},
}
@book{pelling_natural_2003,
address = {London},
title = {Natural {Disasters} and {Development} in a {Globalising} {World}},
publisher = {Routledge},
editor = {Pelling, Mark},
year = {2003},
}
@article{mccann_small_2001,
title = {Small states in globalizing markets: {The} end of national economic sovereignty},
volume = {31},
number = {1},
journal = {Journal of International Law and Politics},
author = {McCann, Dermot},
year = {2001},
pages = {281--298},
}
@incollection{pelling_international_2005,
address = {Geneva},
title = {International {Data} on {Disaster} {Risk}},
booktitle = {World {Disasters} {Report}},
publisher = {IFRC},
author = {Pelling, M.},
editor = {{IFRC}},
year = {2005},
pages = {172--181},
}
@article{parkin_sustainable_2003,
title = {Sustainable development: understanding the concept and practical challenge},
volume = {156},
issn = {1478-4629},
doi = {10.1680/ensu.2003.156.1.19},
abstract = {There are over 200 definitions of `sustainable development'. But if defining it is difficult, putting it into practice is even harder. This paper reviews what `sustainability' and `sustainable deve...},
number = {1},
journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability},
author = {Parkin, S. and Sommer, F. and Uren, S.},
year = {2003},
pages = {19--26},
}
@book{parker_floods_2000,
address = {London},
title = {Floods},
publisher = {Routledge},
editor = {Parker, D. J.},
year = {2000},
}
@incollection{pareto_manual_2014,
address = {Oxford},
title = {Manual of political economy},
isbn = {978-0-19-960795-2},
booktitle = {A critical and variorum edition},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
author = {Pareto, Vilfredo},
editor = {Montesano, Aldo et al.},
year = {2014},
}
@incollection{pareto_system_1962,
address = {Stuttgart},
title = {System der allgemeinen {Soziologie}},
booktitle = {Vilfredo {Paretos} {System} der allgemeinen {Soziologie}},
publisher = {Ferdinand Enke},
author = {Pareto, Vilfredo},
editor = {Eisermann, Gottfried},
year = {1962},
pages = {53--262},
}
@book{oxford_analytica_salvador_2021,
title = {El {Salvador} bitcoin adoption poses risks: {Expert} {Briefings}},
publisher = {Emerald},
editor = {{Oxford Analytica}},
year = {2021},
doi = {10.1108/OXAN-ES262239},
}
@misc{oxford_analytica_china_2021,
title = {China crackdown reshapes cryptocurrency landscape},
publisher = {Emerald},
author = {{Oxford Analytica}},
year = {2021},
doi = {10.1108/OXAN-DB262935},
note = {ISBN: 2633-304X
Series: Emerald Expert Briefings},
}
@inproceedings{oliveira_token_2018,
title = {To {Token} or not to {Token}: {Tools} for {Understanding} {Blockchain} {Tokens}},
doi = {10.5167/uzh-157908},
booktitle = {Blockchain, cryptocurrencies, and new business models},
author = {Oliveira, Luis and Zavolokina, Liudmila and Bauer, Ingrid and Schwabe, Gerhard},
editor = {Krankhanhalli, Atrey and Li, Xitong and Miranda, Shaila},
year = {2018},
}
@book{oecd_oecdg20_2021,
address = {Paris},
title = {{OECD}/{G20} {Base} {Erosion} and {Profit} {Shifting} {Proj}: {Addressing} the tax challenges arising from the digitalisation of the economy},
publisher = {OECD},
author = {{OECD}},
year = {2021},
}
@misc{oecd_crs_2021,
title = {{CRS} by jurisdiction},
url = {<https://www.oecd.org/tax/automatic-exchange/crs-implementation-and-assistance/crs-by-jurisdiction/#d.en.345489>},
author = {{OECD}},
year = {2021},
}
@book{parsons_structure_1968,
address = {New York},
series = {A {Free} {Press} paperback},
title = {The structure of social action: {A} study in social theory with special reference to a group of recent {European} writers},
volume = {92425 : Sociology},
isbn = {0-02-924240-1},
publisher = {Free Press},
author = {Parsons, Talcott},
year = {1968},
}
@book{mcbride_relations_2011,
address = {Toronto},
title = {Relations of global power: {Neoliberal} order and disorder / edited by {Gary} {Teeple} \\& {Stephen} {McBride}},
isbn = {978-1-4426-0364-6},
publisher = {University of Toronto Press},
editor = {McBride, Stephen and Teeple, Gary},
year = {2011},
}
@incollection{mayes_rules_2012,
address = {Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA},
title = {Some {Rules} for {Cross}-{Border} {Banks} in {Europe}},
isbn = {978-1-84542-270-7},
booktitle = {Research handbook on international financial regulation},
publisher = {Edward Elgar},
author = {Mayes, David G.},
editor = {Alexander, Kern and Dhumale, Rahul},
year = {2012},
pages = {133--148},
}
@book{marx_kapital_1981,
address = {Berlin},
title = {Das {Kapital}: {Kritik} der politischen Ökonomie},
volume = {1},
publisher = {Dietz Verlag},
author = {Marx, Karl},
year = {1981},
note = {Backup Publisher: Institut für Marxismus und Leninismus beim ZK der SED},
}
@book{krankhanhalli_blockchain_2018,
title = {Blockchain, cryptocurrencies, and new business models: {Proceedings}},
publisher = {AIS},
editor = {Krankhanhalli, Atrey and Li, Xitong and Miranda, Shaila},
year = {2018},
}
@article{kramer_delegitimising_2017,
title = {{DELEGITIMISING} {CREOLES} {AND} {MULTIETHNOLECTS}: {STEREOTYPES} {AND} ({MIS}-){CONCEPTIONS} {OF} {LANGUAGE} {IN} {ONLINE} {DEBATES}},
volume = {45},
number = {1-2},
journal = {Caribbean Studies},
author = {Krämer, Philipp},
year = {2017},
pages = {107--141},
}
@incollection{kotz_financialization_2011,
address = {Toronto},
title = {Financialization and {Neoliberalism}},
isbn = {978-1-4426-0364-6},
booktitle = {Relations of global power},
publisher = {University of Toronto Press},
author = {Kotz, David M.},
editor = {McBride, Stephen and Teeple, Gary},
year = {2011},
pages = {1--19},
}
@article{komninos_neo-industrialisation_1998,
title = {Neo-{Industrialisation} and {Peripherality}: {Evidence} from {Regions} of {Northern} {Greece}},
volume = {29},
number = {1},
journal = {Geoforum},
author = {Komninos, N. and Sefertzi, E.},
year = {1998},
pages = {37--49},
}
@misc{kolodziejski_european_2020-1,
title = {European {Cohesion} {Fund}: {Fact} {Sheets} on the {European} {Union}},
url = {<https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/96/cohesion-fund>},
abstract = {Read about the Cohesion Fund. Fact Sheets provide an overview of European integration and the role of the European Parliament.},
author = {Ko{\\textbackslash}lodziejski, Marek},
year = {2020},
}
@article{kollruss_germanymalta_2010,
title = {Germany/{Malta} - {German} {CFC} {Legislation} 2011: {New} {Anti}-{Avoidance} {Provisions} and {Tax} {Planning} {Opportunities}},
volume = {51},
url = {<https://research.ibfd.org/#/doc?url=/collections/et/html/et_2011_01_de_2.html>},
number = {1},
journal = {European Taxation},
author = {Kollruss, Thomas},
year = {2010},
}
@incollection{king_geographical_1993,
address = {London},
title = {{THE} {GEOGRAPHICAL} {FASCINATION} {OF} {ISLANDS}},
isbn = {978-0-203-41568-9},
booktitle = {The development process in small island states},
publisher = {Taylor \\& Francis},
author = {King, Russell},
editor = {Lockhart, Douglas and Drakakis-Smith, D. W. and Schembri, John},
year = {1993},
doi = {10.4324/9780203415689-8},
pages = {29--53},
}
@article{kfir_cryptocurrencies_2020,
title = {Cryptocurrencies, national security, crime and terrorism},
volume = {39},
issn = {0149-5933},
doi = {10.1080/01495933.2020.1718983},
number = {2},
journal = {Comparative Strategy},
author = {Kfir, Isaac},
year = {2020},
pages = {113--127},
}
@book{keynes_ende_1926,
address = {München, Leipzig},
title = {Das {Ende} des {Laissez}-{Faire}: {Ideen} zur {Verbindung} von {Privat}- und {Gemeinwirtschaft}},
publisher = {von Duncker \\& Humblot},
author = {Keynes, John Maynard},
year = {1926},
note = {Backup Publisher: Universität Berlin},
}
@book{kreckel_soziale_1983,
address = {Göttingen},
series = {Soziale {Welt} {Sonderband}},
title = {Soziale {Ungleichheiten}},
volume = {2},
isbn = {3-509-01341-7},
publisher = {Schwartz},
editor = {Kreckel, Reinhard},
year = {1983},
}
@article{jones_green_2009,
title = {Green room politics and the {WTO}'s crisis of representation},
volume = {9},
issn = {1477-027X},
doi = {10.1177/146499340900900408},
number = {4},
journal = {Progress in Development Studies},
author = {Jones, Kent},
year = {2009},
pages = {349--357},
}
@incollection{kao_overview_2007,
address = {New York and London},
title = {Overview},
isbn = {978-1-84628-175-4},
booktitle = {Natural language processing and text mining},
publisher = {Springer},
author = {Kao, Anne and Poteet, Stephen R.},
editor = {Kao, Anne and Poteet, Stephen R.},
year = {2007},
pages = {1--8},
}
@book{kao_natural_2007,
address = {New York and London},
title = {Natural language processing and text mining},
isbn = {978-1-84628-175-4},
publisher = {Springer},
editor = {Kao, Anne and Poteet, Stephen R.},
year = {2007},
}
@incollection{kalthoff_hervorbringung_2012,
address = {Bielefeld},
series = {Sozialtheorie},
title = {Die {Hervorbringung} des {Kalküls}: {Zur} {Praxis} der {Finanzmathematik}},
isbn = {978-3-8376-1806-8},
booktitle = {Soziologie der {Finanzmärkte}},
publisher = {Transcript},
author = {Kalthoff, Herbert and Maesse, Jen},
editor = {Kalthoff, Herbert},
year = {2012},
pages = {201--235},
}
@inproceedings{juels_ring_2016,
address = {New York, NY, USA},
title = {The {Ring} of {Gyges}},
isbn = {978-1-4503-4139-4},
doi = {10.1145/2976749.2978362},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2016 {ACM} {SIGSAC} {Conference} on {Computer} and {Communications} {Security}},
publisher = {ACM},
author = {Juels, Ari and Kosba, Ahmed and Shi, Elaine},
editor = {Weippl, Edgar and Katzenbeisser, Stefan and Kruegel, Christopher and Myers, Andrew and Halevi, Shai},
year = {2016},
pages = {283--295},
}
@article{johnson_toward_2007,
title = {Toward a {Definition} of {Mixed} {Methods} {Research}},
volume = {1},
issn = {1558-6898},
doi = {10.1177/1558689806298224},
number = {2},
journal = {Journal of Mixed Methods Research},
author = {Johnson, R. Burke and Onwuegbuzie, Anthony J. and Turner, Lisa A.},
year = {2007},
pages = {112--133},
}
@incollection{jia_between_2017,
address = {London},
series = {{RIPE} series in global political economy},
title = {Between liberalization and prohibition: {Prudent} enthusiasm and the governance of {Bitcoin}/blockchain technology},
isbn = {978-1-315-21190-9},
booktitle = {Bitcoin and beyond},
publisher = {Routledge},
author = {Jia, Kai and Zhang, Falin},
editor = {Campbell-Verduyn, Malcolm},
year = {2017},
pages = {88--108},
}
@article{kaplanov_nerdy_2012,
title = {Nerdy {Money}: {Bitcoin}, the {Private} {Digital} {Currency}, and the {Case} {Against} its {Regulation}},
volume = {25},
url = {<https://lawecommons.luc.edu/lclr/vol25/iss1/5/>},
number = {1},
journal = {Loy. Consumer L. Rev.},
author = {Kaplanov, Nikolei M.},
year = {2012},
pages = {111--},
}
@incollection{ramakrishna_unfccc_2000,
address = {New Haven and New York},
title = {The {UNFCCC}: {History} and {Evolution} of the {Climate} {Change} {Negotiations}},
booktitle = {Climate {Change} and {Development}},
publisher = {UNDP},
author = {Ramakrishna, K.},
editor = {Gómez-Echeverri, L.},
year = {2000},
pages = {47--62},
}
@book{kuckartz_einfuhrung_2010,
address = {Wiesbaden},
edition = {3., aktualisierte Aufl.},
series = {Lehrbuch},
title = {Einführung in die computergestützte {Analyse} qualitativer {Daten}},
isbn = {978-3-531-92126-6},
abstract = {Die sozialwissenschaftliche Analyse von qualitativen Daten, die Text- und Inhaltsanalyse lassen sich heute sehr effektiv mit Unterstützung von Computerprogrammen durchführen. Der Einsatz von QDA-Software verspricht mehr Effizienz und Transparenz der Analyse. Dieses Buch gibt einen Überblick über diese neuen Arbeitstechniken, diskutiert die zugrunde liegenden methodischen Konzepte (u.a. die Grounded Theory und die Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse) und gibt praktische Hinweise zur Umsetzung.},
publisher = {VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften},
author = {Kuckartz, Udo},
year = {2010},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-531-92126-6},
}
@book{marshall_pure_1949,
address = {London, Bradford (UK)},
edition = {3},
title = {The {Pure} {Theory} of {Foreign} {Trade} and ({Domestic}) {Values}},
publisher = {Lund Humphries},
author = {Marshall, Alfred},
year = {1949},
note = {Backup Publisher: London School of Economics and Political Science},
}
@article{marian_blockchain_2019,
title = {Blockchain {Havens} and the need for their internationally-coordinated regulation},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
journal = {Journal of Law \\& Technology},
author = {Marian, Omri},
year = {2019},
pages = {529--568},
}
@incollection{marchisio_case_2007,
address = {New York and London},
title = {A {Case} {Study} in {Natural} {Language} {Based} {Web} {Search}},
isbn = {978-1-84628-175-4},
booktitle = {Natural language processing and text mining},
publisher = {Springer},
author = {Marchisio, Giovanni and Dhillon, Navdeep and Liang, Jisheng and Tusk, Carsten},
editor = {Kao, Anne and Poteet, Stephen R.},
year = {2007},
pages = {69--91},
}
@book{manko_critical_nodate,
title = {Critical {Legal} {Theory} in {Central} and {Eastern} {Europe}},
editor = {Mańko, R.},
}
@book{malthus_principles_1836,
address = {London},
edition = {2nd},
title = {Principles of {Political} {Economy}: {Considered} with a {View} to {Their} {Practical} {Application}},
publisher = {W. Pickering},
author = {Malthus, Thomas R.},
year = {1836},
}
@book{makimoto_digital_1997,
address = {Chichester},
title = {Digital nomad},
isbn = {0-471-97499-4},
publisher = {Wiley},
author = {Makimoto, Tsugio and Manners, David},
year = {1997},
}
@article{lang_heterodox_2019,
title = {Heterodox markets and `market distortions' in the global trading system},
volume = {22},
issn = {1369-3034},
doi = {10.1093/jiel/jgz042},
number = {4},
journal = {Journal of International Economic Law},
author = {Lang, Andrew},
year = {2019},
pages = {677--719},
}
@book{machin_how_2012,
address = {London},
title = {How to do critical discourse analysis: {A} multimodal introduction},
isbn = {978-0-85702-891-4},
publisher = {SAGE},
author = {Machin, David and Mayr, Andrea},
year = {2012},
}
@incollection{luhmann_einfuhrung_2020,
address = {Heidelberg},
series = {Systemische {Horizonte}},
title = {Einführung in die {Systemtheorie}},
isbn = {978-3-89670-839-7},
booktitle = {Einführung in die {Systemtheorie}},
publisher = {Carl-Auer-Verlag},
author = {Luhmann, Niklas},
editor = {Baecker, Dirk},
year = {2020},
}
@book{lockhart_development_1993,
address = {London},
title = {The development process in small island states},
isbn = {978-0-203-41568-9},
publisher = {Taylor \\& Francis},
editor = {Lockhart, Douglas and Drakakis-Smith, D. W. and Schembri, John},
year = {1993},
}
@misc{liechtensteinischer_landtag_gesetz_2019,
title = {Gesetz über {Token} und {VT}-{Dienstleister}: {TVTG}},
author = {{Liechtensteinischer Landtag}},
year = {2019},
note = {Issue: 301
Publication Title: Liechtensteinisches Landesgesetzblatt
Volume: 950.6},
}
@book{lenel_ordo_2016,
address = {Berlin, Boston},
series = {{ORDO}},
title = {{ORDO}: {Jahrbuch} für die {Ordnung} von {Wirtschaft} und {Gesellschaft}},
volume = {57},
isbn = {978-3-11-050508-5},
url = {<https://www.degruyter.com/doi/book/10.1515/9783110505085>},
abstract = {Das Jahrbuch ORDO ist seit über 50 Jahren ein Zentralort der wissenschaftlichen und politischen Diskussion aus dem Konzept der Marktwirtschaft und des Wettbewerbs heraus. Durch dieses Jahrbuch wurde der Begriff Ordoliberalismus zum festen Begriff. Er steht für ein Grundkonzept, das erfolgreiche wirtschaftliche Entwicklung, eine freiheitliche Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft ohne Dominanz von Staatseingriffen und das Recht auf persönliche Verantwortung in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft in einem unauflöslichen Zusammenhang sieht},
publisher = {De Gruyter},
editor = {Lenel, Hans Otto and Gröner, Helmut and Hamm, Walter and Heuss, Ernst and Hoppmann, Erich and Kerber, Wolfgang and Leschke, Martin and Mestmäcker, Ernst-Joachim and Möschel, Wernhard and Molsberger, Josef and Oberender, Peter and Sally, Razeen and Schüller, Alfred and Vanberg, Viktor and Watrin, Christian and Willgerodt, Hans},
year = {2016},
doi = {10.1515/9783110505085},
}
@book{reckwitz_transformation_2000,
address = {Weilerswist},
edition = {1. Aufl.},
title = {Die {Transformation} der {Kulturtheorien}: {Zur} {Entwicklung} eines {Theorieprogramms} / {Andreas} {Reckwitz}},
isbn = {3-934730-15-9},
url = {<http://www.h-net.org/review/hrev-a0b7w9-aa>},
publisher = {Velbrück Wissenschaft},
author = {Reckwitz, Andreas},
year = {2000},
}
@misc{registrars_office_student_2021,
title = {Student {Statistics} by {F}/{I}/{C}/{S}: {Course} \\& {Route} - 2019/2020},
url = {<https://www.um.edu.mt/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/420749/Students19-20.pdf>},
author = {{Registrar's Office}},
year = {2021},
}
@incollection{reichardt_beyond_2006,
address = {London [etc.]},
title = {Beyond {Qualitative} {Versus} {Quantitative} {Methods}},
isbn = {978-1-4129-1163-4},
booktitle = {Mixed methods},
publisher = {SAGE},
author = {Reichardt, Charles S. and Cook, Thomas D.},
editor = {Bryman, Alan},
year = {2006},
pages = {213--237},
}
@misc{wardle_global_2021,
title = {The {Global} {Financial} {Centres} {Index}},
publisher = {China Development Institute},
author = {Wardle, Mike and Mainelli, Michael},
year = {2021},
note = {Issue: 29
Place: Shenzhen},
}
@book{vleck_offshore_2017,
address = {London},
series = {International political economy series},
title = {Offshore finance and global governance: {Disciplining} the tax nomad},
isbn = {978-1-137-56180-0},
publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
author = {Vleck, William},
year = {2017},
}
@book{vierkandt_handworterbuch_1931,
address = {Stuttgart},
title = {Handwörterbuch der {Soziologie}},
publisher = {Ferdinand Enke},
editor = {Vierkandt, Alfred},
year = {1931},
}
@article{veenendaal_how_2019-1,
title = {How {Smallness} {Fosters} {Clientelism}: {A} {Case} {Study} of {Malta}},
volume = {67},
issn = {0032-3217},
doi = {10.1177/0032321719828275},
number = {4},
journal = {Political Studies},
author = {Veenendaal, Wouter},
year = {2019},
pages = {1034--1052},
}
@book{varley_disasters_1994,
address = {Chichester},
title = {Disasters, {Development} and {Environment}},
publisher = {John Wiley and Sons},
editor = {Varley, A.},
year = {1994},
}
@article{vangrasstek_consistency_2006,
title = {The {Consistency} of {WTO} {Rules}: {Can} the {Single} {Undertaking} {Be} {Squared} with {Variable} {Geometry}?},
volume = {9},
issn = {1369-3034},
doi = {10.1093/jiel/jgl031},
number = {4},
journal = {Journal of International Economic Law},
author = {VanGrasstek, Craig and Sauvé, Pierre},
year = {2006},
pages = {837--864},
}
@article{vaghela_how_2018,
title = {How {Malta} {Became} a {Hub} of the {Cryptocurrency} {World}},
journal = {Bloomberg Business Week},
author = {Vaghela, Viren and Tan, Andrea},
month = apr,
year = {2018},
}
@article{warrington_capacity_1994,
title = {A {Capacity} for {Policy} {Management}: {Re}-{Appraising} the {Context} in {Micro}-{States}},
volume = {16},
issn = {0259-8272},
doi = {10.1080/02598272.1994.10800289},
number = {1},
journal = {Asian Journal of Public Administration},
author = {Warrington, Edward},
year = {1994},
pages = {109--133},
}
@misc{us_sec_notice_2020,
title = {Notice of {Exempt} {Offering} of {Securities} {Universal} {Navigation} {Inc}. {FORM} {D}},
url = {<https://sec.report/Document/0001775180-20-000001/#primary_doc.xml>},
author = {{US SEC}},
year = {2020},
}
@book{united_nations_international_2017,
address = {New York},
title = {The {International} {Migration} {Report} 2017: {Highlights}},
url = {<https://www.un.org/development/desa/publications/international-migration-report-2017.html>},
publisher = {United Natioons},
author = {{United Nations}},
year = {2017},
}
@misc{united_nations_vienna_1961,
title = {Vienna {Convention} on {Diplomatic} {Relations}, 1961: {VCDR}},
url = {<https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/9_1_1961.pdf>},
author = {{United Nations}},
month = apr,
year = {1961},
note = {Pages: 95
Publication Title: Treaty Series
Volume: 500},
}
@book{undp_human_2020,
address = {New York},
title = {Human {Development} {Report} 2020},
isbn = {978-92-1-005516-1},
publisher = {United Nations},
author = {{UNDP}},
year = {2020},
doi = {10.18356/9789210055161},
}
@incollection{ullrich_diskursanalyse_2008,
address = {Berlin},
series = {Texte / {Rosa}-{Luxemburg}-{Stiftung}},
title = {Diskursanalyse, {Diskursforschung}, {Diskurstheorie}: {Ein}- und Überblick},
isbn = {3-320-02136-2},
booktitle = {Kritik mit {Methode}?},
publisher = {Dietz},
author = {Ullrich, Peter},
editor = {Freikamp, Ulrike},
year = {2008},
pages = {19--31},
}
@article{tsukerman_block_2015,
title = {The {Block} is {Hot}: {A} {Survey} of the {State} of {Bitcoin} {Regulation} and {Suggestions} for the {Future}},
volume = {30},
url = {www.jstor.org/stable/26377750},
number = {4},
journal = {Berkeley Technology Law Journal Annual Review},
author = {Tsukerman, Misha},
year = {2015},
pages = {1127--1170},
}
@phdthesis{torslov_missing_2018,
address = {Cambridge, MA},
type = {{NBER} {Working} {Paper} {Series}},
title = {The {Missing} {Profits} of {Nations}},
url = {www.nber.org/papers/w24701},
school = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
author = {Torslov, Thomas R. and Wier, Ludvig S. and Zucman, Gabriel},
year = {2018},
}
@incollection{warrington_governance_2018,
address = {London},
title = {Governance},
isbn = {978-1-315-55664-2},
booktitle = {The {Routledge} international handbook of island studies},
publisher = {Routledge},
author = {Warrington, Edward and Milne, David},
editor = {Baldacchino, Godfrey},
year = {2018},
pages = {173--202},
}
@book{watson_regional_1998,
address = {Geneva},
title = {The {Regional} {Impacts} of {Climate} {Change}},
editor = {Watson, R. T. and Zinyowera, M. C. and Moss, R. H. and Dokken, D. J.},
year = {1998},
}
@incollection{zellweger-gutknecht_developing_2019,
address = {Oxford},
title = {Developing the {Right} {Regulatory} {Regime} for {Cryptocurrencies} and {Other} {Value} {Data}},
isbn = {978-0-19-882638-5},
booktitle = {Cryptocurrencies in public and private law},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
author = {Zellweger-Gutknecht, Corinne},
editor = {Fox, David and Green, Sarah and Carr, Daniel J.},
year = {2019},
pages = {57--92},
}
@inproceedings{yereli_cryptocurrencies_2018,
address = {Ankara, Turkey},
title = {Cryptocurrencies and {Taxation}},
booktitle = {Conference {Book}},
publisher = {Sosiyoekonomi Society, Hacettepe University},
author = {Yereli, A. B. and Orkunoglu-Sahin, I. F.},
editor = {Yereli, A. B. and Koktas, A. M.},
year = {2018},
pages = {219--229},
}
@book{yereli_conference_2018,
address = {Ankara, Turkey},
title = {Conference {Book}},
publisher = {Sosiyoekonomi Society, Hacettepe University},
editor = {Yereli, A. B. and Koktas, A. M.},
year = {2018},
note = {Backup Publisher: Sosiyoekonomi Society},
}
@inproceedings{wust_you_2018,
title = {Do you {Need} a {Blockchain}?},
isbn = {978-1-5386-7204-4},
doi = {10.1109/CVCBT.2018.00011},
booktitle = {2018 {Crypto} {Valley} {Conference} on {Blockchain} {Technology} ({CVCBT})},
publisher = {IEEE},
author = {Wust, Karl and Gervais, Arthur},
year = {2018},
pages = {45--54},
}
@misc{wto_agreement_1994,
title = {Agreement on {Technical} {Barriers} to {Trade}: {TBT}},
url = {<https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/17-tbt.pdf>},
author = {{WTO}},
year = {1994},
}
@misc{world_bank_population_2020-2,
title = {Population, total: {St}. {Kitts} and {Nevis}: {All} {Countries} and {Economies}},
url = {<https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=KN>},
abstract = {Population, total - St. Kitts and Nevis from The World Bank: Data},
urldate = {2020-11-19},
author = {{World Bank}},
year = {2020},
}
@misc{world_bank_adjusted_2018-2,
title = {Adjusted net national income: (constant 2010 {US}\\$): {Malta}},
url = {<https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.ADJ.NNTY.KD?end=2018&locations=MT&start=1960&view=map>},
abstract = {Adjusted net national income (constant 2010 US\\$) - Malta from The World Bank: Data},
author = {{World Bank}},
year = {2018},
}
@book{watson_poverty_2000,
address = {Washington D.C.},
series = {Annual {Review}},
title = {Poverty and {Climate} {Change}: {Environment} {Matters} at the {World} {Bank}},
publisher = {World Bank},
author = {Watson, R. T. and Ackermann, R. O.},
year = {2000},
}
@incollection{wolff_steuerliche_1996,
address = {Köln},
series = {Forum der internationalen {Besteuerung}},
title = {Steuerliche {Strukturen} infolge des {Standortwettbewerbs} zwischen den {Ländern} {Europas}},
isbn = {3-504-61506-0},
booktitle = {Unternehmensstrukturen und {Rechtsformen} im internationalen {Steuerrecht}},
publisher = {O. Schmidt},
author = {Wolff, Ulrich},
editor = {Haarmann, Wilhelm},
year = {1996},
pages = {1--27},
}
@incollection{wisner_changes_2003,
address = {London},
title = {Changes in {Capitalism} and {Global} {Shifts} in the {Distribution} of {Hazards} and {Vulnerability}},
booktitle = {Natural {Disasters} and {Development} in a {Globalising} {World}},
publisher = {Routledge},
author = {Wisner, B.},
editor = {Pelling, Mark},
year = {2003},
pages = {43--56},
}
@incollection{willgerodt_neoliberalismus_2016,
address = {Berlin, Boston},
series = {{ORDO}},
title = {Der {Neoliberalismus}: {Entstehung}, {Kampfbegriff} und {Meinungsstreit}},
isbn = {978-3-11-050508-5},
booktitle = {{ORDO}},
publisher = {De Gruyter},
author = {Willgerodt, Hans},
editor = {Lenel, Hans Otto and Gröner, Helmut and Hamm, Walter and Heuss, Ernst and Hoppmann, Erich and Kerber, Wolfgang and Leschke, Martin and Mestmäcker, Ernst-Joachim and Möschel, Wernhard and Molsberger, Josef and Oberender, Peter and Sally, Razeen and Schüller, Alfred and Vanberg, Viktor and Watrin, Christian and Willgerodt, Hans},
year = {2016},
pages = {47--88},
}
@book{weippl_proceedings_2016,
address = {New York, NY, USA},
title = {Proceedings of the 2016 {ACM} {SIGSAC} {Conference} on {Computer} and {Communications} {Security}},
isbn = {978-1-4503-4139-4},
publisher = {ACM},
editor = {Weippl, Edgar and Katzenbeisser, Stefan and Kruegel, Christopher and Myers, Andrew and Halevi, Shai},
year = {2016},
doi = {10.1145/2976749},
}
@incollection{weber_wirtschaft_2014,
address = {Tübingen},
series = {Max {Weber}-{Studienausgabe}},
title = {Wirtschaft und {Gesellschaft}. {Soziologie}. {Unvollendet}. 1919-1920},
isbn = {978-3-16-153095-1},
booktitle = {Max {Weber}-{Studienausgabe}},
publisher = {Mohr Siebeck},
author = {Weber, Max},
editor = {Borchardt, Knut and Hanke, Edith and Schluchter, Wolfgang and Weber, Max},
year = {2014},
}
@incollection{weber_objektivitat_1988,
address = {Tbingen},
series = {Uni-{Taschenbcher}},
title = {Die '{Objektivität}' sozialwissenschaftlicher und sozialpolitischer {Erkenntnis}},
isbn = {3-16-845369-2},
booktitle = {Gesammelte {Aufsätze} zur {Wissenschaftslehre}},
publisher = {J.C.B. Mohr},
author = {Weber, Max},
editor = {Winckelmann, Johannes},
year = {1988},
pages = {146--214},
}
@book{wisner_at_2004,
address = {London},
edition = {Second},
title = {At {Risk}: {Natural} {Hazards}, {People}'s {Vulnerability} and {Disasters}},
publisher = {Routledge},
author = {Wisner, B. and Blaikie, P. and Cannon, T. and Davies, I.},
year = {2004},
}
@article{tallberg_delegation_2002,
title = {Delegation to {Supranational} {Institutions}: {Why}, {How}, and with {What} {Consequences}?},
volume = {25},
issn = {0140-2382},
doi = {10.1080/713601584},
number = {1},
journal = {West European Politics},
author = {Tallberg, Jonas},
year = {2002},
pages = {23--46},
}
@article{schwartz_economic_2002,
title = {The {Economic} {Structure} of {Renegotiation} and {Dispute} {Resolution} in the {World} {Trade} {Organization}},
volume = {31},
issn = {0047-2530},
doi = {10.1086/340406},
number = {S1},
journal = {The Journal of Legal Studies},
author = {Schwartz, Warren F. and Sykes, Alan O.},
year = {2002},
pages = {S179--S204},
}
@incollection{schutz_gesammelte_1972,
address = {Dordrecht},
title = {Gesammelte {Aufsätze}},
isbn = {978-94-010-2849-3},
booktitle = {Gesammelte {Aufsätze}},
publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
author = {Schütz, Alfred},
editor = {Brodersen, Arvid},
year = {1972},
doi = {10.1007/978-94-010-2849-3},
pages = {53--69},
}
@unpublished{schipper_climate_2007,
address = {Norwich},
title = {Climate change adaptation and development: {Exploring} the linkages},
url = {<https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228391167>},
author = {Schipper, E. Lisa F.},
year = {2007},
}
@incollection{sale_revisiting_2006,
address = {London [etc.]},
title = {Revisiting the {Quantitative}-{Qualitative} {Debate}: {Implications} for {Mixed}-{Method} {Research}},
isbn = {978-1-4129-1163-4},
booktitle = {Mixed methods},
publisher = {SAGE},
author = {Sale, Joanna E. M. and Lohfield, Lynne H. and Brazil, Kevin},
editor = {Bryman, Alan},
year = {2006},
pages = {110--133},
}
@article{russell_mathematical_1908,
title = {Mathematical {Logic} as {Based} on the {Theory} of {Types}},
volume = {30},
issn = {00029327},
url = {www.jstor.org/stable/2369948},
doi = {10.2307/2369948},
number = {3},
journal = {American Journal of Mathematics},
author = {Russell, Bertrand},
year = {1908},
pages = {222--262},
}
@article{schwarzenberger_most-favoured-nation_1945,
title = {The most-favoured-nation standard in {British} {Practice}},
url = {<https://bit.ly/386tYNE>},
number = {96},
journal = {British Yearbook of International Law},
author = {Schwarzenberger, Georg},
year = {1945},
}
@incollection{ron_how_2014,
address = {Heidelberg},
series = {{LNCS} sublibrary: {SL} 4 - {Security} and cryptology},
title = {How {Did} {Dread} {Pirate} {Roberts} {Acquire} and {Protect} his {Bitcoin} {Wealth}?},
volume = {8438},
isbn = {978-3-662-44773-4},
booktitle = {Financial cryptography and data security},
publisher = {Springer},
author = {Ron, Dorit and Shamir, Adi},
editor = {Böhme, Rainer},
year = {2014},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-44774-1‗ 1},
pages = {3--15},
}
@incollection{rodima-taylor_cryptocurrencies_2017,
address = {London},
series = {{RIPE} series in global political economy},
title = {Cryptocurrencies amd digital payment rails in networked global governance: {Perspectives} on inclusion and innovation},
isbn = {978-1-315-21190-9},
booktitle = {Bitcoin and beyond},
publisher = {Routledge},
author = {Rodima-Taylor, Daivi and Grimes, William W.},
editor = {Campbell-Verduyn, Malcolm},
year = {2017},
pages = {109--132},
}
@article{roberts_small_1997,
title = {Small place, big money: the cayman islands and the international financial system},
volume = {2},
issn = {1084-4791},
doi = {10.1007/BF02901612},
number = {3},
journal = {Trends in Organized Crime},
author = {Roberts, Susan M.},
year = {1997},
pages = {50},
}
@misc{ripple_our_2021,
title = {Our {Story}: {About} {Ripple}},
url = {<https://ripple.com/company>},
abstract = {Ripple the company is enabling the world to move value like it moves information today.\\ Ripple's leaders bring together decades of experience.},
author = {{Ripple}},
year = {2021},
}
@article{ridder_theory_2017,
title = {The theory contribution of case study research designs},
volume = {10},
issn = {2198-3402},
doi = {10.1007/s40685-017-0045-z},
number = {2},
journal = {Business Research},
author = {Ridder, Hans-Gerd},
year = {2017},
pages = {281--305},
}
@article{richards_data_1999,
title = {Data {Alive}! {The} {Thinking} {Behind} {NVivo}},
volume = {9},
issn = {1049-7323},
doi = {10.1177/104973239900900310},
number = {3},
journal = {Qualitative Health Research},
author = {Richards, Lyn},
year = {1999},
pages = {412--428},
}
@book{ricardo_principles_1977,
address = {Hildesheim and New York},
title = {On the principles of political economy and taxation},
isbn = {3-487-06311-5},
publisher = {Olms},
author = {Ricardo, David},
year = {1977},
}
@misc{renproject_unstoppable_2019,
title = {Unstoppable: {A} privacy preserving virtual machine powering zero-knowledge financial applications},
url = {<https://renproject.io/litepaper.pdf>},
author = {{Renproject}},
year = {2019},
}
@article{reid_pedagogies_2019,
title = {Pedagogies of the {Poor}: {Resisting} {Resilience} in {Eastern} {Europe} and {Beyond}},
volume = {89},
issn = {0208-6069},
doi = {10.18778/0208-6069.89.08},
journal = {Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica},
author = {Reid, Julian},
year = {2019},
pages = {111--129},
}
@incollection{royle_definitions_2018,
address = {London},
title = {Definitions and {Typologies}},
isbn = {978-1-315-55664-2},
booktitle = {The {Routledge} international handbook of island studies},
publisher = {Routledge},
author = {Royle, Stephen A. and Brinklow, Laurie},
editor = {Baldacchino, Godfrey},
year = {2018},
}
@book{seitter_spektrum_1996,
address = {Bodenheim},
title = {Das {Spektrum} der {Genealogie}},
isbn = {3-8257-0025-9},
publisher = {Philo-Verl.-Ges},
editor = {Seitter, Walter},
year = {1996},
}
@article{sherman_preparatory_2005,
title = {`{Preparatory} meeting for the {ECOSOC} 2005 high-level segment: 16-17 {March} 2005'},
volume = {104},
number = {3},
journal = {Earth Negotiations Bulletin},
author = {Sherman, R. and Aguilar, S.},
year = {2005},
pages = {1--15},
}
@article{suddaby_legitimacy_2017,
title = {Legitimacy},
volume = {11},
issn = {1941-6520},
doi = {10.5465/annals.2015.0101},
number = {1},
journal = {Academy of Management Annals},
author = {Suddaby, Roy and Bitektine, Alex and Haack, Patrick},
year = {2017},
pages = {451--478},
}
@book{stoker_evidence-based_2016,
address = {Bristol, UK},
title = {Evidence-based policy making in the social sciences: {Methods} that matter / edited by {Gerry} {Stoker} and {Mark} {Evans}},
isbn = {978-1-4473-2937-4},
publisher = {Policy Press},
author = {Stoker, Gerry and Evans, Mark},
year = {2016},
keywords = {Policy sciences Methodology Congresses, Political planning Methodology Congresses, Social sciences Research Methodology Congresses},
}
@misc{stock_politische_2009,
title = {Politische {Steuerung} und {Hochschulentwicklung} unter föderalen {Bedingungen}: {Stand} der {Forschung} und theoretisch methodologische {Vorüberlegungen} für eine empirische {Untersuchung}},
url = {<https://www.hof.uni-halle.de/dateien/ab_4_2009.pdf>},
publisher = {Institut für Hochschulforschung, Martin-Luther Universität},
author = {Stock, Manfred},
year = {2009},
note = {Place: Halle-Wittenberg, Germany},
}
@article{stephenson_twenty_2013,
title = {Twenty years of multi-level governance: `{Where} {Does} {It} {Come} {From}? {What} {Is} {It}? {Where} {Is} {It} {Going}?'},
volume = {20},
issn = {1350-1763},
doi = {10.1080/13501763.2013.781818},
number = {6},
journal = {Journal of European Public Policy},
author = {Stephenson, Paul},
year = {2013},
pages = {817--837},
}
@article{steiner_comparing_2016,
title = {Comparing {Freedom} {House} {Democracy} {Scores} to {Alternative} {Indices} and {Testing} for {Political} {Bias}: {Are} {US} {Allies} {Rated} as {More} {Democratic} by {Freedom} {House}?},
volume = {18},
issn = {1387-6988},
doi = {10.1080/13876988.2013.877676},
number = {4},
journal = {Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice},
author = {Steiner, Nils D.},
year = {2016},
pages = {329--349},
}
@misc{sekar_death_2010,
title = {Death of {M3}: {The} {Fifth} {Anniversary}},
url = {<https://mises.org/library/death-m3-fifth-anniversary>},
abstract = {If the Fed had been tracking repos in 2007–2008, what they would have seen was the unfolding of the financial crisis one full year before it went critical. Instead, Bernanke stopped collecting the data because he decided to abolish M3.},
author = {Sekar, Jire},
year = {2010},
note = {Place: Auburn, AL, USA},
}
@misc{statista_antigua_2020-2,
title = {Antigua and {Barbuda}: share of economic sectors in gross domestic product: 2009-2019},
url = {<https://www.statista.com/statistics/731101/share-of-economic-sectors-in-gdp-in-antigua-and-barbuda/>},
abstract = {This statistic shows the share of economic sectors in gross domestic product (GDP) in Antigua and Barbuda from 2009 to 2019.},
urldate = {2020-11-11},
author = {{Statista}},
year = {2020},
}
@misc{sperling_disaster_2005,
title = {Disaster {Risk} {Management} in a {Changing} {Climate}: {Informal} {Discussion} paper red for the {World} {Conference} on {Disaster} {Reduction} on behalf of the {Vulnerability} and {Adaption} {Resource} {Group}},
publisher = {VARG},
author = {Sperling, F. and Szekely, F.},
year = {2005},
note = {Place: Washington D.C.},
}
@book{siebert_einfuhrung_2007,
address = {Stuttgart},
edition = {15., vollst. überarb. Aufl.},
series = {/{W}},
title = {Einführung in die {Volkswirtschaftslehre}},
isbn = {978-3-17-019437-3},
publisher = {Kohlhammer},
author = {Siebert, Horst and Lorz, Oliver},
year = {2007},
}
@article{jabotinsky_how_2020,
title = {How {Crisis} {Affects} {Crypto}: {Coroanvirus} as a {Test} {Case}},
url = {<https://ssrn.com/abstract=3557929>},
author = {Jabotinsky, Hadar Y. and Sarel, Roee},
year = {2020},
}
@misc{innenministerkonferenz_staatsvertrag_2021,
title = {Staatsvertrag zur {Neuregulierung} des {Glücksspielwesens} in {Deutschland}: {GlüStV}},
url = {<https://mi.sachsen-anhalt.de/fileadmin/Bibliothek/Politik_und_Verwaltung/MI/MI/3._Themen/Gluecksspiel/201029_Gluecksspielstaatsvertrag_2021_-_Druckfassung.pdf>},
author = {{Innenministerkonferenz}},
year = {2021},
}
@article{buttigieg_anti-money_2019,
title = {Anti-money laundering regulation of crypto assets in {Europe}'s smallest member state},
volume = {13},
issn = {1752-1440},
doi = {10.1080/17521440.2019.1663996},
number = {4},
journal = {Law and Financial Markets Review},
author = {Buttigieg, Christopher P. and Efthymiopoulos, Christos and Attard, Abigail and Cuyle, Samantha},
year = {2019},
pages = {211--227},
}
@misc{bundesministerium_der_justiz_und_verbraucherschutz_ausensteuergesetz_1972,
title = {Außensteuergesetz: {GFTTA}},
url = {<https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/astg/BJNR117130972.html#BJNR117130972BJNG000100314>},
author = {{Bundesministerium der Justiz und Verbraucherschutz}},
month = sep,
year = {1972},
note = {Issue: 1
Pages: 1713
Publication Title: BGB
Volume: 1},
}
@misc{bundesministerium_der_justiz_und_verbraucherschutz_einkommenssteuergesetz_1934,
title = {Einkommenssteuergesetz: {ITA}},
author = {{Bundesministerium der Justiz und Verbraucherschutz}},
month = oct,
year = {1934},
note = {Publication Title: Bekanntmachung
Volume: 1879},
}
@misc{bundesanstalt_fur_finanzaufsicht_merkblatt_2019,
title = {Merkblatt. {Zweites} {Hinweisschreiben} zu {Prospekt}- und {Erlaubnispflichten} im {Zusammenhang} mit der {Ausgabe} sogenannter {Krypto}-{Token}: {BaFin}},
url = {<https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiB8dzHwOjxAhXO8qQKHcNhAyEQFnoECAIQAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bafin.de%2FSharedDocs%2FDownloads%2FDE%2FMerkblatt%2FWA%2Fdl_wa_merkblatt_ICOs.pdf%3F__blob%3DpublicationFile%26v%3D1&usg=AOvVaw2tzICj--yZBf0kKwpRO33a>},
author = {{Bundesanstalt für Finanzaufsicht}},
year = {2019},
}
@incollection{buker_executive_2005,
address = {Toronto and London},
series = {Institute of {Public} {Administration} of {Canada} series in public management and governance},
title = {The {Executive} {Administrative} {Style} in {Prince} {Edward} {Island}: {Managerial} and {Spoils} {Politics}},
isbn = {0-8020-3952-9},
booktitle = {Executive styles in {Canada}},
publisher = {University of Toronto Press},
author = {Buker, Peter E.},
editor = {Bernier, Luc and Brownsey, Keith and Howlett, Michael},
year = {2005},
pages = {111--131},
}
@book{bryman_mixed_2006,
address = {London [etc.]},
title = {Mixed methods},
isbn = {978-1-4129-1163-4},
publisher = {SAGE},
editor = {Bryman, Alan},
year = {2006},
}
@book{brundtland_commission_our_1987,
address = {Oxford},
title = {Our common future},
isbn = {0-19-282080-X},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
author = {{Brundtland Commission}},
year = {1987},
}
@book{brodersen_gesammelte_1972,
address = {Dordrecht},
title = {Gesammelte {Aufsätze}: {II} {Studien} zur soziologischen {Theorie}},
isbn = {978-94-010-2849-3},
publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
editor = {Brodersen, Arvid},
year = {1972},
}
@book{brockling_unternehmerische_2016,
address = {Frankfurt am Main},
edition = {6. Auflage, Originalausgabe},
series = {suhrkamp taschenbuch wissenschaft},
title = {Das unternehmerische {Selbst}: {Soziologie} einer {Subjektivierungsform}},
volume = {1832},
isbn = {978-3-518-29432-1},
publisher = {Suhrkamp},
author = {Bröckling, Ulrich},
year = {2016},
}
@misc{brockdorff_malta_2019,
title = {The {Malta} {Gaming} {Authority}'s {Sandbox} {Regulatory} {Framework}: {Virtual} {Financial} {Assets} ({VFAs}): {Understanding} what {MGA} offers through the {Sandbox} {Regulatory} {Framework}.},
author = {Brockdorff, Juanita and Mifsud, Russell and Scerri, Matthew},
year = {2019},
note = {Place: Malta},
}
@article{briguglio_defining_2010,
title = {Defining and assessing the risk of being harmed by climate change},
volume = {2},
issn = {1756-8692},
doi = {10.1108/17568691011020238},
number = {1},
journal = {International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management},
author = {Briguglio, Lino Pascal},
year = {2010},
pages = {23--34},
}
@book{briguglio_economic_2004,
address = {Malta},
title = {Economic vulnerability and resilience of small states},
isbn = {99909-49-22-0},
publisher = {Formatek for the Islands and Small States Institute of the University of Malta and the Commonwealth Secretariat},
author = {Briguglio, Lino and Kisanga, Eliawony J.},
year = {2004},
note = {Backup Publisher: University of Malta (1980- ). Islands and Small States Institute and Commonwealth Secretariat},
}
@article{bowen_document_2009,
title = {Document {Analysis} as a {Qualitative} {Research} {Method}},
volume = {9},
issn = {1443-9883},
doi = {10.3316/QRJ0902027},
number = {2},
journal = {Qualitative Research Journal},
author = {Bowen, Glenn A.},
year = {2009},
pages = {27--40},
}
@book{bourdieu_feinen_2018,
address = {Frankfurt am Main},
edition = {26. Auflage 2018},
series = {Suhrkamp-{Taschenbuch} {Wissenschaft}},
title = {Die feinen {Unterschiede}: {Kritik} der gesellschaftlichen {Urteilskraft}},
volume = {658},
isbn = {978-3-518-28258-8},
publisher = {Suhrkamp},
author = {Bourdieu, Pierre},
year = {2018},
}
@book{bourdieu_meditationen_2017,
address = {Frankfurt am Main},
edition = {4. Auflage},
series = {Suhrkamp-{Taschenbuch} {Wissenschaft}},
title = {Meditationen: {Zur} {Kritik} der scholastischen {Vernunft}},
volume = {1695},
isbn = {3-518-29295-1},
publisher = {Suhrkamp},
author = {Bourdieu, Pierre},
year = {2017},
note = {Backup Publisher: Suhrkamp Verlag},
}
@book{borchardt_max_2014,
address = {Tübingen},
edition = {1. Aufl.},
series = {Max {Weber}-{Studienausgabe}},
title = {Max {Weber}-{Studienausgabe}: {Band} {I}/23: {Wirtschaft} und {Gesellschaft}. {Soziologie}. {Unvollendet}. 1919-1920},
volume = {I/23},
isbn = {978-3-16-153095-1},
publisher = {Mohr Siebeck},
editor = {Borchardt, Knut and Hanke, Edith and Schluchter, Wolfgang and Weber, Max},
year = {2014},
}
@article{bone_social_2016,
title = {The social sciences and the web: {From} `{Lurking}' to interdisciplinary `{Big} {Data}' research},
volume = {9},
issn = {2059-7991},
doi = {10.1177/2059799116630665},
journal = {Methodological Innovations},
author = {Bone, John and Emele, Chukwuemeka David and Abdul, Adeniyi and Coghill, George and Pang, Wei},
year = {2016},
pages = {205979911663066},
}
@misc{bondarenko_gross_2020,
title = {gross national income: {Definition} \\& {Facts}: {Economics}},
url = {<https://www.britannica.com/topic/gross-national-income>},
abstract = {Gross national income is the sum of a country's gross domestic product plus net income from abroad.},
author = {Bondarenko, Peter},
year = {2020},
keywords = {article, britannica, encyclopeadia, encyclopedia, Gross national income},
}
@book{bohme_financial_2014,
address = {Heidelberg},
series = {{LNCS} sublibrary: {SL} 4 - {Security} and cryptology},
title = {Financial cryptography and data security: {FC} 2014 workshops, {BITCOIN} and {WAHC} 2014, {Christ} {Church}, {Barbados}, {March} 7, 2014, revised selected papers / {Rainer} {Böhme} [and three others] (eds.)},
volume = {8438},
isbn = {978-3-662-44773-4},
publisher = {Springer},
editor = {Böhme, Rainer},
year = {2014},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-44774-1},
}
@book{briguglio_sociology_2016,
address = {Luqa, Malta},
title = {Sociology of the {Maltese} islands},
isbn = {978-99957-52-59-0},
publisher = {Miller},
author = {Briguglio, Michael and Brown, Maria},
year = {2016},
}
@article{boas_neoliberalism_2009,
title = {Neoliberalism: {From} {New} {Liberal} {Philosophy} to {Anti}-{Liberal} {Slogan}},
volume = {44},
issn = {0039-3606},
doi = {10.1007/s12116-009-9040-5},
number = {2},
journal = {Studies in Comparative International Development},
author = {Boas, Taylor C. and Gans-Morse, Jordan},
year = {2009},
pages = {137--161},
}
@book{campbell-verduyn_bitcoin_2017,
address = {London},
edition = {1st},
series = {{RIPE} series in global political economy},
title = {Bitcoin and beyond: {Cryptocurrencies}, blockchains and global governance / edited by {Malcolm} {Campbell}-{Verduyn}},
isbn = {978-1-315-21190-9},
publisher = {Routledge},
editor = {Campbell-Verduyn, Malcolm},
year = {2017},
}
@incollection{cannon_vulnerability_1994,
address = {Chichester},
title = {Vulnerability {Analysis} and the {Explanation} of {\\textbackslash}{textquotedblNatural}{\\textbackslash}textquotedbl {Disasters}},
booktitle = {Disasters, {Development} and {Environment}},
publisher = {John Wiley and Sons},
author = {Cannon, T.},
editor = {Varley, A.},
year = {1994},
pages = {13--30},
}
@article{dahl_pluralism_1978,
title = {Pluralism {Revisited}},
volume = {10},
issn = {0010-4159},
url = {<http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/421645>},
doi = {10.2307/421645},
number = {2},
journal = {Comparative Politics},
author = {Dahl, Robert A.},
year = {1978},
pages = {191},
}
@article{crossley_commonwealth_2019,
title = {Commonwealth {Small} {States}, {Education} and {Environmental} {Uncertainty}: {Learning} from the {Sharp} {End}},
volume = {108},
issn = {0035-8533},
doi = {10.1080/00358533.2019.1634885},
number = {4},
journal = {The Round Table},
author = {Crossley, Michael and Louisy, Pearlette},
year = {2019},
pages = {459--471},
}
@book{creswell_designing_2011,
address = {Los Angeles and London},
edition = {2nd ed.},
title = {Designing and conducting mixed methods research: {Advanced} {Nursing} {Practice}},
isbn = {978-1-4129-7517-9},
publisher = {SAGE},
author = {Creswell, John W. and Plano Clark, Vicki L.},
year = {2011},
}
@misc{council_of_europe_members_2021,
title = {Members and observers},
url = {<https://www.coe.int/en/web/moneyval/moneyval-brief/members>},
abstract = {Description and list of the States evaluated by Moneyval},
author = {{Council of Europe}},
year = {2021},
}
@book{comte_rede_1979,
address = {Hamburg},
edition = {3., mit einem Vorwort und einem Nachtrag zur Bibliographie erg. Aufl.},
series = {Philosophische {Bibliothek}},
title = {Rede über den {Geist} des {Positivismus}},
volume = {Bd 244},
isbn = {3-7873-0479-7},
publisher = {Meiner},
author = {Comte, Auguste and Fetscher, Iring},
year = {1979},
}
@misc{cointelegraph_blockchain_2018,
title = {Blockchain {Island}},
url = {<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=epK0FDL__-4>},
publisher = {Youtube},
author = {{Cointelegraph}},
year = {2018},
note = {Series: Cointelegraph Documentary},
}
@misc{coinfirm_uk_2021,
title = {{UK} {Crypto} {Regulations}},
author = {{Coinfirm}},
year = {2021},
note = {Place: London},
}
@incollection{campbell-verduyn_mutual_2017,
address = {London},
series = {{RIPE} series in global political economy},
title = {The mutual constitution of technology and global governance: {Bitcoin}, blockchains, and the international anti-money-laundering regime},
isbn = {978-1-315-21190-9},
booktitle = {Bitcoin and beyond},
publisher = {Routledge},
author = {Campbell-Verduyn, Malcolm and Goguen, Marcel},
editor = {Campbell-Verduyn, Malcolm},
year = {2017},
pages = {69--87},
}
@misc{coinfirm_switzerland_2021,
title = {Switzerland {Crypto} {Regulations}},
author = {{Coinfirm}},
year = {2021},
note = {Place: London},
}
@article{cobb_global_1998,
title = {Global {Finance} and the {Growth} of {Offshore} {Financial} {Centers}: {The} {Manx} {Experience}},
volume = {29},
number = {1},
journal = {Geoforum},
author = {Cobb, Sharon Corkill},
year = {1998},
pages = {7--21},
}
@article{chiu_hegemony_2021,
title = {Hegemony, {Self}-{Regulation} or {Responsive} {Regulation}: {International} {Regulation} {Competition} in {Crypto}-{Finance}},
volume = {24},
issn = {1369-3034},
number = {2},
journal = {Journal of International Economic Law},
author = {Chiu, Iris H-Y},
year = {2021},
pages = {3--28},
}
@article{charnovitz_wtos_2007,
title = {The {WTO}'s {Environmental} {Progress}},
volume = {10},
issn = {1369-3034},
doi = {10.1093/jiel/jgm027},
number = {3},
journal = {Journal of International Economic Law},
author = {Charnovitz, S.},
year = {2007},
pages = {685--706},
}
@misc{cftc_lab_digital_2020,
title = {Digital {Assets} {Primer}},
url = {<https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/8336-20>},
publisher = {CFTC},
author = {{CFTC Lab}},
month = dec,
year = {2020},
}
@article{catalini_blockchain_2018,
title = {Blockchain {Technology} and {Cryptocurrencies}: {Implications} for the {Digital} {Economy}. {Cybersecurity}, and {Government}},
volume = {19},
number = {1},
journal = {Georgetown Journal of International Affairs},
author = {Catalini, Christian},
year = {2018},
pages = {36--42},
}
@misc{cassar_contribution_2017,
title = {The {Contribution} of the {Financial} {Services} {Sector} {To} {The} {Economy}},
author = {Cassar, Ian P.},
year = {2017},
note = {Place: Malta},
}
@incollection{carr_cryptocurrencies_2019,
address = {Oxford},
title = {Cryptocurrencies as {Property} in {Civilian} and {Mixed} {Legal} {Systems}},
isbn = {978-0-19-882638-5},
booktitle = {Cryptocurrencies in public and private law},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
author = {Carr, Daniel J.},
editor = {Fox, David and Green, Sarah and Carr, Daniel J.},
year = {2019},
pages = {177--195},
}
@misc{coinfirm_singapore_2021,
title = {Singapore {Crypto} {Regulations}},
author = {{Coinfirm}},
year = {2021},
note = {Place: London},
}
@incollection{datta_paradigm_2006,
address = {London [etc.]},
title = {Paradigm {Wars}: {A} {Basis} for {Peaceful} {Coexistence} and {Beyond}},
isbn = {978-1-4129-1163-4},
booktitle = {Mixed methods},
publisher = {SAGE},
author = {Datta, Lois-ellin},
editor = {Bryman, Alan},
year = {2006},
pages = {31--52},
}
@misc{board_of_governors_of_the_federal_reserve_system_money_2005,
title = {Money {Stock} {Measures}: {Discontinuance} of {M3}},
url = {<https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h6/discm3.htm>},
author = {{Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System}},
year = {2005},
note = {Place: Washington D.C.},
}
@book{blommaert_discourse_2009,
address = {Cambridge},
series = {Key topics in sociolinguistics},
title = {Discourse: {A} critical introduction},
isbn = {978-0-511-61029-5},
abstract = {Introduction – Critical discourse analysis – Text and context – Language and inequality – Choice and determination – History and process – Ideology – Identity – Conclusion: Discourse and the social sciences This engaging 2005 introduction offers a critical approach to discourse, written by an expert uniquely placed to cover the subject for a variety of disciplines. Organised along thematic lines, the book begins with an outline of the basic principles, moving on to examine the methods and theory of CDA (critical discourse analysis). It covers topics such as text and context, language and inequality, choice and determination, history and process, ideology and identity. Blommaert focuses on how language can offer a crucial understanding of wider aspects of power relations, arguing that critical discourse analysis should specifically be an analysis of the 'effects' of power, what power does to people, groups and societies, and how this impact comes about. Clearly argued, this concise introduction will be welcomed by students and researchers in a variety of disciplines involved in the study of discourse, including linguistics, linguistic anthropology and the sociology of language},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
author = {Blommaert, Jan},
year = {2009},
doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511610295},
}
@book{baecker_kalkul_1993,
address = {Frankfurt am Main},
edition = {1. Aufl.},
series = {Suhrkamp-{Taschenbuch} {Wissenschaft}},
title = {Kalkül der {Form}},
volume = {1068},
isbn = {3-518-28668-4},
publisher = {Suhrkamp},
editor = {Baecker, Dirk},
year = {1993},
}
@incollection{baecker_im_1993,
address = {Frankfurt am Main},
series = {Suhrkamp-{Taschenbuch} {Wissenschaft}},
title = {Im {Tunnel}},
isbn = {3-518-28668-4},
booktitle = {Kalkül der {Form}},
publisher = {Suhrkamp},
author = {Baecker, Dirk},
editor = {Baecker, Dirk},
year = {1993},
pages = {12--37},
}
@book{bachmann-medick_cultural_2009,
address = {Reinbek},
edition = {3., neue bearbeitete aufl.},
series = {Rowohlts {Enzyklopädie}},
title = {Cultural turns: {Neuorientierungen} in den {Kulturwissenschaften} / {Doris} {Bachmann}-{Medick}},
volume = {55675},
isbn = {978-3-499-55675-3},
publisher = {Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag},
author = {Bachmann-Medick, Doris},
year = {2009},
}
@article{aysha_samuel_2003,
title = {Samuel {Huntington} and the {Geopolitics} of {American} {Identity}: {The} {Function} of {Foreign} {Policy} in {America}'s {Domestic} {Clash} of {Civilizations}},
volume = {4},
url = {<http://www.jstor.org/stable/44218255>},
number = {2},
journal = {International Studies Perspectives},
author = {Aysha, Emad El-Din},
year = {2003},
pages = {113--132},
}
@book{atteslander_methoden_2010,
address = {Berlin},
edition = {13., neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage},
series = {{ESV} basics},
title = {Methoden der empirischen {Sozialforschung}},
isbn = {3-503-12618-X},
abstract = {Der Atteslander gilt seit Jahrzehnten als Standardlehrbuch zur empirischen Sozialforschung und genießt auch international höchste Anerkennung. Weit über die Soziologie hinaus ist das Buch eine unentbehrliche und verlässliche Lern- und Arbeitshilfe für alle, die soziale Tatbestände systematisch erfassen und interpretieren. Das bewährte Werk bietet eine umfassende und verständliche Einführung in die komplexe Materie. Mit vielen Beispielen und Grafiken erleichtert der Atteslander insb. Anfangssemestern aller sozialwissenschaftlichen Fächer den Einstieg in die empirische Sozialforschung. Von Dozenten kann er hervorragend mit eigenen Fallbeispielen kombiniert werden. Didaktisch aufbereitete Fragen zur Wissenskontrolle leiten zu eigenen Übungen in der Anwendung von Forschungsinstrumenten an. Abschließende Überlegungen zur sachgerechten Interpretation von gesicherten Befunden helfen dabei, sich innerhalb der Vielzahl von Ideologien, Theorien und Methoden zurechtzufinden. Diese 13. Auflage ist neu bearbeitet und erweitert. Die zusätzlichen Orientierungshilfen für das Fachgebiet bieten in der Neuauflage eine ausführliche und aktuelle Darstellung der Diskussion qualitative vs. quantitative Forschungsmethoden. Inhaltsverzeichnis: Aus dem Inhalt: B 1. Enstehung sozialer Daten S 1.1 Grundprobleme empirischer Sozialforschung 1.2 Forschungsablauf B 2. Erhebung sozialer Daten S 2.1 Beobachtung 2.2 Befragung 2.3 Experiment 2.4 Inhaltsanalyse B 3. Ausertung sozialer Daten S 3.1 Skalierungsverfahren 3.2 Verwendung mathematischer und statistischer Verfahren0 Grundlagenwerk zur Einführung in die Methoden der empirischen Sozialforschung.},
publisher = {Erich Schmidt Verlag},
author = {Atteslander, Peter},
year = {2010},
}
@book{asscher_project_2008,
title = {The {Project} {Gutenberg}},
url = {<https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1726/1726-h/1726-h.htm#link2H_4_0002>},
publisher = {The Gutenberg Project},
editor = {Asscher, Sue and Widger, David},
year = {2008},
}
@book{ashley_tariff_1968,
edition = {Fourth},
series = {Reprints of {Economic} {Classics}},
title = {The {Tariff} {Problem}},
publisher = {New York: Augustus M. Kelley},
author = {Ashley, William},
year = {1968},
}
@book{apolte_ordo_2011,
address = {Berlin, Boston},
series = {{ORDO}},
title = {{ORDO}: {Jahrbuch} für die {Ordnung} von {Wirtschaft} und {Gesellschaft}},
abstract = {Das Jahrbuch ORDO ist seit über 50 Jahren ein Zentralort der wissenschaftlichen und politischen Diskussion aus dem Konzept der Marktwirtschaft und des Wettbewerbs heraus. Durch dieses Jahrbuch wurde der Begriff Ordoliberalismus zum festen Begriff. Er steht für ein Grundkonzept, das erfolgreiche wirtschaftliche Entwicklung, eine freiheitliche Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft ohne Dominanz von Staatseingriffen und das Recht auf persönliche Verantwortung in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft in einem unauflöslichen Zusammenhang sieht},
publisher = {De Gruyter Oldenbourg},
editor = {Apolte, Thomas and Berthold, Norbert and Budzinski, Oliver and Goldschmidt, Nils and Kerber, Wolfgang and Kolev, Stefan and Leschke, Martin and Mestmäcker, Ernst-Joachim and Möschel, Werhard and Molsberger, Josef and Müller, Christian and Pies, Ingo and Sally, Razeen and Schmiel, Ute and Schnabl, Gunther and Schnellenbach, Jan and Schubert, Christian and Schüller, Alfred and Schweitzer, Heike and {Vanberg, Viktor, J.} and Watrin, Christian},
year = {2011},
doi = {10.1515/9783110505085},
}
@book{baecker_einfuhrung_2020,
address = {Heidelberg},
edition = {Achte Auflage},
series = {Systemische {Horizonte}},
title = {Einführung in die {Systemtheorie}},
isbn = {978-3-89670-839-7},
publisher = {Carl-Auer-Verlag},
editor = {Baecker, Dirk},
year = {2020},
}
@book{angelstein_recht_2017,
address = {Wiesbaden},
series = {Research},
title = {Recht und {Hochschulbegriff}: {Das} juristische {Feld} und soziale {Ungleichheiten} im {Prozess} des {Hochschulzugangs}},
isbn = {978-3-658-16769-1},
publisher = {Springer VS},
author = {Angelstein, René},
year = {2017},
}
@article{allred_anonymous_2017,
title = {Anonymous shell companies: {A} global audit study and field experiment in 176 countries},
volume = {48},
issn = {0047-2506},
doi = {10.1057/s41267-016-0047-7},
number = {5},
journal = {Journal of International Business Studies},
author = {Allred, Brent B. and Findley, Michael G. and Nielson, Daniel and Sharman, J. C.},
year = {2017},
pages = {596--619},
}
@book{alexander_research_2012,
address = {Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA},
title = {Research handbook on international financial regulation},
isbn = {978-1-84542-270-7},
publisher = {Edward Elgar},
editor = {Alexander, Kern and Dhumale, Rahul},
year = {2012},
}
@incollection{aldrich_history_2018,
address = {London},
title = {History and {Colonisation}},
isbn = {978-1-315-55664-2},
booktitle = {The {Routledge} international handbook of island studies},
publisher = {Routledge},
author = {Aldrich, Robert and Johnson, Miranda},
editor = {Baldacchino, Godfrey},
year = {2018},
pages = {153--172},
}
@article{al_jazeera_investigative_unit_exclusive_2019,
title = {Exclusive: {Caribbean} officials linked to diplomatic passport sale},
url = {<https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/27/exclusive-caribbean-officials-linked-to-diplomatic-passport>},
abstract = {Al Jazeera exposes politicians in Dominica and Grenada willing to accept money in return for diplomatic passports.},
journal = {Al Jazeera},
author = {{Al Jazeera Investigative Unit}},
month = nov,
year = {2019},
}
@article{abbott_why_1998,
title = {Why {States} {Act} through {Formal} {International} {Organizations}},
volume = {42},
issn = {0022-0027},
doi = {10.1177/0022002798042001001},
number = {1},
journal = {Journal of Conflict Resolution},
author = {Abbott, Kenneth W. and Snidal, Duncan},
year = {1998},
pages = {3--32},
}
@book{noauthor_2018_2018,
title = {2018 {Crypto} {Valley} {Conference} on {Blockchain} {Technology} ({CVCBT})},
isbn = {978-1-5386-7204-4},
publisher = {IEEE},
year = {2018},
}
@book{noauthor_treaty_nodate,
title = {Treaty {Series}},
}
@book{noauthor_official_nodate,
title = {Official {Journal} of the {European} {Communities}},
}
@article{ambrosanio_eliminating_2005,
title = {Eliminating {Harmful} {Tax} {Practices} in {Tax} {Havens}: {Defensive} {Measures} by {Major} {EU} {Countries} and {Tax} {Haven} {Reforms}},
volume = {53},
number = {3},
journal = {Canadian Tax Journal},
author = {Ambrosanio, M. F. and Caroppo, M. S.},
year = {2005},
pages = {685--719},
}
@article{blum_datenleak_2020,
title = {Datenleak: {Bank} soll bei {Steuerbetrug} geholfen haben},
url = {<https://www.tagesschau.de/investigativ/ndr-wdr/verdacht-steuerbetrug-durchsuchungen-101.html>},
abstract = {Steuerfahnder und Ermittler des Bundeskriminalamtes haben Wohnhäuser und Geschäftsräume deutscher Kunden einer Bank auf Puerto Rico durchsucht. Ihnen wird nach Recherchen von {\\textbackslash}textlessem{\\textbackslash}textgreaterNDR, WDR{\\textbackslash}textless/em{\\textbackslash}textgreater und SZ Steuerhinterziehung vorgeworfen.},
journal = {tagesschau.de},
author = {Blum, Petra and Eckstein, Philipp and Strunz, Benedikt},
month = dec,
year = {2020},
}
@book{baker_sustainable_2006,
address = {London},
series = {Routledge introductions to environment series},
title = {Sustainable development},
isbn = {978-0-415-28211-6},
publisher = {Routledge},
author = {Baker, Susan},
year = {2006},
}
@article{baldacchino_offshore_2017,
title = {Offshore {Finance} and {Global} {Governance}: {Disciplining} the {Tax} {Nomad}},
volume = {106},
issn = {0035-8533},
doi = {10.1080/00358533.2017.1394603},
number = {6},
journal = {The Round Table},
author = {Baldacchino, Godfrey},
year = {2017},
pages = {697--698},
}
@incollection{blad_nation_2009,
address = {Santa Barbara Calif.},
title = {The {Nation} {State}},
isbn = {978-0-275-99692-5},
booktitle = {Globalization and security},
publisher = {Praeger Security International},
author = {Blad, Cory},
editor = {Fagan, G. Honor and Munck, Ronaldo},
year = {2009},
pages = {221--238},
}
@phdthesis{biedermann_european_2020,
address = {Frankfurt (Oder), Germany},
type = {Undergraduate {Thesis}},
title = {The {European} {Union} ({Withdrawal} {Agreement}) {Bill} as a bureaucratic rationality: critiqueing a legislation that contains neo-liberal lines of argument},
school = {European University Viadrina},
author = {Biedermann, Ben},
year = {2020},
}
@book{bernier_executive_2005,
address = {Toronto and London},
series = {Institute of {Public} {Administration} of {Canada} series in public management and governance},
title = {Executive styles in {Canada}: {Cabinet} structures and leadership practices in {Canadian} government / edited by {Luc} {Bernier}, {Keith} {Brownsey} and {Michael} {Howlett}},
isbn = {0-8020-3952-9},
publisher = {University of Toronto Press},
editor = {Bernier, Luc and Brownsey, Keith and Howlett, Michael},
year = {2005},
keywords = {Cabinet ministers Canada, Cabinet ministers Canada Provinces, Political leadership Canada, Prime ministers Canada, Prime ministers Canada Provinces},
}
@book{berlin_two_1969,
address = {United Kingdom: Oxford},
title = {Two {Concepts} of {Liberty}: {Four} {Essays} on {Liberty}},
publisher = {University Press},
author = {Berlin, Isaiah},
year = {1969},
}
@article{benson_impact_1998,
title = {The impact of drought on sub-saharan {African} economies: {A} {Preliminary} {Explanation}},
doi = {10.1596/0-8213-4180-4},
number = {401},
journal = {World Bank Technical Working Paper Series},
author = {Benson, Charlotte and Clay, Edward},
year = {1998},
}
@article{benson_beyond_2004,
title = {`{Beyond} the {Damage}: {Probing} the {Economic} and {Financial} {Consequences} of {Natural} {Disasters}'},
number = {27},
journal = {Humanitarian Exchange},
author = {Benson, Charlotte},
year = {2004},
}
@misc{benson_measuring_2004,
title = {Measuring {Mitigation}: {Methodologies} for {Assessing} {Natural} {Hazard} {Risks} and the {Net} {Benefits} of {Mitigation}: {A} {Scoping} {Study}},
publisher = {ProVention Consortium Secretariat},
author = {Benson, C. and Twigg, J.},
year = {2004},
note = {Place: Geneva},
}
@misc{belford_how_2018,
title = {How {Paradise} {Was} {Carved} {Up} {And} {Sold}},
url = {<https://www.occrp.org/en/paradiseleased/how-paradise-was-carved-up-and-sold>},
abstract = {In just 18 months, corrupt officials in the Maldives handed swathes tropical islands to developers in no-bid deals, and then ran off with tens of millions of dollars. New evidence implicates Presid...},
author = {Belford, Aubrey and Rasheed, Zaheena},
year = {2018},
}
@book{baldacchino_global_2003,
address = {London},
title = {Global tourism and informal labour relations: {The} small-scale syndrome at work},
isbn = {0-8264-6859-4},
publisher = {Routledge},
author = {Baldacchino, Godfrey},
year = {2003},
}
@article{beck_world_2008,
title = {World at {Risk}: {The} {New} {Task} of {Critical} {Theory}: {Development} and {Society}},
volume = {Volume 37},
number = {1},
author = {Beck, Ulrich},
year = {2008},
pages = {1--21},
}
@incollection{beck_jenseits_1983,
address = {Göttingen},
series = {Soziale {Welt} {Sonderband}},
title = {Jenseits von {Stand} und {Klasse}? {Soziale} {Ungleichheiten}, gesellschaftliche {Individualisierungsprozesse} und die {Entstehung} neuer sozialer {Formationen} und {Identiäten}},
volume = {2},
isbn = {3-509-01341-7},
booktitle = {Soziale {Ungleichheiten}},
publisher = {Schwartz},
author = {Beck, Ulrich},
editor = {Kreckel, Reinhard},
year = {1983},
pages = {35--74},
}
@article{bartels_making_2013,
title = {Making {WTO} {Dispute} {Settlement} {Work} for {African} {Countries}: {An} {Evaluation} of {Current} {Proposals} for {Reforming} the {DSU}},
volume = {6},
issn = {2194-6523},
doi = {10.1515/ldr-2013-0020},
number = {2},
journal = {The Law and Development Review},
author = {Bartels, Lorand},
year = {2013},
}
@misc{bank_of_canada_jasper_2016,
title = {Jasper - {Ubin} {Design} {Paper}: {Enabling} {Cross}-{Border} {High} {Value} {Transfer} {Using} {Distributed} {Ledger} {Technologies}},
author = {{Bank of Canada} and {Monetary Authority Singapore}},
year = {2016},
}
@incollection{baldacchino_society_2018,
address = {London},
title = {Society and {Community}},
isbn = {978-1-315-55664-2},
booktitle = {The {Routledge} international handbook of island studies},
publisher = {Routledge},
author = {Baldacchino, Godfrey and Veenendaal, Wouter},
editor = {Baldacchino, Godfrey},
year = {2018},
pages = {339--352},
}
@book{baldacchino_competing_1998,
address = {Charlottetown, P.E.I.},
series = {An island living series},
title = {Competing strategies of socio-economic development for small islands},
volume = {v2},
isbn = {978-0-919013-23-0},
abstract = {{\\textbackslash}textquotedblCompeting Strategies of Socio-Economic Development for Small Islands outlines development strategies for small islands within increasingly integrated regional and global economies. Islands provide intriguing lessons in the culture, economics, and management of a sustainable pattern of development based on locally proven, home-grown {\\textbackslash}textquotedblgood sense,{\\textbackslash}textquotedbl far removed from continental {\\textbackslash}textquotedblbest practices.{\\textbackslash}textquotedbl{\\textbackslash}textquotedbl {\\textbackslash}textquotedblThis collection of essays is a result of the international conference, {\\textbackslash}textquotedblAn Island Living: Patterns of Autonomy and Dependence in the Small Islands of the North Atlantic,{\\textbackslash}textquotedbl convened at Brackley Beach, Prince Edward Island, in September 1992. Fifty-two participants exchanged views on the social, political, and economic challenges facing twenty-four small island territories. This book, Volume 2 in the Island Living Series, consists of sixteen papers, thirteen of which were originally presented at the Conference and have subsequently been edited and updated.{\\textbackslash}textquotedbl–Jacket.},
publisher = {Institute of Island Studies, University of Prince Edward Island},
editor = {Baldacchino, Godfrey and Greenwood, Robert},
year = {1998},
}
@misc{baldacchino_competitiveness_2019,
title = {Competitiveness of {Small} {States}: {Insights} on {Flexible} {Specialisation}},
author = {Baldacchino, Godfrey},
month = apr,
year = {2019},
note = {Place: Kirchberg, Luxembourg
Series: Competitiveness Strategies for the EU STates},
}
@article{baldacchino_competitiveness_2019-1,
title = {The competitiveness of small states: {Insights} on flexible specialisation},
volume = {2},
number = {1},
journal = {Small States \\& Territories},
author = {Baldacchino, Godfrey},
year = {2019},
pages = {41--54},
}
@book{baldacchino_routledge_2018,
address = {London},
edition = {1st},
title = {The {Routledge} international handbook of island studies: {A} world of islands},
isbn = {978-1-315-55664-2},
publisher = {Routledge},
editor = {Baldacchino, Godfrey},
year = {2018},
}
@article{baldacchino_seizing_2018,
title = {Seizing history: development and non-climate change in {Small} {Island} {Developing} {States}},
volume = {10},
issn = {1756-8692},
doi = {10.1108/IJCCSM-02-2017-0037},
number = {2},
journal = {International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management},
author = {Baldacchino, Godfrey},
year = {2018},
pages = {217--228},
}
@article{beck_war_2005,
title = {War {Is} {Peace}: {On} {Post}-{National} {War}},
volume = {36},
issn = {0967-0106},
doi = {10.1177/0967010605051921},
number = {1},
journal = {Security Dialogue},
author = {Beck, Ulrich},
year = {2005},
pages = {5--26},
}
@article{deckard_world-ecology_2016,
title = {World-{Ecology} and {Ireland}: {The} {Neoliberal} {Ecological} {Regime}},
volume = {22},
doi = {10.5195/jwsr.2016.641},
number = {1},
journal = {Journal of World-Systems Research},
author = {Deckard, Sharae},
year = {2016},
pages = {145--176},
}
@book{defert_schriften_2005,
address = {Frankfurt am Main},
edition = {Erste Auflage},
title = {Schriften: {In} vier {Bänden}: {Dits} et écrits},
volume = {4},
isbn = {3-518-58434-0},
publisher = {Suhrkamp},
editor = {Defert, Daniel and Ewald, François},
year = {2005},
keywords = {Foucault, Michel},
}
@incollection{green_its_2019,
address = {Oxford},
title = {It's {Virtually} {Money}},
isbn = {978-0-19-882638-5},
booktitle = {Cryptocurrencies in public and private law},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
author = {Green, Sarah},
editor = {Fox, David and Green, Sarah and Carr, Daniel J.},
year = {2019},
pages = {13--27},
}
@article{gouder_malta_2018,
title = {Malta: {The} {Blockchain} {Island}},
volume = {29},
number = {7},
journal = {International Tax Review},
author = {Gouder, Nicky and Scicluna, Luana},
year = {2018},
pages = {37--40},
}
@book{gomez-echeverri_climate_2000,
address = {New Haven and New York},
title = {Climate {Change} and {Development}},
publisher = {UNDP},
editor = {Gómez-Echeverri, L.},
year = {2000},
}
@article{glos_analysis_1984,
title = {The {Analysis} of a {Tax} {Haven}: {The} {Liechtenstein} {Anstalt}},
volume = {18},
number = {4},
journal = {INT'L L.},
author = {Glos, George E.},
year = {1984},
pages = {929--955},
}
@incollection{geva_non-state_2019,
address = {Oxford},
title = {Non-state community {Virtual} {Currencies}},
isbn = {978-0-19-882638-5},
booktitle = {Cryptocurrencies in public and private law},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
author = {Geva, Benjamin and Geva, Dorit},
editor = {Fox, David and Green, Sarah and Carr, Daniel J.},
year = {2019},
pages = {281--306},
}
@misc{general_secretariat_of_the_council_special_2020,
title = {Special meeting of the {European} {Council} -{Conclusions}},
url = {<https://www.arc2020.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/210720-euco-final-conclusions-en.pdf>},
author = {{General Secretariat of the Council}},
month = jul,
year = {2020},
note = {Place: Brussels},
}
@article{gruber_trust_2013,
title = {Trust, {Identity} and {Disclosure}: {Are} {Bitcoin} exchanges the next virtual havens for money laundering and tax evasion},
volume = {32},
number = {1},
journal = {Quinnipiac Law Review},
author = {Gruber, Sarah},
year = {2013},
pages = {135--ii},
}
@misc{gatt_general_1947,
title = {The {General} {Agreement} on {Tariffs} and {Trade}: {GATT}},
url = {shorturl.at/DIKPW},
author = {{GATT}},
year = {1947},
}
@misc{fsfscmu_anti-money_2020,
title = {Anti-money laundering directive {V} ({AMLD} {V}) - transposition status},
url = {<https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/anti-money-laundering-directive-5-transposition-status_en>},
abstract = {Monitoring implementation and enforcement of Directive 2018/843/EU.},
author = {{FSFSCMU}},
year = {2020},
}
@book{friedman_capitalism_1962,
address = {Chicago, London},
title = {Capitalism and {Freedom}},
publisher = {University Chicago Press},
author = {Friedman, Milton},
year = {1962},
note = {Backup Publisher: University of Chicago},
}
@book{freikamp_kritik_2008,
address = {Berlin},
series = {Texte / {Rosa}-{Luxemburg}-{Stiftung}},
title = {Kritik mit {Methode}? {Forschungsmethoden} und {Gesellschaftskritik}},
volume = {42},
isbn = {3-320-02136-2},
url = {<http://www.rosalux.de/cms/fileadmin/rls_uploads/pdfs/Texte-42.pdf>},
publisher = {Dietz},
editor = {Freikamp, Ulrike},
year = {2008},
}
@book{fox_cryptocurrencies_2019,
address = {Oxford},
edition = {First Edition},
title = {Cryptocurrencies in public and private law},
isbn = {978-0-19-882638-5},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
editor = {Fox, David and Green, Sarah and Carr, Daniel J.},
year = {2019},
}
@incollection{fox_cryptocurrencies_2019-1,
address = {Oxford},
title = {Cryptocurrencies in the {Common} {Law} of {Property}},
isbn = {978-0-19-882638-5},
booktitle = {Cryptocurrencies in public and private law},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
author = {Fox, David},
editor = {Fox, David and Green, Sarah and Carr, Daniel J.},
year = {2019},
pages = {139--176},
}
@book{foucault_naissance_2004,
address = {Paris},
series = {Hautes études},
title = {Naissance de la biopolitique: {Cours} au {Collège} de {France} (1978-1979) / {Michel} {Foucault} ; édition établie sous la direction de {François} {Ewald} et {Alessandro} {Fontana}, par {Michel} {Senellart}},
isbn = {2-02-032401-6},
publisher = {Seuil and Gallimard : Seuil},
author = {Foucault, Michel and Ewald, François and Fontana, Alessandro and Senellart, Michel},
year = {2004},
}
@book{foucault_wille_2017,
address = {Frankfurt am Main},
edition = {21. Auflage},
series = {Suhrkamp-{Taschenbuch} {Wissenschaft}},
title = {Der {Wille} zum {Wissen}},
volume = {716},
isbn = {978-3-518-28316-5},
publisher = {Suhrkamp},
author = {Foucault, Michel},
year = {2017},
}
@book{foucault_geburt_2015,
address = {Frankfurt am Main},
edition = {4. Auflage},
series = {suhrkamp taschenbuch wissenschaft},
title = {Die {Geburt} der {Biopolitik}: {Vorlesung} am {Collège} de {France}, 1978-1979},
volume = {1809},
isbn = {978-3-518-29409-3},
publisher = {Suhrkamp},
editor = {Foucault, Michel},
year = {2015},
}
@incollection{foucault_subjekt_2005,
address = {Frankfurt am Main},
title = {Subjekt und {Macht}},
volume = {4},
isbn = {3-518-58434-0},
booktitle = {Schriften: {Dits} et écrits},
publisher = {Suhrkamp},
author = {Foucault, Michel},
editor = {Defert, Daniel and Ewald, François},
year = {2005},
pages = {269--294},
}
@book{haarmann_unternehmensstrukturen_1996,
address = {Köln},
series = {Forum der internationalen {Besteuerung}},
title = {Unternehmensstrukturen und {Rechtsformen} im internationalen {Steuerrecht}: {Aktuelle} {Schwerpunkte} in der {Diskussion}: {Standortwettbewerb}, {Doppelansässigkeit}, {Personengesellschaft}, stille {Gesellschaft}, {Trust}},
volume = {Bd. 7},
isbn = {3-504-61506-0},
publisher = {O. Schmidt},
editor = {Haarmann, Wilhelm},
year = {1996},
}
@article{hampton_where_1996,
title = {Where {Currents} {Meet}: {The} {Offshore} {Interface} {Between} {Corrpution}, {Offshore} {Finance} {Centres} and {Economic} {Development}},
volume = {27},
number = {2},
journal = {IDS Bulletin},
author = {Hampton, Mark P.},
year = {1996},
pages = {78--87},
}
@article{ingason_mixed_2008,
title = {A {Mixed} {Method} {Lemmatization} {Algorithm} {Using} a {Hierarchy} of {Linguistic} {Identities} ({HOLI})},
volume = {5221},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-85287-2‗ 20},
author = {Ingason, Anton Karl and Helgadóttir, Sigrún and Loftsson, Hrafn and Rögnvaldsson, Eiríkur},
year = {2008},
pages = {205--216},
}
@book{ifrc_world_2005,
address = {Geneva},
title = {World {Disasters} {Report}},
publisher = {IFRC},
editor = {{IFRC}},
year = {2005},
}
@book{hutton_abstraction_1990,
address = {Oxford},
series = {Language \\& communication library},
title = {Abstraction and instance: {The} type-token relation in linguistic theory},
volume = {V.11},
isbn = {0-08-040256-9},
publisher = {Pergamon},
author = {Hutton, Christopher},
year = {1990},
}
@incollection{hutten_moneys_2017,
address = {London},
series = {{RIPE} series in global political economy},
title = {Moneys at the margins: {From} political experiments to cashless societies},
isbn = {978-1-315-21190-9},
booktitle = {Bitcoin and beyond},
publisher = {Routledge},
author = {Hütten, Moritz and Thiemann, Matthias},
editor = {Campbell-Verduyn, Malcolm},
year = {2017},
pages = {26--47},
}
@article{huntington_clash_1993,
title = {The {Clash} of {Civilizations}?},
volume = {72},
url = {<https://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Politics/Huntington-Clash.htm>},
abstract = {Huntington's `Clash of Civilizations' Today: Responses and Developments},
number = {3},
journal = {Foreign Affairs},
author = {Huntington, Samuel},
year = {1993},
pages = {22--49},
}
@book{hulme_why_2009,
address = {Cambridge, UK},
title = {Why {We} {Disagree} {About} {Climate} {Change}},
isbn = {978-0-511-84120-0},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
author = {Hulme, Mike},
year = {2009},
doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511841200},
}
@article{hudrlikova_composite_2013,
title = {Composite {Indicators} as a {Useful} {Tool} for {International} {Comparison}: {The} {Europe} 2020 {Example}},
volume = {22},
issn = {12100455},
doi = {10.18267/j.pep.462},
number = {4},
journal = {Prague Economic Papers},
author = {Hudrliková, Lenka},
year = {2013},
pages = {459--473},
}
@incollection{hache_towards_1998,
address = {Charlottetown, P.E.I.},
series = {An island living series},
title = {Towards a {Political} {Approach} to the {Islands} {Question}},
isbn = {978-0-919013-23-0},
booktitle = {Competing strategies of socio-economic development for small islands},
publisher = {Institute of Island Studies, University of Prince Edward Island},
author = {Hache, Jean-Didier},
editor = {Baldacchino, Godfrey and Greenwood, Robert},
year = {1998},
pages = {31--68},
}
@incollection{hsieh_internal_2017,
address = {London},
series = {{RIPE} series in global political economy},
title = {The internal and external governance of blockchain-based organizations: {Evidence} from cryptocurrencies},
isbn = {978-1-315-21190-9},
booktitle = {Bitcoin and beyond},
publisher = {Routledge},
author = {Hsieh, Ying-Ying and {Vergne, Jean-Philippe} and Wang, Sha},
editor = {Campbell-Verduyn, Malcolm},
year = {2017},
pages = {48--68},
}
@article{hopner_polanyi_2010,
title = {Polanyi in {Brussels}? {Embeddedness} and the three dimensions of {European} economic integration: {MPlfG} {Discussion} {Paper}},
volume = {10/8},
url = {hdl.handle.net/10419/43291},
number = {1864-4325},
author = {Höpner, Martin and Schäfer, Armin},
year = {2010},
}
@article{hirczy_explaining_1995,
title = {Explaining near-universal turnout: {The} case of {Malta}},
volume = {27},
issn = {0304-4130},
doi = {10.1111/j.1475-6765.1995.tb00638.x},
number = {2},
journal = {European Journal of Political Research},
author = {Hirczy, Wolfgang},
year = {1995},
pages = {255--272},
}
@incollection{hilzenbecher_beiden_2011,
address = {Berlin, Boston},
series = {{ORDO}},
title = {Die beiden {Grundprobleme} der {Erkenntnistheorie}: {Anmerkungen} zum gleichnamigen {Buch} von {Karl} {R}. {Popper}},
booktitle = {{ORDO}},
publisher = {De Gruyter Oldenbourg},
author = {Hilzenbecher, Manfred},
editor = {Apolte, Thomas and Berthold, Norbert and Budzinski, Oliver and Goldschmidt, Nils and Kerber, Wolfgang and Kolev, Stefan and Leschke, Martin and Mestmäcker, Ernst-Joachim and Möschel, Werhard and Molsberger, Josef and Müller, Christian and Pies, Ingo and Sally, Razeen and Schmiel, Ute and Schnabl, Gunther and Schnellenbach, Jan and Schubert, Christian and Schüller, Alfred and Schweitzer, Heike and {Vanberg, Viktor, J.} and Watrin, Christian},
year = {2011},
pages = {581--583},
}
@book{hayek_weg_1971,
address = {München},
title = {Der {Weg} zur {Knechtschaft}},
publisher = {Moderne Industrie},
author = {Hayek, F. A.},
year = {1971},
}
@incollection{hare_cryptocurrencies_2019,
address = {Oxford},
title = {Cryptocurrencies and {Banking} {Law}: {Are} there {Lessons} to {Learn}?},
isbn = {978-0-19-882638-5},
booktitle = {Cryptocurrencies in public and private law},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
author = {Hare, Christopher},
editor = {Fox, David and Green, Sarah and Carr, Daniel J.},
year = {2019},
pages = {229--254},
}
@article{howse_product_2000,
title = {The {Product}/ {Process} {Distinction}: {An} {Illusory} {Basis} for {Disciplining} '{Unilateralism} in {Trade} {Policy}},
volume = {11},
number = {2},
journal = {European Journal of International Law},
author = {Howse, Robert and Regan, Donald},
year = {2000},
pages = {249--289},
}
@incollection{foucault_foucault_2005,
address = {Frankfurt am Main},
title = {Foucault},
isbn = {3-518-58434-0},
booktitle = {Schriften: {Dits} et écrits},
publisher = {Suhrkamp},
author = {Foucault, Michel},
editor = {Defert, Daniel and Ewald, François},
year = {2005},
pages = {776--782},
}
@incollection{foucault_warum_1996,
address = {Bodenheim},
title = {Warum ich die {Macht} untersuche: {Die} {Frage} des {Subjekts}},
isbn = {3-8257-0025-9},
booktitle = {Das {Spektrum} der {Genealogie}},
publisher = {Philo-Verl.-Ges},
author = {Foucault, Michel},
editor = {Seitter, Walter},
year = {1996},
pages = {14--29},
}
@misc{european_commission_consolidated_2012,
title = {Consolidated version of the treaty on {Eurpean} {Union}: {TEU}},
url = {<https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=2ahUKEwiy8_vh3q7mAhWPy6QKHUqNAIcQFjAAegQIAxAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Fresource.html%3Furi%3Dcellar%3A2bf140bf-a3f8-4ab2-b506-fd71826e6da6.0023.02%2FDOC_1%26format%3DPDF&usg=AOvVaw0FB_WORFarx-78JNTzyjDI>},
author = {{European Commission}},
year = {2012},
}
@article{esty_good_2006,
title = {Good {Governance} at the {Suprnational} {Scale}: {Globalizing} {Administrative} {Law}},
volume = {115},
url = {<https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/ylr115&i=1510>},
number = {7},
journal = {Yale Law Journal},
author = {Esty, Daniel C.},
year = {2006},
pages = {1490--1563},
}
@misc{esc_european_1961,
title = {European {Social} {Charter}: {ESC}},
url = {<https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjD9ar69LjmAhUUHcAKHa2TACAQFjAAegQIBRAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Frm.coe.int%2FCoERMPublicCommonSearchServices%2FDisplayDCTMContent%3FdocumentId%3D090000168006b65e&usg=AOvVaw3M7jmM11HYp5KfKk-XiutM>},
author = {{ESC}},
month = oct,
year = {1961},
}
@book{eisermann_vilfredo_1962,
address = {Stuttgart},
title = {Vilfredo {Paretos} {System} der allgemeinen {Soziologie}: {Einleitungen}, {Texte} und {Amerkungen}},
publisher = {Ferdinand Enke},
editor = {Eisermann, Gottfried},
year = {1962},
}
@article{eisenhardt_building_1989,
title = {Building {Theories} from {Case} {Study} {Research}},
volume = {14},
issn = {03637425},
doi = {10.2307/258557},
number = {4},
journal = {The Academy of Management Review},
author = {Eisenhardt, Kathleen M.},
year = {1989},
pages = {532},
}
@article{eeckhout_scales_2010,
title = {The {Scales} of {Trade}: {Reflections} on the {Growth} and {Functions} of the {WTO} {Adjudicative} {Branch}},
volume = {13},
issn = {1369-3034},
doi = {10.1093/jiel/jgq006},
number = {1},
journal = {Journal of International Economic Law},
author = {Eeckhout, P.},
year = {2010},
pages = {3--26},
}
@misc{eba_report_2019,
title = {Report with advice for the {European} {Commission}: on {Crypto}-{Assets}},
url = {<https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/documents/files/documents/10180/2545547/67493daa-85a8-4429-aa91-e9a5ed880684/EBA%20Report%20on%20crypto%20assets.pdf?retry=1>},
publisher = {European Banking Authority},
author = {{EBA}},
year = {2019},
}
@misc{european_commission_proposal_2020,
title = {Proposal for a {Regulation} on {Markets} in {Crypto}-assets: 2020/0265/{COD}},
url = {<https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52020PC0593&from=EN>},
author = {{European Commission}},
year = {2020},
note = {Place: Brussels},
}
@book{durkheim_uber_1988,
address = {Frankfurt am Main},
edition = {2. Aufl.},
title = {Über soziale {Arbeitsteilung}: {Studie} über die {Organisation} höherer {Gesellschaften}},
isbn = {3-518-57895-2},
publisher = {Suhrkamp},
author = {Durkheim, Émile and Luhmann, Niklas and Müller, Hans-Peter and Schmid, Michael},
year = {1988},
}
@mastersthesis{drofenik_approaches_2018,
address = {Ljubljana, Slovenia},
title = {Approaches to {Crypto} {Asset} {Valuation}},
school = {University of Ljubljana},
author = {Drofenik, Jernej and Kovačič Batista, Robert},
year = {2018},
}
@article{divya_interpretation_2020,
title = {An {Interpretation} of {Lemmatization} and {Stemming} in {Natural} {Language} {Processing}},
volume = {22},
number = {10},
journal = {Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology},
author = {Divya, Khyani and Siddhartha, B. S. and Niveditha, N. M. and Divya, B. M.},
year = {2020},
pages = {350--357},
}
@misc{dispute_settlement_unit_united_2005,
title = {United {States} - {Measures} {Affecting} the {Cross}-{Border} {Supply} of {Gambling} and {Betting} {Services}: {WT}/{DS285}/{AB}/{R}},
url = {<https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=Q:/WT/DS/285ABR.pdf&Open=True>},
urldate = {2020-11-11},
author = {{Dispute Settlement Unit}},
year = {2005},
}
@incollection{dickinson_cryptocurrencies_2019,
address = {Oxford},
title = {Cryptocurrencies and the {Conflict} of {Laws}},
isbn = {978-0-19-882638-5},
booktitle = {Cryptocurrencies in public and private law},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
author = {Dickinson, Andrew},
editor = {Fox, David and Green, Sarah and Carr, Daniel J.},
year = {2019},
pages = {93--138},
}
@article{deutsche_welle_diplomatic_2019,
title = {Diplomatic passports: {Pouches} help the wealthy get richer},
url = {<https://www.dw.com/en/diplomatic-passports-pouches-help-the-wealthy-get-richer/a-47124835>},
abstract = {Passports that bestow special privileges — immunity from prosecution and diplomatic pouches — are increasingly being bought by dubious business people. African, Asian and small island nations have been caught in the act.},
journal = {Deutsche Welle},
author = {{Deutsche Welle}},
month = jan,
year = {2019},
}
@misc{department_of_information_and_public_relations_changing_2021,
title = {Changing {USD} {Currency} {Not} {An} {Option} {For} {The} {BVI}},
url = {<https://bvi.gov.vg/media-centre/changing-usd-currency-not-option-bvi>},
author = {{Department of Information and Public Relations}},
month = mar,
year = {2021},
note = {Place: Tortola},
}
@article{denardis_five_2015,
title = {Five {Destabilizing} {Trends} in {Internet} {Governance}: {Traditional} {Characteristics} of {Internet} {Governance}},
volume = {12},
url = {<https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwj9q9Xct-byAhWFjKQKHRdHCIEQFnoECAMQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F159571587.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1v7yU1eWNO71UqazHOw83b>},
number = {1},
journal = {I/S: A Journal of Law and Policy},
author = {DeNardis, Laura},
year = {2015},
}
@article{demertzis_economic_2018,
title = {The {Economic} {Potential} and risks of crypto assets: {Is} a regulatory framework needed?},
volume = {1},
url = {hdl.handle.net/10419/208022},
number = {14},
journal = {Bruegel Policy Contributions},
author = {Demertzis, Maria and {Wolff, Guntram, B.}},
year = {2018},
pages = {1--7},
}
@incollection{dupont_experiments_2017,
address = {London},
series = {{RIPE} series in global political economy},
title = {Experiments in {Algorithmic} governance: {A} history and ethnography of '{The} {DAO}', a failed decentralized, autonomous organization},
isbn = {978-1-315-21190-9},
booktitle = {Bitcoin and beyond},
publisher = {Routledge},
author = {DuPont, Quinn},
editor = {Campbell-Verduyn, Malcolm},
year = {2017},
pages = {157--177},
}
@incollection{foucault_wahrheit_2002,
address = {Frankfurt am Main},
title = {Die {Wahrheit} und die juristischen {Formen}},
volume = {2},
isbn = {978-3-518-58437-8},
booktitle = {Schriften: {Dits} et écrits},
publisher = {Suhrkamp},
author = {Foucault, Michel},
editor = {Defert, Daniel and Ewald, François},
year = {2002},
pages = {669--686},
}
@misc{european_commission_proposal_2021,
title = {Proposal for {Repealing} {Prevention} of {Money} {Laundering} and {Terrorist} {Financing} {Directive} 2015/849/{EU}: 2021/0239/{COD}},
url = {<https://ec.europa.eu/finance/docs/law/210720-proposal-amld6_en.pdf>},
author = {{European Commission}},
year = {2021},
}
@article{de_filippi_invisible_2016,
title = {The invisible politics of {Bitcoin}: governance crisis of a decentralised infrastructure},
volume = {5},
issn = {2197-6775},
doi = {10.14763/2016.3.427},
number = {3},
journal = {Internet Policy Review},
author = {de Filippi, Primavera and Loveluck, Benjamin},
year = {2016},
}
@book{fca_cryptoassets_2018,
address = {London},
title = {Cryptoassets {Taskforce}: {Final} report},
isbn = {978-1-912809-13-4},
publisher = {HM Treasury},
author = {{FCA} and {HM Treasury} and {Bank of England}},
year = {2018},
}
@misc{fatf_report_2020,
title = {Report to the {G20} {Finance} {Ministers} and {Central} {Bank} {Governors} on {So}-called {Stablecoins}},
publisher = {OECD},
author = {{FATF}},
year = {2020},
}
@misc{fatf_guidance_2019,
title = {Guidance for a risk based approach to {Virtual} {Assets} and {Virtual} {Asset} {Providers}},
url = {<https://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/recommendations/RBA-VA-VASPs.pdf>},
publisher = {OECD},
author = {{FATF}},
year = {2019},
note = {Place: Paris},
}
@book{fatf_international_2012,
address = {Paris},
title = {International {Standards} on {Combating} {Money} {Laundering} and the {Financing} of {Terrorism} \\& {Proliferation}: {The} {FATF} {Recommendations} {Updated} {October}},
publisher = {OECD},
author = {{FATF}},
year = {2012},
}
@incollection{fairpo_taxation_2019,
address = {Oxford},
title = {Taxation of {Cryptocurrencies}},
isbn = {978-0-19-882638-5},
booktitle = {Cryptocurrencies in public and private law},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
author = {Fairpo, Anne},
editor = {Fox, David and Green, Sarah and Carr, Daniel J.},
year = {2019},
pages = {255--280},
}
@book{fagan_globalization_2009,
address = {Santa Barbara Calif.},
title = {Globalization and security: {An} encyclopedia},
isbn = {978-0-275-99692-5},
publisher = {Praeger Security International},
editor = {Fagan, G. Honor and Munck, Ronaldo},
year = {2009},
keywords = {Encyclopedias, Globalization, International, Security},
}
@misc{european_commission_eu_2020,
title = {{EU} {Budget}: {The} {Common} {Agricultural} {Policy} beyond 2020: {MEMO}/183974},
url = {<https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_18_3974>},
abstract = {Highlights, press releases and speeches},
author = {{European Commission}},
month = nov,
year = {2020},
note = {Place: Brussels},
}
@book{european_union_official_2018,
title = {Official {Journal} of the {European} {Union}},
editor = {{European Union}},
year = {2018},
}
@misc{european_union_charter_2000,
title = {Charter of {Fundamental} {Rights} of the {European} {Union}},
url = {<https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjfjrPGybLrAhVB3KQKHeczAPsQFjACegQIFhAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fcharter%2Fpdf%2Ftext_en.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1IAyFXD1jcoLCBl6p5R1r4>},
author = {{European Union}},
month = dec,
year = {2000},
note = {Issue: 364
Pages: 1–22
Publication Title: Official Journal of the European Communities
Volume: C},
}
@misc{european_parliament_resolution_2021,
title = {Resolution on the assassination of {Daphne} {Caruana} {Galizia} and the rule of law in {Malta}: 021/2611({RSP})},
url = {<https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2021-0148_EN.pdf>},
author = {{European Parliament}},
year = {2021},
}
@misc{european_parliament_prevention_2018,
title = {Prevention of {Money} {Laundering} and {Terrorist} {Financing}: {Directive} ({EU}) 2018/843},
url = {<https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018L0843&from=EN>},
author = {{European Parliament}},
editor = {{European Union}},
year = {2018},
note = {Journal Abbreviation: L
Pages: 43–75
Publication Title: Official Journal of the European Union
Volume: 156},
}
@misc{european_parliament_combating_2018,
title = {Combating money laundering by criminal law: 2018/1673/{EU}},
url = {<https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018L1673&from=EN>},
author = {{European Parliament}},
year = {2018},
note = {Journal Abbreviation: L
Pages: 22–30
Publication Title: Official Journal of the European Communities
Volume: 284},
}
@misc{european_parliament_prevention_2015,
title = {Prevention of {Money} {Laundering} and {Terrorist} {Financing}: 2015/849/{EU}},
url = {<https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32015L0849&from=EN>},
author = {{European Parliament}},
year = {2015},
note = {Journal Abbreviation: L
Pages: 73–117
Publication Title: Official Journal of the European Communities
Volume: 141},
}
@misc{european_parliament_directive_2014,
title = {Directive on {Markets} in financial instruments: 2014/65/{EU}},
author = {{European Parliament}},
year = {2014},
note = {Journal Abbreviation: L
Pages: 349–496
Publication Title: Official Journal of the European Communities
Volume: 173},
}
@misc{european_court_of_justice_favouring_2004,
title = {favouring the {Special} {Commissioner} of {Income} {Tax} ({UK}) in the {Case} of {Cadburry} {Schweppes}},
url = {<https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A62004CJ0196>},
author = {{European Court of Justice}},
month = apr,
year = {2004},
note = {Issue: 07995
Volume: I},
}
@misc{european_council_directive_2011,
title = {Directive on the common system of taxation applicable in the case of parent companies and subsidiaries of different {Member} {States}: 2011/96/{EU}},
url = {<https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32011L0096&from=DE>},
author = {{European Council}},
month = nov,
year = {2011},
note = {Pages: 8–16
Publication Title: Official Journal of the European Union
Volume: 345},
}
@article{fiedler_nationale_2022,
title = {Nationale und europäische {Sicht} auf {eIDAS} 2.0 – {Aufwand} und {Nutzen} {Nationale} und europäische {Sicht} auf {eIDAS} 2.0 – {Aufwand} und {Nutzen}},
volume = {46},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1007/s11623-022-1556-0>},
doi = {10.1007/s11623-022-1556-0},
journal = {Datenschutz und Datensicherheit - DuD},
author = {Fiedler, Arno and Granc, Franziska},
month = jan,
year = {2022},
note = {Publisher: Springer},
keywords = {eIDAS},
pages = {27--31},
}
@article{sharon_when_2018,
title = {When digital health meets digital capitalism, how many common goods are at stake?},
volume = {5},
url = {<https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2053951718819032>},
doi = {10.1177/2053951718819032},
number = {2},
journal = {Big Data \\& Society},
author = {Sharon, Tamar},
month = dec,
year = {2018},
note = {Publisher: SAGE},
pages = {1--12},
}
@misc{digital_credentials_for_europe_dc4eu_enabling_2022,
title = {Enabling a new paradigm where citizens are in full control of their identity(ies) and data},
url = {<https://www.dc4eu.eu>},
urldate = {2022-07-27},
author = {{Digital Credentials for Europe (DC4EU)}},
month = jul,
year = {2022},
}
@misc{european_commission_material_2022,
title = {Material for the call to provide '{Support} to the implementation of the {European} {Digital} {Framework}'},
url = {<https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/material-call-provide-support-implementation-european-digital-framework>},
urldate = {2022-07-27},
author = {{European Commission}},
month = jul,
year = {2022},
}
@misc{european_commission_proposal_2021-1,
title = {Proposal for a {Regulation} of the {European} {Parliament} and of the {Council} amending {Regulation} ({EU}) {No} 910/2014 as regards establishing a framework for a {European} {Digital} {Identity}},
url = {<https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52021PC0281>},
urldate = {2022-07-27},
author = {{European Commission}},
month = jun,
year = {2021},
}
@misc{european_health_and_digital_executive_agency_hadea_digital_2022,
title = {Digital {Europe} {Programme} ({DIGITAL}): {Call} for proposals},
url = {<https://ec.europa.eu/info/funding-tenders/opportunities/docs/2021-2027/digital/wp-call/2022/call-fiche_digital-2022-deploy-02_en.pdf>},
urldate = {2022-07-27},
author = {{European Health and Digital Executive Agency (HaDEA)}},
month = jul,
year = {2022},
}
@article{harvey_politics_2008,
title = {The {Politics} of {Life} {Itself}: {Biomedicine}, {Power}, and {Subjectivity} in the {Twenty}-{First} {Century} - by {Rose}, {N}.},
volume = {30},
url = {<https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2008.01125_1.x>},
doi = {<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2008.01125_1.x>},
number = {7},
journal = {Sociology of Health \\& Illness},
author = {Harvey, Olivia},
year = {2008},
note = {\\_eprint: <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2008.01125\\_1.x>},
pages = {1117--1118},
}
@misc{noauthor_how_2023,
title = {How digital public infrastructure supports empowerment, inclusion, and resilience},
url = {<https://blogs.worldbank.org/digital-development/how-digital-public-infrastructure-supports-empowerment-inclusion-and-resilience>},
abstract = {Digital public infrastructure can enable essential society-wide functions and services such as identification, payments, and data exchange.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2023-08-22},
month = mar,
year = {2023},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/5DWCZX6A/how-digital-public-infrastructure-supports-empowerment-inclusion-and-resilience.html:text/html},
}
@misc{noauthor_id4d_nodate,
type = {Text/{HTML}},
title = {{ID4D} {Practitioner}’s {Guide} ({English})},
url = {<https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail>},
abstract = {ID4D Practitioner’s Guide (English)},
language = {en},
urldate = {2023-08-22},
journal = {World Bank},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/4R8MEKM4/id4d-practitioner-s-guide.html:text/html},
}
@misc{noauthor_principles_nodate,
type = {Text/{HTML}},
title = {Principles on {Identification} for {Sustainable} {Development} : {Toward} the {Digital} {Age}},
shorttitle = {Principles on {Identification} for {Sustainable} {Development}},
url = {<https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/213581486378184357/Principles-on-Identification-for-Sustainable-Development-Toward-the-Digital-Age>},
abstract = {Principles on Identification for
Sustainable Development : Toward the Digital Age (English)},
language = {en},
urldate = {2023-08-22},
journal = {World Bank},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/SBT3BZCX/principles-on-identification-for-sustainable-development-toward-the-digital-age.html:text/html},
}
@book{world_bank_national_2022,
title = {National {Digital} {Identity} and {Government} {Data} {Sharing} in {Singapore}: {A} {Case} {Study} of {Singpass} and {APEX}},
shorttitle = {National {Digital} {Identity} and {Government} {Data} {Sharing} in {Singapore}},
url = {<http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/38201>},
language = {en},
urldate = {2023-08-22},
publisher = {World Bank},
author = {{World Bank}},
month = jan,
year = {2022},
doi = {10.1596/38201},
file = {World Bank - 2022 - National Digital Identity and Government Data Shar.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/XNYPPRTX/World Bank - 2022 - National Digital Identity and Government Data Shar.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@book{world_bank_federated_2022,
title = {Federated {Ecosystems} for {Digital} {ID}: {Current} {Approaches} and {Lessons}},
shorttitle = {Federated {Ecosystems} for {Digital} {ID}},
url = {<http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/38443>},
language = {en},
urldate = {2023-08-22},
publisher = {World Bank},
author = {{World Bank}},
month = dec,
year = {2022},
doi = {10.1596/38443},
file = {World Bank - 2022 - Federated Ecosystems for Digital ID Current Appro.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/VLRB5BNI/World Bank - 2022 - Federated Ecosystems for Digital ID Current Appro.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{tobin_inevitable_2017,
title = {The {Inevitable} {Rise} of {Self}-{Sovereign} {Identity}},
language = {en},
author = {Tobin, Andrew and Reed, Drummond and Windley, Foreword Phillip J and Foundation, Sovrin},
year = {2017},
file = {Tobin et al. - 2017 - The Inevitable Rise of Self-Sovereign Identity.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/CTBBL4QV/Tobin et al. - 2017 - The Inevitable Rise of Self-Sovereign Identity.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@incollection{briguglio_competition_2017,
title = {Competition {Law} and {Policy} in {Small} {States}},
isbn = {978-3-319-39365-0},
abstract = {This chapter will attempt to show that there are many factors associated with a small domestic market that have a bearing on competition law and policy, and therefore, the competition regime of a small state should take these factors into account. Special reference will be made to Malta, where competition legislation is modelled on EU competition law.},
author = {Briguglio, Lino},
month = may,
year = {2017},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-39366-7_2},
pages = {23--34},
file = {Submitted Version:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/C85RTB7U/Briguglio - 2017 - Competition Law and Policy in Small States.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{armstrong_determinants_2003,
title = {The determinants of economic growth in small states},
volume = {92},
issn = {0035-8533},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1080/750456745>},
doi = {10.1080/750456745},
abstract = {This paper provides a critical survey of the principal theoretical issues and empirical findings relating to the analysis of the economic growth of small states. This analysis provides a brief critique of the inapplicability of the Lewis model of industrialization to small states. It draws upon insights derived from endogenous growth theory to demonstrate that growth in small states can be explained by the key 'conditioning' variables, notably openness to trade, human capital accumulation and location. Further, the impact of small size and 'islandness' are argued to play less significant roles than that generally ascribed to them in the literature. The findings provide useful policy lessons for other small states and developing countries.},
number = {368},
urldate = {2023-09-03},
journal = {The Round Table},
author = {Armstrong, Harvey W. and Read, Robert},
month = jan,
year = {2003},
note = {Publisher: Routledge
\\_eprint: <https://doi.org/10.1080/750456745>},
keywords = {Growth Theory, Small States, Theory And Empirical Analysis},
pages = {99--124},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/M6LZQAEH/Armstrong and Read - 2003 - The determinants of economic growth in small state.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@incollection{briguglio_vulnerability_2014,
title = {A {Vulnerability} and {Resilience} {Framework} for {Small} {States}},
isbn = {978-1-84929-128-6},
abstract = {This chapter presents a revised vulnerability/resilience framework, building on the work of Briguglio et al. (2009).1 The chapter also revises and updates the economic vulnerability and economic resilience indices, the former associated with exposure to external shocks and the latter with policies that can enable a country to minimise or withstand the negative effects of such shocks. A number of policy implications are derived from the study presented in this chapter.},
author = {Briguglio, Lino},
month = sep,
year = {2014},
doi = {10.14217/9781848599185-5-en},
pages = {76},
file = {Submitted Version:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/X2DSEK6S/Briguglio - 2014 - A Vulnerability and Resilience Framework for Small.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{vella_small_2019,
title = {The small states of the {European} {Union} and the resilience/competitiveness nexus},
abstract = {This article places the European Union (EU) small states within the Vulnerability and Resilience Framework, and tests the correlation between economic resilience and competitiveness. In this analysis, economic resilience is associated with good economic, social
and political governance, and economic vulnerability is associated with exposure to external shocks, mostly due to a high degree of trade openness. The findings indicate that (a) that the EU small states tend to exhibit a high degree of economic vulnerability, suggesting that they
are highly exposed to external shocks and (b) that the most economically vulnerable EU small states tend to register relatively high resilience and competitiveness scores. This would seem to suggest that economic resilience and competitiveness are related and that their policy framework enables them to withstand or reduce the harmful effects of their exposure to economic shocks.},
author = {Vella, Melchior and Briguglio, Lino},
month = jan,
year = {2019},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/MS6FFRI8/Vella and Briguglio - 2019 - The small states of the European Union and the res.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{ikeda_fueling_2007,
title = {Fueling {Samoa}’s {Growing} {Transport} {Sector}: {The} {Impact} of {Rising} {Oil} {Prices} and {Imports} on a {Pacific} {Island} {Economy}},
shorttitle = {Fueling {Samoa}’s {Growing} {Transport} {Sector}},
url = {<https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/205>},
journal = {Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection},
author = {Ikeda, Janis},
month = apr,
year = {2007},
file = {"Fueling Samoa’s Growing Transport Sector\\: The Impact of Rising Oil Pri" by Janis McDaid Ikeda:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/LFN7HYAD/205.html:text/html},
}
@article{cepilovs_public_2013,
title = {Public {Procurement} for {Innovation} in {Small} {States}. {The} {Case} of {Latvia}},
issn = {0035-6468},
url = {<https://econpapers.repec.org/article/rporipoec/y_3a2013_3ai_3a2_3ap_3a99-136.htm>},
abstract = {Policy-makers in the EU have recently increasingly emphasised public procurement as a policy instrument to stimulate innovation. Public procurement is seen as an instrument able to fill in the gaps in the existing innovation policy-mix, thus helping to maintain competitive advantage of EU Member States in global competition. Public procurement has been widely covered in research, however, its application in a context of a small state has remained largely uncovered. This paper thus aims at bridging this gap, by analysing the potential smallness-related constraints to implementation of public procurement as a policy instrument. The empirical part introduces the case study of Latvia.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2023-09-03},
journal = {Rivista di Politica Economica},
author = {Cepilovs, Aleksandrs},
year = {2013},
note = {Publisher: SIPI Spa},
keywords = {case study., innovation, Latvia, public procurement, small states},
pages = {99--136},
file = {RePEc Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/AK7DVYXP/y_3a2013_3ai_3a2_3ap_3a99-136.html:text/html},
}
@article{hardy_e-government_2008,
title = {E-government policy and practice: {A} theoretical and empirical exploration of public e-procurement},
volume = {25},
issn = {0740-624X},
shorttitle = {E-government policy and practice},
url = {<https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X07000111>},
doi = {10.1016/j.giq.2007.02.003},
abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to theoretically and empirically explore how public e-procurement policies are translated into practice. The theoretical argument draws on actor network theory (ANT), coupled with Colebatch’s [Colebatch, H. K. (2002). Policy (2nd ed.). Maidenhead, Open University Press.] social construct of policy, to analyze the actors, actions, and circumstances through which understanding of public e-procurement comes to stabilize (or not) into a coherent policy for action. Drawing on three case studies of central government agencies in Italy, Scotland, and Western Australia, we suggest new intellectual perspectives and methodological heuristics that may assist researchers and practitioners analytical efforts in examining sociotechnical change and the implications for policy development and implementation.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2023-09-03},
journal = {Government Information Quarterly},
author = {Hardy, Catherine A. and Williams, Susan P.},
month = apr,
year = {2008},
keywords = {Actor network theory, E-government, E-procurement, Social construction of policy},
pages = {155--180},
}
@article{muscat_regulation_nodate,
title = {Regulation of parallel behaviour in an oligopolistic market: myth or reality},
shorttitle = {Regulation of parallel behaviour in an oligopolistic market},
journal = {No 18 - Autumn 98},
author = {Muscat, Bernardette},
collaborator = {Bank of Valletta},
note = {Publisher: Bank of Valletta},
}
@misc{noauthor_challenges_nodate,
title = {Challenges of {E}-{Government} in {Developing} {Countries}: {Actor}-{Network} {Analysis} of {Thailand}'s {Smart} {ID} {Card} {Project} - {ProQuest}},
shorttitle = {Challenges of {E}-{Government} in {Developing} {Countries}},
url = {<https://www.proquest.com/docview/1782841822?parentSessionId=CiCWjhk6SMPLbTbqAok8Va6tVLcpuFsawlnSwVbXWc8%3D&accountid=27934>},
abstract = {Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2023-09-03},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/6EJAQR2G/1782841822.html:text/html},
}
@misc{european_commission_digital_2022,
title = {The {Digital} {Europe} {Programme}. {Shaping} {Europe}’s digital future.},
url = {<https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/activities/digital-programme>},
language = {en},
urldate = {2023-09-17},
author = {{European Commission}},
month = feb,
year = {2022},
file = {call-fiche_digital-2022-deploy-02_en.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/Q2IPNN7Y/call-fiche_digital-2022-deploy-02_en.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/PALIZ4KP/digital-programme.html:text/html},
}
@incollection{hauofa_anthropology_2008,
title = {Anthropology and {Pacific} {Islanders}},
copyright = {De Gruyter expressly reserves the right to use all content for commercial text and data mining within the meaning of Section 44b of the German Copyright Act.},
isbn = {978-0-8248-6554-2},
url = {<https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780824865542-003/html?lang=en>},
abstract = {Anthropology and Pacific Islanders was published in We Are the Ocean on page 3.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2023-09-17},
booktitle = {Anthropology and {Pacific} {Islanders}},
publisher = {University of Hawaii Press},
author = {Hauofa, Epeli},
month = jan,
year = {2008},
doi = {10.1515/9780824865542-003},
pages = {3--10},
}
@misc{apostolides_3rd_2022,
title = {The 3rd {Global} {Fintech} {Regulator} {Survey} - {CCAF} publications},
url = {<https://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/faculty-research/centres/alternative-finance/publications/3rd-global-fintech-regulator-survey/>},
abstract = {This study aims to understand the extent to which policymakers continue to be impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic as we move away from the crisis. The survey provides insights into the types of consumer risks that have emerged because of the pandemic and the impact of such risks on policy objectives. The survey also explores the important role of information technology systems and infrastructures in supporting oversight and supervision across fintech verticals.},
language = {en-GB},
urldate = {2023-09-17},
journal = {Cambridge Judge Business School},
author = {Apostolides, Alexander and Ombija, Sarah and Umer, Zain and Christofi, Kyriakos and Rowan, Philip and Clark, Nick and Zhang, Bryan and Ongwae, Juliet and Grasser, Matt and di Castri, Simone and Mestanza, Jose Miguel and de Carvalho, Pedro Schilling and Hu, Shuli and Natarajan, Harish and Buruku, Buddy and Boakye-Adjei, Nana Yaa},
year = {2022},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/NY7R7DRW/3rd-global-fintech-regulator-survey.html:text/html},
}
@misc{world_bank_digital_2019,
type = {Text/{HTML}},
title = {Digital {Development}},
url = {<https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/digitaldevelopment/overview>},
abstract = {The World Bank provides knowledge and financing to help close the global digital divide, and make sure countries can take full advantage of the ongoing Digital Development revolution.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2023-09-17},
journal = {World Bank},
author = {{World Bank}},
year = {2019},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/XF6YGKNC/overview.html:text/html},
}
@incollection{cepilovs_public_2014,
address = {London},
series = {Central {Issues} in {Contemporary} {Economic} {Theory} and {Policy}},
title = {Public {Procurement} for {Innovation} in {Small} {States}. {The} {Case} of {Latvia}},
isbn = {978-1-137-43064-9},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137430649_5>},
abstract = {Policy-makers in the EU have recently increasingly emphasised public procurement as a policy instrument to stimulate innovation. Public procurement is seen as an instrument able to fill in the gaps in the existing innovation policy-mix, thus helping to maintain competitive advantage of EU Member States in global competition. Public procurement has been widely covered in research, however, its application in a context of a small state has remained largely uncovered. This paper thus aims at bridging this gap, by analysing the potential smallness-related constraints to implementation of public procurement as a policy instrument. The empirical part introduces the case study of Latvia.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2023-09-17},
booktitle = {Public {Procurement}’s {Place} in the {World}: {The} {Charge} towards {Sustainability} and {Innovation}},
publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan UK},
author = {Cepilovs, Aleksandrs},
editor = {Decarolis, Francesco and Frey, Marco},
year = {2014},
doi = {10.1057/9781137430649_5},
keywords = {innovation, Latvia, public procurement, small states, case study},
pages = {93--130},
}
@misc{united_nations_small_1992,
title = {Small {Island} {Developing} {States}},
url = {<https://www.un.org/ohrlls/content/about-small-island-developing-states>},
urldate = {2023-09-17},
author = {{United Nations}},
year = {1992},
}
@techreport{loft_commonwealth_2023,
title = {Commonwealth small island developing states and climate change},
url = {<https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9339/>},
abstract = {Small Island Developing States are considered some of the most vulnerable in the world to changes in the climate. This briefing discusses potential support.},
language = {en-GB},
urldate = {2023-09-17},
institution = {Commonwealth Secretariat},
author = {Loft, Philip},
month = sep,
year = {2023},
file = {CBP-9339.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/9B5TPXA9/CBP-9339.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/F83H3WF9/cbp-9339.html:text/html},
}
@article{king_geography_2009,
title = {Geography, {Islands} and {Migration} in an {Era} of {Global} {Mobility}},
volume = {4},
doi = {10.24043/isj.228},
abstract = {This paper examines the changing role of islands in the age of globalization and in an era of enhanced and diversified mobility. There are many types of islands, many metaphors of insularity, and many types of migration, so the interactions are far from simple. The ‘mobilities turn’ in migration studies recognizes the diversification in motivations and time-space regimes of human migration. After brief reviews of island studies and of migration studies, and the power of geography to capture and distil the interdisciplinarity and relationality of these two study domains, the paper explores various facets of the generally intense engagement that islands have with migration. Two particular scenarios are identified for islands and migration in the global era: the heuristic role of islands as ‘spatial laboratories’ for the study of diverse migration processes in microcosm; and the way in which, especially in the Mediterranean and near-Atlantic regions, islands have become critical locations in the geopolitics of irregular migration routes. The case of Malta is taken to illustrate some of these new insular migration dynamics.},
journal = {Island Studies Journal},
author = {King, Russell},
month = may,
year = {2009},
pages = {53--84},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/KXI4S9PE/King - 2009 - Geography, Islands and Migration in an Era of Glob.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{uyarra_barriers_2014,
title = {Barriers to innovation through public procurement: {A} supplier perspective},
volume = {34},
issn = {0166-4972},
shorttitle = {Barriers to innovation through public procurement},
url = {<https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166497214000388>},
doi = {10.1016/j.technovation.2014.04.003},
abstract = {Public procurement is increasingly viewed as having important potential to drive innovation. Despite this interest, numerous barriers prevent the public sector from acting as an intelligent and informed customer. This paper seeks to understand how barriers related to processes, competences, procedures and relationships in public procurement influence suppliers׳ ability to innovate and to reap the benefits of innovation. We address this by exploiting a dedicated survey of public sector suppliers in the UK, using a probit model to investigate the influence of structural, market and innovation determinants on suppliers׳ perception of these barriers. The main barriers reported by suppliers refer to the lack of interaction with procuring organisations, the use of over-specified tenders as opposed to outcome based specifications, low competences of procurers and a poor management of risk during the procurement process. Such barriers are perceived most strongly by R\\&D intensive organisations. Our results also indicate that certain organisations, particularly smaller firms and not-forprofit organisations, encounter greater difficulties with innovation arising from the procurement process, for instance in relation to contract size, lack of useful feedback and communication of opportunities. Government procurement policies are queried in light of the findings.},
number = {10},
urldate = {2023-09-17},
journal = {Technovation},
author = {Uyarra, Elvira and Edler, Jakob and Garcia-Estevez, Javier and Georghiou, Luke and Yeow, Jillian},
month = oct,
year = {2014},
keywords = {Innovation, Innovation policy, Public procurement, Public sector, R\\&D},
pages = {631--645},
file = {Full Text:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/3A76WA56/Uyarra et al. - 2014 - Barriers to innovation through public procurement.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/8FB49W37/S0166497214000388.html:text/html},
}
@article{georghiou_public_2010,
title = {Public {Procurement} for {Innovation} in {Small} {European} {Countries}},
url = {<https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/public-procurement-for-innovation-in-small-european-countries>},
language = {English},
urldate = {2023-09-17},
author = {Georghiou, Luke and Li, Yanchao and Uyarra, Elvira and Edler, Jakob},
year = {2010},
note = {Publisher: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/LMKPEAYR/Georghiou et al. - 2010 - Public Procurement for Innovation in Small Europea.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@book{asian_development_bank_pacific_2003,
title = {The {Pacific} {Regional} {Cooperation} {Strategy} and {Program} (2004-2006)},
url = {<https://www.adb.org/documents/pacific-regional-cooperation-strategy-and-program-2004-2006>},
abstract = {The Pacific Regional Cooperation Strategy and Program 2004-2006 provides a framework for ADB operations in its PDMCs and for ADB support to Pacific regional cooperation.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2023-09-17},
publisher = {Asian Development Bank},
author = {{Asian Development Bank}},
month = jul,
year = {2003},
note = {Accepted: 2003-07-01
Last Modified: 2003-07-01},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/EGN38463/pacific-regional-cooperation-strategy-and-program-2004-2006.html:text/html},
}
@techreport{tiedemann_meeting_2021,
title = {Meeting the {Sustainable} {Development} {Goals} in {Small} {Developing} {States} with {Climate} {Vulnerabilities}: {Cost} and {Financing}},
shorttitle = {Meeting the {Sustainable} {Development} {Goals} in {Small} {Developing} {States} with {Climate} {Vulnerabilities}},
url = {<https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2021/03/05/Meeting-the-Sustainable-Development-Goals-in-Small-Developing-States-with-Climate-50098>},
abstract = {Small Developing States (SDS) face substantial challenges in achieving sustainable development. Many of these challenges relate to the small size and limited diversification of their economies. SDS are also among the most vulnerable countries to the impact of climate change and natural disasters. Meeting SDS sustainable development goals goes hand-in-hand with building their climate resilience. But the additional costs to meet development and resilience objectives are substantial and difficult to finance. This work adapts the IMF SDG Costing methodology to capture the unique characteristics and challenges of climate-vulnerable SDS. It also zooms into financing options, estimating domestic tax potential and discussing the possibility of accessing ‘climate funds.’},
language = {ENG},
urldate = {2023-09-17},
author = {Tiedemann, Johanna and Piatkov, Veronica and Prihardini, Dinar and Benitez, Juan Carlos and Zdzienicka, Aleksandra},
year = {2021},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/N7DYX2JG/Meeting-the-Sustainable-Development-Goals-in-Small-Developing-States-with-Climate-50098.html:text/html},
}
@article{preston_addressing_2020,
title = {Addressing the challenges of regulatory systems strengthening in small states},
volume = {5},
doi = {10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001912},
abstract = {Countries should ensure equitable access to quality medicines. Regulatory systems for medicines and other health technologies are an essential part of well-functioning health systems and are a requisite for achieving Universal Health and the Sustainable Development Goals. The Pan American Health Organization, the World health Organization (WHO) regional office for the Americas, has assessed national regulatory capacities using a precursor of WHO Global Benchmarking Tool, and conducted an analysis of the data which suggests an association of regulatory capacity with population and the size of the economy. Regulatory capacity tends to decrease as population and gross domestic product decreases. This predominantly impacts the Caribbean sub-region in the Americas, which includes many states with small populations and economies. This paper will use the World Bank’s term ‘small states’ to refer to countries with 1.5 million people or less and other larger countries that face similar challenges. The regulatory challenges of small states include small markets and limited human and financial resources. However, small states can build regulatory systems with a narrower scope that are less resource intensive and still ensure appropriate regulation and oversight. The approach should be tailored to accomplish a subset of WHO recommended essential functions, including marketing authorisation, licensing of establishments and postmarket surveillance/pharmacovigilance, depending on the need to oversee local manufacturing, which requires a comprehensive system. The approach should also include adoption of efficiencies, such as regionalisation and reliance. This model is currently being put in practice in the small states of the Caribbean Community and Pacific Islands and can inform other small states around the world.},
journal = {BMJ Global Health},
author = {Preston, Charles and Dias, Murilo and Peña, José and Pombo, María and Porrás, Analía},
month = feb,
year = {2020},
pages = {e001912},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/SANH6GKU/Preston et al. - 2020 - Addressing the challenges of regulatory systems st.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@incollection{annunziata_contribution_2014,
address = {London},
series = {Central {Issues} in {Contemporary} {Economic} {Theory} and {Policy}},
title = {The {Contribution} of {Green} {Public} {Procurement} to {Energy} {Efficiency} {Governance} in {Buildings}},
isbn = {978-1-137-43064-9},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137430649_2>},
abstract = {Public authorities will play a crucial role fostering demand for energy efficient buildings through Green Public Procurement (GPP) and contributing to energy efficiency governance at local level. Using an econometric analysis, this study investigates which factors influence the development of GPP practices in the building and construction sector as supporting instrument for energy efficiency governance by the municipalities in Tuscany (Italy). The results highlight that GPP practices in the building and construction sector can contribute to the energy efficiency governance at local level if municipality undertakes a path which integrates increasing energy and environmental awareness and technical know-how and expertise.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2023-09-17},
booktitle = {Public {Procurement}’s {Place} in the {World}: {The} {Charge} towards {Sustainability} and {Innovation}},
publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan UK},
author = {Annunziata, Eleonora and Testa, Francesco and Frey, Marco and Iraldo, Fabio},
editor = {Decarolis, Francesco and Frey, Marco},
year = {2014},
doi = {10.1057/9781137430649_2},
keywords = {building and construction sector, energy efficiency, governance, green public procurement, local authorities},
pages = {13--35},
}
@techreport{pacific_islands_forum_secretariat_pacific_2007,
title = {The {Pacific} {Plan} for {Strengthening} {Regional} {Cooperation} and {Integration}},
abstract = {The Pacific Plan was endorsed by Leaders at the Pacific Islands Forum meeting in October 2005. It is a ‘living’ document ensuring flexibility so that the Vision of the Leaders and the goal of regional integration extend far into the future. This revised version of the Pacific Plan follows decisions taken by Leaders at the Forum meeting in October 2007 where they welcomed the considerable progress made in implementing the Pacific Plan, noted the key challenges that need to be overcome in order for the Plan to continue to be effectively implemented, and agreed on a number of key commitments in order to move the Plan forward.},
urldate = {2023-09-17},
institution = {Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat},
author = {{Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat}},
year = {2007},
file = {2007 - The Pacific Plan for Strengthening Regional Cooper.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/CKGI4JVB/2007 - The Pacific Plan for Strengthening Regional Cooper.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{leibetseder_critical_2011,
title = {A {Critical} {Review} on the {Concept} of {Social} {Technology}},
volume = {1},
abstract = {Purpose—A critical analysis of the term social technology from a social science point of view.Design/Methodology/Approach—Review of the term “social technology” from a social science point of perspective in connection to the study of governmentality and power in a Foucauldian way.Findings—The article covers the perspective that social technology provides social science knowledge for a purpose. Such a notion allows an in depth debate about the meaning of social order in modern societies. Establishing distinctive techniques now forms the basis of the modern state and governance. Social technology forms the basis of governmental decisions; it allows for a use of social theories and methods for a purpose in politics and introduces a specific conception of power between the individual and public powers. Therefore, it alters government in three ways: It provides expert power to define solutions for social problems based on social science knowledge. It transforms government. Social technology exemplifies a support system for an ordered method of the way of government, it allows for the conduct of others and self based on scientific expertise. It can define new areas of problems in need of a change of government.Research limitations/implications—Consequently, social technology requests a critical analysis using a governmental approach. Such an approach focuses on problems on the governed subject and how governing works and why it has evolved in that way towards the subject and what kind of ideas and thinking lies within the discourse.Research type—general review.},
journal = {Social Technologies},
author = {Leibetseder, Bettina},
month = jan,
year = {2011},
pages = {7--24},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/SBPQQF57/Leibetseder - 2011 - A Critical Review on the Concept of Social Technol.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{bartle_review_2003,
title = {A review of state procurement and contracting},
volume = {3},
issn = {1535-0118},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1108/JOPP-03-02-2003-B003>},
doi = {10.1108/JOPP-03-02-2003-B003},
abstract = {Are states effectively managing contracting and procurement activities? Are they striking the right balance between central administrative control and empowerment through delegation? How effective is training and monitoring? How do these practices compare to the principles of best practice? What role will information technology play in the future for procurement and contracting? As part of the Government Performance Project, budget, procurement, and contracting managers in 48 states were surveyed, providing descriptions of their procurement and contracting practices. There are numerous developments that speak to the practical details of contemporary public management. Five key findings are (1) information technology needs are challenging states, with some responding well, but others struggling, (2) in most states staff training needs to be improved, (3) restrictions prohibiting “best value” purchasing need to be removed, (4) states can learn from and improve practices by partnering with other governments and private organizations, and (5) most states use a hybrid of both centralized and decentralized management structures when it comes to contracting and procurement.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2023-09-17},
journal = {Journal of Public Procurement},
author = {Bartle, John R. and Korosec, Ronnie LaCourse},
month = jan,
year = {2003},
note = {Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited},
pages = {192--214},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/97HI4JPI/html.html:text/html},
}
@book{reed_public_1997,
address = {Thousand Oaks, California},
edition = {2},
title = {Public {Finance} {Administration}},
url = {<https://sk.sagepub.com/books/public-finance-administration-2e>},
urldate = {2023-09-17},
author = {Reed, B.J. and Swain, John},
year = {1997},
doi = {10.4135/9781452224961},
keywords = {capital budgeting, cost analysis, costs and cost analysis, public administration, public budgeting, public debt, public finance},
file = {SAGE Knowledge Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/4WH8MCBV/public-finance-administration-2e.html:text/html},
}
@article{guo_making_2017,
title = {Making a {Market} out of a {Welfare} {State} : {Swedish} {Local} {Politicians}’ {Perspectives} on {Elderly} {Care} {Marketisation}},
shorttitle = {Making a {Market} out of a {Welfare} {State}},
url = {<https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-142342>},
abstract = {Market reforms have quite notably been used as a solution to increase the quality of public services and efficiency since the 1990s. Sweden has also introduced marketisation in the field of elderly ...},
language = {eng},
urldate = {2023-09-17},
author = {Guo, Ming},
year = {2017},
note = {Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/XDEH3Z5L/Guo - 2017 - Making a Market out of a Welfare State Swedish L.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{yapicioglu_blockchain_2020,
title = {Blockchain as a tool for land rights: ownership of land in {Cyprus}},
volume = {12},
issn = {2514-9407},
shorttitle = {Blockchain as a tool for land rights},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1108/JPPEL-02-2020-0010>},
doi = {10.1108/JPPEL-02-2020-0010},
abstract = {Purpose This paper aims to set out an argument for the use of blockchain technology as a land registration tool, for Cyprus and other disputed land contexts, to assist with land disputes, which may, in turn, promote peace and harmony. Design/methodology/approach The paper is exploratory in nature. It raises the historical and present land issues in Cyprus and highlights that blockchain technologies could work as a tool to record disputed property rights on the Island. Findings While there have been many pilots to date for blockchain land registration, there is still scope to develop blockchain as a tool to record land interests. Cyprus offers an exemplar opportunity to use such a tool to assist in developing peace on the Island. Originality/value While the paper is conceptual in its application of blockchain technologies, it is novel in that it strives to show how technologies such as blockchain can act as a tool to assist with land registration matters, which, in turn, can assist with new ways to approach the peace process. More research is necessary for this area of inquiry, especially as to how sidechains can act as a conduit for recording competing land interests and disputed land claims.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2023-09-17},
journal = {Journal of Property, Planning and Environmental Law},
author = {Yapicioglu, Balkiz and Leshinsky, Rebecca},
month = jan,
year = {2020},
note = {Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited},
keywords = {Blockchain, Cyprus, Disputed titles, Land registration, Peace, Sidechains},
pages = {171--182},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/GFX7U5QQ/html.html:text/html},
}
@article{briguglio_vulnerability_2014-1,
title = {A {Vulnerability} and {Resilience} {Framework} for {Small} {States}},
url = {<https://www.academia.edu/70103424/A_Vulnerability_and_Resilience_Framework_for_Small_States>},
abstract = {A Vulnerability and Resilience Framework for Small States},
urldate = {2023-09-17},
journal = {Building the Resilience of Small States},
author = {Briguglio, Lino},
year = {2014},
pages = {10--76},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/LG3J6Q86/A_Vulnerability_and_Resilience_Framework_for_Small_States.html:text/html},
}
@inproceedings{baars_towards_2016,
title = {Towards self-sovereign identity using blockchain technology},
url = {<https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Towards-self-sovereign-identity-using-blockchain-Baars/a91cbcc2bfef69f713ab1c01a26dc173078b5176>},
abstract = {With more than three billion internet users, each with multiple digital
identities, the management of these identities is very important.
Surveys show that people often use the identity management systems
they don't want to use. They don't have full control over their infor
mation, have no way to know what is shared with other parties and are
dependent on trusted parties when logging in to websites.
Blockchain technology is used as basis for a secure and transparent
distributed ledger for the Bitcoin cryptocurrency. Its decentralized, pub
lic and immutable properties solve the double spending problem and allow
every participant of the network to read the transaction history, help in
the validation process and pay and receive Bitcoin.
Cryptographically complex math ensures that everyone can do trans
actions with everyone without the need for a trusted third party. Next
to financial transactions, this also holds for other claims. Entities can
put claims on a decentralized ledger by digitally signing it, which allows
any other entity to verify that these claims are made by that specific entity.
This allows authorities like governments to make claims about indi
viduals, which can be combined with other claims to create a very strong
claim about someone. Because both the claimant and the claimee can
be verified, this allows entities like mortgage lenders to outsource their
Customer Due Diligence (CDD) processes.
In this research we will explore the possibility of self-sovereign identity,
where you are in control of your digital identity.
We started with a desk research on currently available identity man
agement solutions. We concluded that in most systems, the end-user is
not able to store their own data. Currently only one decentralized system
is available, but has not gained wide adoption yet.
A case study has been performed on a solution which allows the ex
change of KYC attributes, resulting from thorough Customer Due Dili
gence (CDD) as is often performed when opening a bank account. These
attributes can be used by other entities, like insurance companies and
mortgage lenders to make their on-boarding process easier for customers,
since they don't need to supply copies of the same documentation all over
again. Also, the companies themselves could outsource their Customer
Due Diligence (CDD) this way to lower costs and make fewer errors. Al
though the idea is very interesting, the studied solution did not meet the
expectations. At the time the company behind the solution was very small
and the process to improve very complex. The solution was also propri
etary, creating dependence on the vendor, which heightens the adoption
barrier.
Because of the lessons learned from the case study, the results of the
literature research and the desk research, we designed an architecture for
a Decentralized Identity Management System (DIMS) using the concept
of claim-based identity and blockchain technology. To lower adoption barriers and create a self-sustaining ecosystem, it
will be developed on a public blockchain and source code will be made
open-source. The solution will be privacy-friendly by using privacy-enhancing
techniques and storing only claims about one's identity. We also provide a
solution to allow retrieval of more sensitive data, and made it as modular
as possible to make integration within existing IT architecture easier.
The Decentralized Identity Management System (DIMS) can be use
ful in a wide range of use cases, like proving your age when buying liquor
at the supermarket or applying for a health insurance where you get a
student discount if you can show your are enrolled at a university.
This shows that our work resulted in a solid foundation for self-sovereign
identity using blockchain technology.},
urldate = {2023-09-17},
author = {Baars, D.},
year = {2016},
annote = {[TLDR] An architecture for a Decentralized Identity Management System (DIMS) using the concept of claim-based identity and blockchain technology is designed, which will be developed on a public blockchain and source code will be made open-source.},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/YIAYYTPS/Baars - 2016 - Towards self-sovereign identity using blockchain t.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{ahnert_economics_2022,
address = {Rochester, NY},
type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}},
title = {The economics of central bank digital currency},
url = {<https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4191600>},
doi = {10.2139/ssrn.4191600},
abstract = {This paper provides a structured overview of the burgeoning literature on the economics of CBDC. We document the economic forces that shape the rise of digital money and review motives for the issuance of CBDC. We then study the implications for the financial system and discuss of a number of policy issues and challenges. While the academic literature broadly echoes policy makers’ concerns about bank disintermediation and financial stability risks, it also provides conditions under which such adverse effects may not materialize. We also point to several knowledge gaps that merit further work, including data privacy and the study of end-user preferences for attributes of digital payment methods.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2023-09-17},
author = {Ahnert, Toni and Assenmacher, Katrin and Hoffmann, Peter and Leonello, Agnese and Monnet, Cyril and Porcellacchia, Davide},
month = aug,
year = {2022},
keywords = {Central Bank Digital Currency, Digital Money, Financial Stability, Monetary Policy, Payments},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/E3JYHL59/Ahnert et al. - 2022 - The economics of central bank digital currency.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@book{sjoholm_designing_2023,
title = {Designing a {Trustworthy} {EU} {Digital} {Identity} {Wallet} : {A} study of user needs and preferences},
shorttitle = {Designing a {Trustworthy} {EU} {Digital} {Identity} {Wallet}},
url = {<https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-504761>},
abstract = {DiVA portal is a finding tool for research publications and student theses written at the following 50 universities and research institutions.},
language = {eng},
urldate = {2023-11-27},
author = {Sjöholm, Madeleine},
year = {2023},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/NZW4BPBL/Sjöholm - 2023 - Designing a Trustworthy EU Digital Identity Wallet.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{wagner_towards_2021,
title = {Towards {European} electronic identity: {A} blueprint for a secure pan-{European} digital identity},
volume = {5},
shorttitle = {Towards {European} electronic identity},
abstract = {As cross-border digital services are expected to grow, a secure electronic identification will be a cornerstone of the digital economy. Besides some existing solutions at the member states level, the European Union (EU) is still struggling to reach a harmonised, comprehensive
approach towards digital identification. The combination of a fragmented regulatory framework and an incoherent infrastructure has created a barrier to successful emergence of industry-led use cases. The European digital identity wallet (DIW) proposal announced by the European Commission on
3rd June, 2021, sets the bar high for an extension of the electronic IDentification, Authentication and trust Services (eIDAS) framework that might generate interoperable solutions. The substance of the actual solutions adopted by the members states, however, will much depend on the negotiations
in the coming months between the private sector, member states and EU co-legislators. This paper develops a blueprint for a European digital identity in the financial services sector, which should provide sufficient security against identity thefts while protecting against synthetic identities.
To this aim, a clear definition of standards is needed to provide portability, interoperability and sufficient data protection and privacy. The paper offers a comprehensive overview of both the necessary requirements and the major components for the design of a future pan-European e-ID (EUid),
including know your customer attributes and their respective levels of assurance (LoAs). Furthermore, it outlines the prerequisites for designing authentication. The EUid solution should be founded on a robust trust framework, based on attributes provided and directly verifiable by their respective
trusted issuers. The conclusions examine the potential role of the banking sector. Although EU regulators see the private sector as well placed to act as an identity provider for private individuals and legal entities, this alone would not guarantee a high LoA. Could banks think of a successful
EUid business model, considering the rising number of national KYC utilities for corporates? A possible solution would be minimising costs via the creation of a common pan-European identity infrastructure centred around a public–private partnership, including actors from different industries.},
number = {2},
journal = {Journal of Financial Compliance},
author = {Wagner, Eric and Mannino, Matteo and Lauer, Oliver},
month = dec,
year = {2021},
keywords = {authentication, digital identity, EUid, KYC, pan-European e-ID, secure infrastructure, wallet},
pages = {162--188},
}
@article{rieger_not_2022,
title = {Not yet another digital identity},
volume = {6},
copyright = {2021 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited},
issn = {2397-3374},
url = {<https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-021-01243-0>},
doi = {10.1038/s41562-021-01243-0},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2023-11-27},
journal = {Nature Human Behaviour},
author = {Rieger, Alexander and Roth, Tamara and Sedlmeir, Johannes and Weigl, Linda and Fridgen, Gilbert},
month = jan,
year = {2022},
note = {Number: 1
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
keywords = {Cultural and media studies, Information systems and information technology, Technology},
pages = {3--3},
}
@inproceedings{podgorelec_what_2022,
address = {Los Alamitos, CA, USA},
title = {What is a ({Digital}) {Identity} {Wallet}? {A} {Systematic} {Literature} {Review}},
isbn = {978-1-66548-810-5},
shorttitle = {What is a ({Digital}) {Identity} {Wallet}?},
url = {<https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9842532/>},
doi = {10.1109/COMPSAC54236.2022.00131},
urldate = {2023-11-27},
booktitle = {2022 {IEEE} 46th {Annual} {Computers}, {Software}, and {Applications} {Conference} ({COMPSAC})},
publisher = {IEEE},
author = {Podgorelec, Blaz and Alber, Lukas and Zefferer, Thomas},
month = jun,
year = {2022},
pages = {809--818},
file = {Submitted Version:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/WWE8MLB2/Podgorelec et al. - 2022 - What is a (Digital) Identity Wallet A Systematic .pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{fernandez_reflections_2022,
title = {Reflections on the {European} {Digital} {Identity} {Project} in {Light} of the {Digital} {Covid} {Certificate} and the {Self}-{Sovereign} {Identity} {Movement} {General} {Section}},
volume = {65},
url = {<https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/revcatdp65&i=179>},
language = {eng},
urldate = {2023-11-27},
journal = {Revista Catalana de Dret Public (Catalan Journal of Public Law)},
author = {Fernandez, Raul Ramos},
year = {2022},
pages = {179--193},
}
@article{mooij_reconciling_2023,
title = {Reconciling transparency and privacy through the {European} {Digital} {Identity}},
volume = {48},
issn = {0267-3649},
url = {<https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364923000079>},
doi = {10.1016/j.clsr.2023.105796},
abstract = {Where lies the balance between privacy and transparency? It is an everlasting question, that lied at the heart of the recent judgement of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). The case concerned the Ultimate Beneficial Ownership registry which contains the information of who has a financial interest in companies. The registry was open to the public. The wide accessibility aimed to increase transparency and thereby prevent money laundering and the financing of terrorism (MLFT). The registry was open to public access and the question to the CJEU was whether the accessibility was lawful. The judgement of the CJEU declared the wide accessibility to be unlawful. The judgement acknowledges the importance of the concept of transparency but nevertheless considers the public access to be unproportionate. Leaving the question of how to balance transparency with privacy. The answer can be found in redesigning the European electronic Identity. This case-note will first discuss the facts of the case in section 2. The note will then continue by summarizing the opinion of the Advocate General in section 3. In section 4 the note will summarize the judgement of the CJEU. The case note will end in section 5 with an analysis of the impact of the case in relation to developing a digital European Identity.},
urldate = {2023-11-27},
journal = {Computer Law \\& Security Review},
author = {Mooij, A. M.},
month = apr,
year = {2023},
keywords = {Privacy, Blockchain, Data wallets, Data-ownership, Digital economy, eID, European digital identity, Transparency, UBO-registry, Ultimate beneficial ownership registry},
pages = {105796},
}
@misc{european_commission_directive_1999,
title = {Directive 1999/93/{EC} of the {European} {Parliament} and of the {Council} of 13 {December} 1999 on a {Community} framework for electronic signatures},
volume = {013},
url = {<http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/1999/93/oj/eng>},
language = {en},
urldate = {2023-11-30},
author = {{European Commission}},
month = dec,
year = {1999},
file = {EUR-Lex HTML (EN):/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/7ZW8YJ7V/HTML.html:text/html;EUR-Lex PDF (EN):/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/YXP9LAXF/1999 - Directive 199993EC of the European Parliament an.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{european_parliament_committee_on_industry_research_and_energy_european_2023,
title = {European {Digital} {Identity} - {Provisional} {Agreement}},
url = {<https://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/european-digital-identity-provisional-ag/product-details/20231116CAN72103>},
abstract = {A provisional agreement on the Regulation amending Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 as regards establishing a framework for a European Digital Identity was reached on 8 November between the European Parliament and the Council.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2023-11-30},
author = {{European Parliament Committee on Industry, Research and Energy}},
month = nov,
year = {2023},
file = {Radley-Gardner et al. - 2016 - Fundamental Texts On European Private Law.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/WPNEJWDX/Radley-Gardner et al. - 2016 - Fundamental Texts On European Private Law.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/JEWGAJYA/20231116CAN72103.html:text/html},
}
@incollection{jones_after_2020,
title = {After postmodernism, technologism},
isbn = {978-1-00-302103-2},
abstract = {Contemplating what comes after postmodernism we find ourselves like Walter Benjamin’s angel of history, inspired by Klee’s painting Angelus Novus. A violent storm blows from Paradise, irresistibly propelling the angel into the future to which his back is turned, while before him a pile of debris grows skyward; ‘This storm is what we call progress’ (Benjamin, 2003, p. 393). Likewise, the debris of past '-isms' grows skywards before us, piled upon with new post-, trans-, and post-posts that take shape against the background of what has come before them.},
booktitle = {What {Comes} {After} {Postmodernism} in {Educational} {Theory}?},
publisher = {Routledge},
author = {Jones, Raya A.},
year = {2020},
note = {Num Pages: 2},
}
@article{suchting_productive_1982,
title = {“{Productive} {Forces}” and “{Relations} of {Production}” in {Marx}},
volume = {4},
copyright = {De Gruyter expressly reserves the right to use all content for commercial text and data mining within the meaning of Section 44b of the German Copyright Act.},
issn = {2365-9858},
url = {<https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/auk-1982-0202/html?lang=en>},
doi = {10.1515/auk-1982-0202},
abstract = {This paper criticises the view that, according to Marx, “productive forces” determine “relations of production” and that the growth of the former basically determines the course of history. The particular version of this account discussed is that to be found in G.A. Cohen’s Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence. The main part of this criticism in:-volves a presentation of what, it is suggested, was in fact Marx's conception of "productive forces", "relations of production" and their relations, and an identification of class-struggle as the primary factor at least for the historically significant periods with which Marx was concerned.},
language = {de},
number = {2},
urldate = {2023-12-01},
journal = {Analyse \\& Kritik},
author = {Suchting, Wal},
month = nov,
year = {1982},
note = {Publisher: De Gruyter Oldenbourg},
pages = {159--181},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/MM3AS4AD/Suchting - 1982 - “Productive Forces” and “Relations of Production” .pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{jones_after_2018,
title = {After postmodernism, technologism},
volume = {50},
issn = {0013-1857, 1469-5812},
url = {<https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00131857.2018.1461398>},
doi = {10.1080/00131857.2018.1461398},
language = {en},
number = {14},
urldate = {2023-12-01},
journal = {Educational Philosophy and Theory},
author = {Jones, Raya A.},
month = dec,
year = {2018},
pages = {1606--1607},
file = {Jones - 2018 - After postmodernism, technologism.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/NNZY9AXK/Jones - 2018 - After postmodernism, technologism.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@techreport{cheesman_digital_2022,
title = {Digital {Wallets} and {Migration} {Policy}: {A} {Critical} {Intersection}},
shorttitle = {Digital {Wallets} and {Migration} {Policy}},
url = {<https://www.bosch-stiftung.de/en/publication/digital-wallets-and-migration-policy-critical-intersection>},
abstract = {Aid organizations, governments, technology companies, and others have begun testing digital wallet projects that either target, or incidentally affect, migrants and refugees along with mainstream citizens.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2023-12-13},
institution = {Robert Bosch Stiftung},
author = {Cheesman, Margie},
month = jul,
year = {2022},
pages = {15},
file = {Digital Wallets and Migration Policy.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/JBSYC3XZ/Digital Wallets and Migration Policy.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/KD9QNP8I/digital-wallets-and-migration-policy-critical-intersection.html:text/html},
}
@misc{ahnert_economics_2022-1,
address = {Rochester, NY},
type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}},
title = {The {Economics} of {Central} {Bank} {Digital} {Currency}},
url = {<https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4626460>},
doi = {10.2139/ssrn.4626460},
abstract = {This paper provides a structured overview of the burgeoning literature on the economics of CBDC. We document the economic forces that shape the rise of digital money and review motives for the issuance of CBDC. We then study the implications for the financial system and discuss of a number of policy issues and challenges. While the academic literature broadly echoes policy makers’ concerns about bank disintermediation and financial stability risks, it also provides conditions under which such adverse effects may not materialize. We also point to several knowledge gaps that merit further work, including data privacy and the study of end‐user preferences for attributes of digital payment methods.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2023-12-14},
author = {Ahnert, Toni and Assenmacher, Katrin and Hoffmann, Peter and Leonello, Agnese and Monnet, Cyril and Porcellacchia, Davide},
month = aug,
year = {2022},
keywords = {Central Bank Digital Currency, digital money, financial stability, monetary policy, payments},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/R7ZZ362A/Ahnert et al. - 2022 - The Economics of Central Bank Digital Currency.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@incollection{hira_regulatory_2019,
address = {Cham},
series = {International {Political} {Economy} {Series}},
title = {Regulatory {Mayhem} in {OffshoreOffshore} financial havens {Finance}: {What} the {Panama} {PapersPanama} {Papers} {Reveal}},
isbn = {978-3-030-05680-3},
shorttitle = {Regulatory {Mayhem} in {OffshoreOffshore} financial havens {Finance}},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05680-3_6>},
abstract = {This chapter discusses the worrying increase in offshore financial flows resulting in tax evasion in the global economy. We demonstrate that offshore financial tax evasion is nothing new; it has been tolerated for decades, and its increasing scope portends a role in future crashes. The Panama and Paradise Papers reveal how individuals, multinational firms, terrorists, and criminals increasingly use offshore financial centres to hide wealth and evade taxes. While the various government and international entities have devoted considerable attention to the issue, reform efforts fail to address the fundamental drivers of offshore finance: a lack of transparency, information sharing, and tax competition. The failure of governments to work together has important implications, including creating a disproportionate burden on individual taxpayers, exacerbating inequality, raising questions of fairness, constraints on fiscal policy, and increasing resort to debt by governments. Our suggestions for reform focus on ways towards consensus, transparency, coordination, and enforcement in global financial regulation around taxation.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2023-12-14},
booktitle = {The {Failure} of {Financial} {Regulation}: {Why} a {Major} {Crisis} {Could} {Happen} {Again}},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
author = {Hira, Anil and Murata, Brian and Monson, Shea},
editor = {Hira, Anil and Gaillard, Norbert and Cohn, Theodore H.},
year = {2019},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-05680-3_6},
keywords = {Base erosion, Corruption, Financial Action Task Force (FATF), Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA), hawala, Money laundering, Multinational corporations, OECD, Offshore finance, Panama Papers, Paradise Papers, Shell corporations, Tax evasion, Tax havens, Tax reciprocity, Tax reporting, Transfer pricing, Trusts},
pages = {191--232},
}
@inproceedings{suratkar_cryptocurrency_2020,
title = {Cryptocurrency {Wallet}: {A} {Review}},
shorttitle = {Cryptocurrency {Wallet}},
url = {<https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9315193>},
doi = {10.1109/ICCCSP49186.2020.9315193},
abstract = {A blockchain is a growing list of records, called blocks, that are linked using cryptography. Blockchain private and public keys are stored in a cryptocurrency wallet, but not the actual currency values. Wallets provide customers with the ability to send and receive virtual currency / tokens and tune their balance through interaction with blockchains. Multi-currency wallets may be broken down into 3 categories: software, hardware, and paper. Software wallets are web, mobile and desktop. Growing penetration of blockchain in many industries makes one to understand wallets in detail. There are a variety of wallet kinds to pick out from. This paper focuses on multi-currency wallets review exploring on features like supported currencies, anonymity, cost, platform support, key management, wallet recovery methods and fiat currencies supported.},
urldate = {2023-12-14},
booktitle = {2020 4th {International} {Conference} on {Computer}, {Communication} and {Signal} {Processing} ({ICCCSP})},
author = {Suratkar, Saurabh and Shirole, Mahesh and Bhirud, Sunil},
month = sep,
year = {2020},
pages = {1--7},
file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/JNHV3NJE/9315193.html:text/html},
}
@techreport{grassi_digital_2017,
address = {Gaithersburg, MD},
title = {Digital identity guidelines: revision 3},
shorttitle = {Digital identity guidelines},
url = {<https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-63-3.pdf>},
abstract = {These guidelines provide technical requirements for federal agencies implementing digital identity services and are not intended to constrain the development or use of standards outside of this purpose. The guidelines cover identity proofing and authentication of users (such as employees, contractors, or private individuals) interacting with government IT systems over open networks. They define technical requirements in each of the areas of identity proofing, registration, authenticators, management processes, authentication protocols, federation, and related assertions. This publication supersedes NIST Special Publication 800-63-2.},
language = {en},
number = {NIST SP 800-63-3},
urldate = {2023-12-14},
institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology},
author = {Grassi, Paul A and Garcia, Michael E and Fenton, James L},
month = jun,
year = {2017},
doi = {10.6028/NIST.SP.800-63-3},
pages = {NIST SP 800--63--3},
file = {Grassi et al. - 2017 - Digital identity guidelines revision 3.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/BYN5AD2D/Grassi et al. - 2017 - Digital identity guidelines revision 3.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@incollection{browne_4_nodate,
title = {4 {The} {Pacific} {Plan} for {Strengthening} {Regional} {Cooperation} and {Integration}},
isbn = {978-1-58906-516-1},
url = {<https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9781589065161/ch004.xml>},
abstract = {Abstract Pacific Forum Economic Ministers called for a Pacific Plan for Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration at their April 2004 meeting in Auckland, New Zealand. They recognized that overcoming the serious challenges facing the region required sharing scarce resources and aligning policies to strengthen national capacities to support living standards. Following this agreement in principle, the concept was developed by the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat (FORSEC) and discussed in detail with the island countries and major bilateral and multinational donors. The Plan was firmly supported by Australia and New Zealand. A comprehensive draft of the Plan for the upcoming 10-year period was approved by the Pacific Forum Economic Ministers at their June 2005 meeting in Tuvalu. A final version of the Plan was approved by the Pacific Islands Forum leaders at their October 2005 meeting in Papua New Guinea.1},
language = {en},
urldate = {2023-12-14},
booktitle = {Pacific {Island} {Economies}},
publisher = {International Monetary Fund},
author = {Browne, Christopher},
note = {Section: Pacific Island Economies},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/L3W8JWW5/Browne - 4 The Pacific Plan for Strengthening Regional Coop.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{hauofa_anthropology_1975,
title = {Anthropology and {Pacific} {Islanders}},
volume = {45},
copyright = {© 1975 The University of Sydney},
issn = {1834-4461},
url = {<https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.1834-4461.1975.tb01871.x>},
doi = {10.1002/j.1834-4461.1975.tb01871.x},
language = {en},
number = {4},
urldate = {2023-12-14},
journal = {Oceania},
author = {Hau'Ofa, Epeli},
year = {1975},
note = {\\_eprint: <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/j.1834-4461.1975.tb01871.x>},
pages = {283--289},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/TDCJSA5D/j.1834-4461.1975.tb01871.html:text/html},
}
@phdthesis{morosi_study_2022,
type = {laurea},
title = {Study of authentication models and implementation of a prototype by using {eID} and {Distributed} {Ledger} {Technologies}.},
copyright = {cc\\_by\\_nc\\_nd},
url = {<https://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/25565/>},
abstract = {The aim of this thesis project is to analyse the existing Self-Sovereign Identity and Digital Wallet solutions used to manage digital information which identifies a user, to implement a prototype of an infrastructure simulating the issuance and usage of a digital identity called ValID. This concept spreads in the last two years due to the pandemic of COVID-19 because of the impossibility of performing in-person activities. The reference model of this project is that of the Self-Sovereign Identity because of its principle of giving the user sovereignty over his personal information. To develop this infrastructure, a study of standards, protocols, the eDIAS regulation, and of Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) has been performed. The IOTA Tangle has proved to be the more suitable DLT for ValID, due to its scalability with respect to blockchain solutions. ValID leverages on the IOTA mainnet, a network based on the IOTA Tangle, to store Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs) and DID Documents representing the users. Giving sovereignty over his personal information to the user is an advantage having him the possibility to decide when and with whom to share it without relying on third-party intermediaries. This could be the beginning of a new era for security and data protection in the digital world.},
language = {it},
urldate = {2023-12-15},
school = {Politecnico di Torino},
author = {Morosi, Mattia},
month = dec,
year = {2022},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/YXWIMHBZ/Morosi - 2022 - Study of authentication models and implementation .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/VLJBEPBR/25565.html:text/html},
}
@misc{noauthor_enabling_nodate,
title = {On {Enabling} {Additional} {Natural} {Person} and {Domain}-{Specific} {Attributes} in the {eIDAS} {Network} {\\textbar} {IEEE} {Journals} \\& {Magazine} {\\textbar} {IEEE} {Xplore}},
url = {<https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9548914>},
urldate = {2023-12-15},
}
@inproceedings{mocanu_identification_2019,
address = {Cham},
series = {Lecture {Notes} of the {Institute} for {Computer} {Sciences}, {Social} {Informatics} and {Telecommunications} {Engineering}},
title = {Identification and {Trust} {Techniques} {Compatible} with {eIDAS} {Regulation}},
isbn = {978-3-030-21373-2},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-21373-2_55},
abstract = {This study presents the current situation (starting with January 2015) related to EU Regulation eIDAS. eIDAS represents the latest EU initiative to build a common framework for electronic identification and trust services. It was the intention of European Council to elaborate and impose a minimal legislation which should guarantee compatibility and interoperability of national identification and trust systems while still allowing the existence of local legal flavors. It is expected that eIDAS will offer safer interactions between various entities (such as private enterprises, public enterprises, citizens, administration) thus contributing to the growth of European market and the improvement of cross-border transactions. Exposure of the current state is combined with suggestions and discussions about improvements to the former eID resulting from the new regulation. A section on the implementation of interoperability framework in some member states gives a first insight into the work which will be required in the next few years for completing the implementation. This paper presents a thorough review of the main identification and trust techniques in eIDAS and the differences to previous or more local similar frameworks.},
language = {en},
booktitle = {Security and {Privacy} in {New} {Computing} {Environments}},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
author = {Mocanu, Stefan and Chiriac, Ana Maria and Popa, Cosmin and Dobrescu, Radu and Saru, Daniela},
editor = {Li, Jin and Liu, Zheli and Peng, Hao},
year = {2019},
keywords = {eIDAS, eID, Electronic signature, Interoperability, Remote signing, Trust, User identification},
pages = {656--665},
}
@article{gerbershagen_analysis_nodate,
title = {Analysis of the {State} of the {Art} and the {Practice} of {Digital} {Credentialing}},
language = {en},
author = {Gerbershagen, Dominik},
file = {Gerbershagen - Analysis of the State of the Art and the Practice .pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/SLHMWSTR/Gerbershagen - Analysis of the State of the Art and the Practice .pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{glaude_trust_2023,
title = {Trust {Spanning} {Protocol}: {Seven} {Key} {Pillars}},
shorttitle = {Trust {Spanning} {Protocol}},
url = {<https://northernblock.io/podcasts/trust-spanning-protocol-seven-key-pillars/>},
abstract = {How does the Trust over IP technology architecture address the internet's shortcomings of security, privacy, authenticity and confidentiality?},
language = {en-US},
urldate = {2023-12-15},
journal = {Northern Block {\\textbar} Self Sovereign Identity Solution Provider},
author = {Glaude, Mathieu},
month = oct,
year = {2023},
}
@inproceedings{bhargav-spantzel_privacy_2006,
address = {New York, NY, USA},
series = {{DIM} '06},
title = {Privacy preserving multi-factor authentication with biometrics},
isbn = {978-1-59593-547-2},
url = {<https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1179529.1179540>},
doi = {10.1145/1179529.1179540},
abstract = {An emerging approach to the problem of reducing the identity theft is represented by the adoption of biometric authentication systems. Such systems however present however several challenges, related to privacy, reliability, security of the biometric data. Inter-operability is also required among the devices used for the authentication. Moreover, very often biometric authentication in itself is not sufficient as a conclusive proof of identity and has to be complemented with multiple other proofs of identity like passwords, SSN, or other user identifiers. Multi-factor authentication mechanisms are thus required to enforce strong authentication based on the biometric and identifiers of other nature.In this paper we provide a two-phase authentication mechanism for federated identity management systems. The first phase consists of a two-factor biometric authentication based on zero knowledge proofs. We employ techniques from vector-space model to generate cryptographic biometric keys. These keys are kept secret, thus preserving the confidentiality of the biometric data, and at the same time exploit the advantages of a biometric authentication. The second authentication combines several authentication factors in conjunction with the biometric to provide a strong authentication. A key advantage of our approach is that any unanticipated combination of factors can be used. Such authentication system leverages the information of the user that are available from the federated identity management system.},
urldate = {2023-12-14},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the second {ACM} workshop on {Digital} identity management},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
author = {Bhargav-Spantzel, Abhilasha and Squicciarini, Anna and Bertino, Elisa},
month = nov,
year = {2006},
keywords = {privacy, authentication, biometrics, identity theft prevention},
pages = {63--72},
}
@inproceedings{bhargav-spantzel_privacy_2006-1,
address = {New York, NY, USA},
series = {{DIM} '06},
title = {Privacy preserving multi-factor authentication with biometrics},
isbn = {978-1-59593-547-2},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1145/1179529.1179540>},
doi = {10.1145/1179529.1179540},
abstract = {An emerging approach to the problem of reducing the identity theft is represented by the adoption of biometric authentication systems. Such systems however present however several challenges, related to privacy, reliability, security of the biometric data. Inter-operability is also required among the devices used for the authentication. Moreover, very often biometric authentication in itself is not sufficient as a conclusive proof of identity and has to be complemented with multiple other proofs of identity like passwords, SSN, or other user identifiers. Multi-factor authentication mechanisms are thus required to enforce strong authentication based on the biometric and identifiers of other nature.In this paper we provide a two-phase authentication mechanism for federated identity management systems. The first phase consists of a two-factor biometric authentication based on zero knowledge proofs. We employ techniques from vector-space model to generate cryptographic biometric keys. These keys are kept secret, thus preserving the confidentiality of the biometric data, and at the same time exploit the advantages of a biometric authentication. The second authentication combines several authentication factors in conjunction with the biometric to provide a strong authentication. A key advantage of our approach is that any unanticipated combination of factors can be used. Such authentication system leverages the information of the user that are available from the federated identity management system.},
urldate = {2023-12-14},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the second {ACM} workshop on {Digital} identity management},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
author = {Bhargav-Spantzel, Abhilasha and Squicciarini, Anna and Bertino, Elisa},
month = nov,
year = {2006},
keywords = {privacy, authentication, biometrics, identity theft prevention},
pages = {63--72},
}
@inproceedings{sel_comparison_2015,
address = {Wiesbaden},
title = {A {Comparison} of {Trust} {Models}},
isbn = {978-3-658-10934-9},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-10934-9_17},
abstract = {This article presents a comparative study of trust models, a term often used without a well-defined specification. Nevertheless, most automated enterprise processes rely on it. Examples include Automated Border Control gates, e-Government systems such as Tax-On-Web, electronic banking and money transfer and many more. We first present a short introduction to trust models. We then propose key terms to describe how trust can be established, and illustrate how these terms can be applied. Finally we compare the trust models created by ICAO PKD, EU eIDAS, US FICAM and Bitcoin, and present a conclusion.},
language = {en},
booktitle = {{ISSE} 2015},
publisher = {Springer Fachmedien},
author = {Sel, Marc},
editor = {Reimer, Helmut and Pohlmann, Norbert and Schneider, Wolfgang},
year = {2015},
keywords = {Computational Trust, Elliptic Curve Cryptography, Identity Service, Trust Model, Visitor Location Register},
pages = {206--215},
}
@article{he_social-network-based_2018,
title = {A {Social}-{Network}-{Based} {Cryptocurrency} {Wallet}-{Management} {Scheme}},
volume = {6},
issn = {2169-3536},
url = {<https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8271996>},
doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2799385},
abstract = {Effective cryptocurrency key management has become an urgent requirement for modern cryptocurrency. Although a large body of cryptocurrency wallet-management schemes has been proposed, they are mostly constructed for specific application scenarios and often suffer from weak security. In this paper, we propose a more effective, usable, and secure cryptocurrency wallet-management system based on semi-trusted social networks, therein allowing users to collaborate with involved parties to achieve some powerful functions and recovery under certain circumstances. Furthermore, we employ an identity-based hierarchical key-insulated encryption scheme to achieve time-sharing authorization and present a semi-trusted portable social-network-based wallet-management scheme that provides the features of security-enhanced storage, portable login on different devices, no-password authentication, flexible key delegation, and so on. The performance analysis shows that our proposed schemes require minimal additional overhead and have low time delays, making them sufficiently efficient for real-world deployment.},
urldate = {2023-12-15},
journal = {IEEE Access},
author = {He, Shuangyu and Wu, Qianhong and Luo, Xizhao and Liang, Zhi and Li, Dawei and Feng, Hanwen and Zheng, Haibin and Li, Yanan},
year = {2018},
note = {Conference Name: IEEE Access},
pages = {7654--7663},
file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/RNNZ2SW3/8271996.html:text/html;IEEE Xplore Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/YSAEZAGJ/He et al. - 2018 - A Social-Network-Based Cryptocurrency Wallet-Manag.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@inproceedings{naik_self-sovereign_2020,
title = {Self-{Sovereign} {Identity} {Specifications}: {Govern} {Your} {Identity} {Through} {Your} {Digital} {Wallet} using {Blockchain} {Technology}},
shorttitle = {Self-{Sovereign} {Identity} {Specifications}},
url = {<https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9126742>},
doi = {10.1109/MobileCloud48802.2020.00021},
abstract = {Digital identity is one of the biggest challenges in cyberspace. This field has been evolving for many decades with a number of Identity Management (IDM) models being proposed and employed; however, few were able to solve the issue of sovereignty of an identity and storage-control of its associated personal and confidential data. Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) was introduced to solve this crucial issue offering a user full sovereignty of their identity and storage-control of their associated personal and confidential data. Alongside ownership of an identity, it maintains all private information in a Digital Wallet which is owned and controlled by the user. However, SSI is an emerging IDM, therefore it requires careful evaluation of various aspects of SSI for it to become an operative IDM. This paper proposes several specifications to evaluate any SSI solution. Subsequently, it analyses two emerging SSI solutions uPort and Sovrin. Finally, an evaluation of uPort and Sovrin SSI is performed utilising the proposed specifications, highlighting their strengths and limitations.},
urldate = {2023-12-15},
booktitle = {2020 8th {IEEE} {International} {Conference} on {Mobile} {Cloud} {Computing}, {Services}, and {Engineering} ({MobileCloud})},
author = {Naik, Nitin and Jenkins, Paul},
month = aug,
year = {2020},
note = {ISSN: 2573-7562},
pages = {90--95},
file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/JNPWVZ7H/9126742.html:text/html;Submitted Version:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/MFL3USY4/Naik and Jenkins - 2020 - Self-Sovereign Identity Specifications Govern You.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{barry_state---art_2022,
title = {State-of-the-art literature review methodology: {A} six-step approach for knowledge synthesis},
volume = {11},
issn = {2212-277X},
shorttitle = {State-of-the-art literature review methodology},
url = {<https://pmejournal.org/articles/10.1007/S40037-022-00725-9>},
doi = {10.1007/S40037-022-00725-9},
abstract = {Introduction Researchers and practitioners rely on literature reviews to synthesize large bodies of knowledge. Many types of literature reviews have been developed, each targeting a\\ specific purpose. However, these syntheses are hampered if the review type’s paradigmatic roots, methods, and markers of rigor are only vaguely understood. One literature review type whose methodology has yet to be elucidated is the state-of-the-art (SotA) review. If medical educators are to harness SotA reviews to generate knowledge syntheses, we must understand and articulate the paradigmatic roots of, and methods for, conducting SotA reviews.
Methods We reviewed 940 articles published between 2014–2021 labeled as SotA reviews. We (a)\\ identified all SotA methods-related resources, (b)\\ examined the foundational principles and techniques underpinning the reviews, and (c)\\ combined our findings to inductively analyze and articulate the philosophical foundations, process steps, and markers of rigor.
Results In the 940 articles reviewed, nearly all manuscripts (98\\%) lacked citations for how to conduct a\\ SotA review. The term “state of the art” was used in 4\\ different ways. Analysis revealed that SotA articles are grounded in relativism and subjectivism.
Discussion This article provides a\\ 6-step approach for conducting SotA reviews. SotA reviews offer an interpretive synthesis that describes: This is where we are now. This is how we got here. This is where we could be going. This chronologically rooted narrative synthesis provides a\\ methodology for reviewing large bodies of literature to explore why and how our current knowledge has developed and to offer new research directions.},
language = {en-US},
number = {5},
urldate = {2023-12-15},
author = {Barry, Erin S. and Merkebu, Jerusalem and Varpio, Lara},
month = sep,
year = {2022},
note = {Number: 5
Publisher: Ubiquity Press},
pages = {1},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/UPIHJEIW/Barry et al. - 2022 - State-of-the-art literature review methodology A .pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{cryptic_labs_llc_palau_2023,
title = {Palau {ID} - {Digital} {Residency} {Program}. {RNS}.{ID}.},
url = {<https://rns.id>},
abstract = {Sovereignty-Backed Identification Card supported by Blockchain and Web 3.0},
language = {en},
urldate = {2023-12-20},
author = {{Cryptic Labs LLC}},
year = {2023},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/48ML5ELP/rns.id.html:text/html},
}
@article{ospanova_digital_2023,
title = {Digital {Economy} as a {Driver} of {Regional} {Integration} to {Achieve} {Esg} {Principles}: the {Case} of the {Eurasian} {Economic} {Union}},
volume = {11},
issn = {2764-4170},
shorttitle = {Digital {Economy} as a {Driver} of {Regional} {Integration} to {Achieve} {Esg} {Principles}},
url = {<https://ojs.journalsdg.org/jlss/article/view/1631>},
doi = {10.55908/sdgs.v11i11.1631},
abstract = {Objective: Analyzing digitalization as an innovation in the government policy of Eurasian Economic Union member states, the authors attempt to establish its further impact on the supranational level of management of the integration association. The researchers also point out the effect of e-government development on the digitalization of integration processes. The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of digitalization in the EAEU and its contribution to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.
Methods: The study employs a comprehensive review of EAEU policies, digitalization projects, and the national strategies of member states related to digital transformation. It also examines data on the economic and social effects of these initiatives.
Results: The article reveals that the EAEU's digitalization efforts have significantly enhanced economic integration, trade efficiency, and the quality of public services. These digital initiatives have also shown promise in addressing environmental challenges and promoting sustainable economic growth. The results underscore the importance of digital infrastructure and cross-sectoral cooperation in achieving these outcomes.
Conclusion: In conclusion, digitalization within the EAEU is proving to be a transformative force, shaping the region's economic landscape and contributing to sustainable development. By embracing digital technologies and fostering collaboration among member states, the EAEU is well-positioned to harness the full potential of the digital economy while addressing critical sustainability issues. To maximize the benefits and mitigate challenges, continued coordination and investment in digital skills and infrastructure are essential for the EAEU's long-term success in the digital era.},
language = {en},
number = {11},
urldate = {2023-12-20},
journal = {Journal of Law and Sustainable Development},
author = {Ospanova, Aigerim and Musina, Gulmira and Nurbayev, Zhaslan and Avcu, Seyit Ali and Sergazin, Erbolat and Chukubayev, Yermek},
month = nov,
year = {2023},
keywords = {"diploma mills", digitalization, EAEU, Eurasian Economic Union, internationalization of higher education, quality of higher education, regional integration},
pages = {e1631--e1631},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/WAEA6834/Ospanova et al. - 2023 - Digital Economy as a Driver of Regional Integratio.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{noauthor_search_2020,
title = {Search results},
url = {<https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/public-register/public-register-search/results/>},
language = {en},
urldate = {2023-12-20},
month = sep,
year = {2020},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/6WB9KG89/results.html:text/html},
}
@misc{european_council_shaping_2019,
title = {Shaping the {DSM}: {Digital} {Single} {Market}.},
url = {<https://web.archive.org/web/20190602035010/https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/policies/shaping-digital-single-market>},
urldate = {2023-12-20},
author = {{European Council}},
month = jun,
year = {2019},
file = {pdf.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/ZRF5RUPR/pdf.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/V6FQ7P6W/shaping-digital-single-market.html:text/html},
}
@misc{european_commission_eu_2023,
title = {{EU} enlargement policy},
url = {<https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/enlargement/>},
abstract = {The EU integrates new members, through the enlargement process once they meet a number of democratic, economic and political conditions.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2023-12-20},
author = {{European Commission}},
month = dec,
year = {2023},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/FB69IGJP/enlargement.html:text/html},
}
@misc{cameron_laws_2007,
title = {The {Laws} of {Identity}},
url = {<https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/dotnet/articles/ms996456(v=msdn.10)>},
language = {en-us},
urldate = {2023-12-20},
journal = {Microsoft Learn},
author = {Cameron, Kim},
month = apr,
year = {2007},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/RH4YXD43/ms996456(v=msdn.html:text/html},
}
@misc{freitag_new_2022,
title = {A new {Privacy} {Preserving} and {Scalable} {Revocation} {Method} for {Self} {Sovereign} {Identity} -- {The} {Perfect} {Revocation} {Method} does not exist yet},
url = {<http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.13041>},
doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2211.13041},
abstract = {Digital Identities are playing an essential role in our digital lives. Today, used Digital Identities are based on central architectures. Central Digital Identity providers control and know our data and, thereby, our Identity. Self Sovereign Identities (SSI) are based on a decentralized data storage and data exchange architecture, where the user is in sole control of his data and identity. Most of the issued credentials need the possibility of revocation. For a Central Digital Identity, revocation is easy. In decentral architectures, revocation is more challenging. Revocation can be done with different methods e.g. lists, compressed lists and cryptographic accumulators. A revocation method must be privacy preserving and must scale. This paper gives an overview about the available revocation methods, include a survey to define requirements, assess different revocation groups against the requirements, highlights shortcomings of the methods and introduce a new revocation method called Linked Validity Verifiable Credentials.},
urldate = {2023-12-21},
publisher = {arXiv},
author = {Freitag, Andreas},
month = nov,
year = {2022},
note = {arXiv:2211.13041 [cs]},
keywords = {Computer Science - Cryptography and Security, Computer Science - Computers and Society},
file = {arXiv Fulltext PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/V65WHPWZ/Freitag - 2022 - A new Privacy Preserving and Scalable Revocation M.pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/Z4WU5MC9/2211.html:text/html},
}
@article{reynolds_tracking_2017,
title = {Tracking digital footprints: anonymity within the bitcoin system},
volume = {20},
issn = {1368-5201},
shorttitle = {Tracking digital footprints},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-07-2016-0027>},
doi = {10.1108/JMLC-07-2016-0027},
abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to critically analyse research surrounding the anonymity of online transactions using Bitcoin and report on the feasibility of law enforcement bodies tracing illicit transactions back to a user’s real-life identity. Design/methodology/approach The design of this paper follows on from the approach taken by Reid and Harrigan (2013) in determining whether identifying information may be collated with external sources of data to identify individual users. In addition to conducting a detailed literature review surrounding the anonymity of users, and the potential ability to track transactions through the blockchain, four Bitcoin exchange services are examined to ascertain whether information provided at the sign-up stage is sufficiently verified and reliable. By doing so, this research tests the ability for law enforcement to reasonably rely upon this information when attempting to prosecute individuals. Additionally, by submitting fake information for verification, the plausibility of these services accepting fraudulent or illegitimate information is also tested. Findings It may be possible to identify and prosecute bad actors through the analysis of transaction histories by tracing them back to an interaction with a Bitcoin exchange. However, the compliance and implementation of anti-money laundering legislation and customer identification security standards are insufficiently used within some exchange services, resulting in more technologically adept, or well-funded, criminals being able to circumvent identification controls and continue to transact without revealing their identities. The introduction of and compliance with know-your customer and customer due diligence legislation is required before law enforcement bodies may be able to accurately rely on information provided to a Bitcoin exchange. This paper highlights the need for research to be undertaken to examine the ways in which criminals are circumventing identity controls and, consequently, financing their illicit activities. Originality/value By ascertaining the types of information submitted by users when exchanging real currency for virtual currency, and seeing whether this information may be accepted despite being fraudulent in nature, this paper elucidates the reliability of information that law enforcement bodies may be able to access when tracing transactions back to an individual actor.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2023-12-21},
journal = {Journal of Money Laundering Control},
author = {Reynolds, Perri and Irwin, Angela S.M.},
month = jan,
year = {2017},
note = {Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited},
keywords = {Bitcoin, Anonymity, Cryptocurrency, Cybercrime, Digital currency, Terrorism financing},
pages = {172--189},
}
@article{teichmann_cryptocurrencies_2020,
title = {Cryptocurrencies and financial crime: solutions from {Liechtenstein}},
volume = {24},
issn = {1368-5201},
shorttitle = {Cryptocurrencies and financial crime},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-05-2020-0060>},
doi = {10.1108/JMLC-05-2020-0060},
abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how cryptocurrencies are being used as a vehicle for financial crime (such as money laundering, terrorist financing and corruption) and propose a more effective international standard for regulation that uses the Liechtenstein blockchain act as a benchmark. Design/methodology/approach This paper investigates how cryptocurrencies facilitate financial crime through a qualitative study consisting of interviews with 10 presumed providers of illegal financial services and 18 international compliance experts. Findings This study shows that cryptocurrencies are a highly suitable vehicle for money laundering, terrorist financing and corruption and that current compliance efforts in the cryptocurrency sector are ineffective. Research limitations/implications The presented findings illustrate that for a more effective combat of financial crime via cryptocurrency, an international standard for blockchain and cryptocurrency regulation must be created. This paper suggests that Liechtenstein’s innovative and comprehensive blockchain act could be used as a basis for said standard. Practitioners should also consider cooperating transnationally when prosecuting financial crime via cryptocurrency. Originality/value The fact that cryptocurrencies facilitate financial crime is widely known. However, this study combines the perspectives of both compliance experts and presumed criminals to gain a comprehensive understanding of the techniques that money launderers, terrorist financiers and corrupt public officials use. This paper examines the potential for the innovative Liechtenstein blockchain act, which has, thus, far not received empirical attention, to set the benchmark for international regulations.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2024-01-05},
journal = {Journal of Money Laundering Control},
author = {Teichmann, Fabian Maximilian Johannes and Falker, Marie-Christin},
month = jan,
year = {2020},
note = {Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited},
keywords = {Bitcoin, Blockchain, Corruption, Money laundering, Cryptocurrency, Financial crime, Liechtenstein blockchain act, Terrorist financing},
pages = {775--788},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/GSVLN9B8/html.html:text/html},
}
@misc{noauthor_regulation_2023,
title = {Regulation ({EU}) 2023/1114 of the {European} {Parliament} and of the {Council} of 31 {May} 2023 on markets in crypto-assets, and amending {Regulations} ({EU}) {No} 1093/2010 and ({EU}) {No} 1095/2010 and {Directives} 2013/36/{EU} and ({EU}) 2019/1937 ({Text} with {EEA} relevance)},
url = {<http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1114/oj/eng>},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-01-05},
month = may,
year = {2023},
note = {Legislative Body: EP, CONSIL},
file = {EUR-Lex PDF (EN):/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/CK67NLAF/2023 - Regulation (EU) 20231114 of the European Parliame.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{scharpf_community_1994,
title = {Community and autonomy: {Multi}-level policy-making in the {European} {Union}},
volume = {1},
shorttitle = {Community and autonomy},
doi = {10.1080/13501769408406956},
abstract = {The completion of the internal market reduces the capacity of member states to shape the collective fate of their citizens through their own policies, while the policy‐making capacity of the European Community cannot be increased sufficiently to compensate for the loss of state control at the national level. If European economic integration nevertheless depends on policy co‐ordination, there is a need for co‐ordination techniques which impose minimal constraints on the autonomous problem‐solving capacities of member states. These depend, in turn, on the willingness of member states to pursue their own policy goals in ways which impose minimal constraints on free movement within the European market.},
journal = {Journal of European Public Policy - J EUR PUBLIC POLICY},
author = {Scharpf, Fritz},
month = aug,
year = {1994},
pages = {219--242},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/XSDSSGLL/Scharpf - 1994 - Community and autonomy Multi-level policy-making .pdf:application/pdf},
}
@incollection{ray_dont_2004,
title = {Don’t rock the boat: {Expectations}, fears, and opposition to {EU}-level policy-making},
isbn = {978-0-521-82779-9},
shorttitle = {Don’t rock the boat},
abstract = {The proper extension of the power of the EU – the exact domains in which decisions should be taken at the European level rather than by national or subnational authorities – remains a contentious issue. While the existence of the EU is uncontested, the scope of EU authority is an element of political dispute. Some scholars have examined this new political question and tried to make sense of it as a novel political issue, weakly or not related to traditional ideas and ideologies. Public opinion research on the European electorate has found support for European integration to be organized along two separate dimensions, one left/right, the other pro-/anti-Europe (Hix 1999b; Gabel and Anderson, this volume). Other research on political parties has demonstrated that the issue of European integration fits into existing political cleavages and Weltanschauung. Marks, Wilson, and Ray find that support for the EU is related to traditional party families (2002). Hooghe, Marks, and Wilson (chapter 6, this volume) find a relationship with the “new politics” dimension. Data on the European Parliament also suggest the importance of the left/right dimension in structuring contestation within this eminently European body (Thomassen, Noury, and Voeten, chapter 7). I argue that a new European dimension in the political landscape is neither unrelated (orthogonal) to the traditional ideologies which have structured European politics, nor coterminous with them. Instead, the relationship between ideology and support for EU decision-making varies systematically according to the expected impact of EU decision-making on policies voters hold dear.},
author = {Ray, Leonard},
month = feb,
year = {2004},
doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511492013.005},
pages = {51--61},
}
@book{majone_regulating_1996,
address = {London, UNITED KINGDOM},
title = {Regulating {Europe}},
isbn = {978-0-203-43919-7},
url = {<http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ummt/detail.action?docID=166906>},
urldate = {2024-01-08},
publisher = {Taylor \\& Francis Group},
author = {Majone, Giandomenico},
year = {1996},
keywords = {Case studies},
file = {ProQuest Ebook Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/V65WMFLC/reader.html:text/html},
}
@article{majone_rise_1994,
title = {The rise of the regulatory state in {Europe}},
volume = {17},
issn = {0140-2382},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1080/01402389408425031>},
doi = {10.1080/01402389408425031},
abstract = {Privatization and deregulation have created the conditions for the rise of the regulatory state to replace the dirigiste state of the past. Reliance on regulation ‐ rather than public ownership, planning or centralised administration — characterises the methods of the regulatory state. This study examines the growth of regulation in Europe, at the national and Community levels. It stresses the advantages of this mode of policy making, but also recognises its problems. It is suggested that political accountability can be ensured by a variety of substantive and procedural controls, among which judicial review is especially important. Executive oversight and co‐ordination may be improved by using new tools of public management like the regulatory budget or the regulatory clearing house.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2024-01-08},
journal = {West European Politics},
author = {Majone, Giandomenico},
month = jul,
year = {1994},
note = {Publisher: Routledge
\\_eprint: <https://doi.org/10.1080/01402389408425031>},
pages = {77--101},
}
@incollection{laudati_european_1996,
title = {The {European} {Commission} as regulator: the uncertain pursuit of the competitive market},
isbn = {978-0-203-43919-7},
shorttitle = {The {European} {Commission} as regulator},
abstract = {The founding fathers of the European Community recognized the importance
of competitive markets for the achievement of an open and liberal economic
union. To this end, they incorporated the notion of ‘undistorted competition’
into the Treaty of Rome as one of the fundamental objectives of the
Community, together with basic competition rules as the means to achieve it.
Antitrust enforcement has, however, always been uncertain in the Community,
partly because the enforcement mechanism in the Treaty reflects many of the
institutional flaws typical of the European regulatory tradition. The enforcing
institution, the Commission, is a body of political appointees from each of the
member states. Its substantive responsibilities cover the full range of areas in
which the Community has been delegated power. It is not immune to political
influence, both from the member states and within the Commission itself, and
the degree of transparency in its decision-making is not sufficient to ensure
public accountability. Moreover, most member states do not have a firmly
rooted antitrust tradition. Rather, antitrust enforcement as a means of
regulation is a relatively recent phenomenon through most of the Community.
The old habits of direct government intervention in the economy, which
remain from the era of nationalization, are evident in the Commission’s
enforcement of competition laws. Factors other than competition-related
criteria, particularly those related to social and industrial policy, are frequently
considered by the Commission in its application of the antitrust rules.},
booktitle = {Regulating {Europe}},
publisher = {Routledge},
author = {Laudati, Laraine},
year = {1996},
note = {Num Pages: 34},
}
@misc{noauthor_register_nodate,
title = {Register of {Commission} expert groups and other similar entities},
url = {<https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/expert-groups-register/screen/expert-groups/consult?lang=en&groupID=3032>},
urldate = {2024-01-08},
file = {Register of Commission expert groups and other similar entities:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/W29UVDYF/consult.html:text/html},
}
@misc{european_commission_register_2023,
title = {Register of {Commission} expert groups and other similar entities. {eIDAS} {Expert} {Group} ({E03032}) - {Number} of {Members}.},
url = {<https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/expert-groups-register/screen/expert-groups/consult?lang=en&groupID=3032>},
urldate = {2024-01-08},
author = {{European Commission}},
month = oct,
year = {2023},
file = {Register of Commission expert groups and other similar entities:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/L7H7KGJW/consult.html:text/html},
}
@techreport{o_suilleabhain_small_2014,
title = {Small {States} at the {UN}},
url = {<https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep09619.6>},
urldate = {2024-01-08},
institution = {International Peace Institute},
author = {Ó Súilleabháin, Andrea},
year = {2014},
pages = {3--4},
file = {JSTOR Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/CAGNCBEJ/Ó Súilleabháin - 2014 - Small States at the UN.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{european_commission_facts_nodate,
title = {Facts and figures, {EU} demographics {\\textbar} {European} {Union}},
url = {<https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/key-facts-and-figures/life-eu_en>},
abstract = {Find out statistics on the size and population of EU countries and on the quality of living, education and transport and energy systems within the EU.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-01-08},
author = {{European Commission}},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/F9WUSZM4/life-eu_en.html:text/html},
}
@book{bray_making_1991,
title = {Making small practical: the organisation and management of {Ministries} of {Education} in small states},
shorttitle = {Making small practical},
abstract = {How should one organise a ministry of education which has only a small group of professional staff? Officers must become multifunctional; but what tasks should be grouped together, and how? What styles of management are needed for the highly personalised nature of small states, in which individuals have multiple out-of-work relationships as well as formal in-work ones? What arrangements can be made for career paths in a small organisation? And how can small ministries best manage the demands of regional and international linkages?
These are among the questions addressed in this book. It is the product of a pan-Commonwealth project in which officers from small ministries contributed practical insights. Experiences have been distilled and analysed, and are presented in a lively and readable format for both administrators and trainers.
The companion study, Ministries of Education in Small States: Case Studies of Organisation and Management, contains 14 case studies in a country by country format.},
author = {Bray, Mark},
month = jan,
year = {1991},
note = {Journal Abbreviation: <http://lst-iiep.iiep-unesco.org/cgi-bin/wwwi32.exe/[in=epidoc1.in]/?t2000=003622/(100)>
Publication Title: <http://lst-iiep.iiep-unesco.org/cgi-bin/wwwi32.exe/[in=epidoc1.in]/?t2000=003622/(100)>},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/YDYATQLS/Bray - 1991 - Making small practical the organisation and manag.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{noauthor_one_2007,
title = {One of the characteristics of the contemporary, knowledge saturated world is that, the smaller a country or territory, the mor},
language = {en},
year = {2007},
file = {2007 - One of the characteristics of the contemporary, kn.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/2R82N9JF/2007 - One of the characteristics of the contemporary, kn.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{noauthor_pdf_nodate,
title = {{PDF} view of the file 9781848598881-12-en.pdf},
url = {<https://www.thecommonwealth-ilibrary.org/index.php/comsec/catalog/view/808/808/6509>},
language = {en-US},
urldate = {2024-01-08},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/VL4DTVKM/6509.html:text/html},
}
@misc{noauthor_no_nodate,
title = {[{No} title found]},
}
@book{noauthor_commonwealth_2007,
title = {Commonwealth {Small} {States}},
isbn = {978-1-84859-888-1},
url = {<https://www.thecommonwealth-ilibrary.org/index.php/comsec/catalog/book/808>},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-01-08},
publisher = {OECD Publishing},
month = apr,
year = {2007},
doi = {10.14217/9781848598881-en},
file = {Full Text:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/GTBQBZMJ/2007 - Commonwealth Small States.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{ringe_policy_2005,
title = {Policy {Preference} {Formation} in {Legislative} {Politics}: {Structures}, {Actors}, and {Focal} {Points}},
volume = {49},
issn = {0092-5853},
shorttitle = {Policy {Preference} {Formation} in {Legislative} {Politics}},
url = {<https://www.jstor.org/stable/3647693>},
doi = {10.2307/3647693},
abstract = {This article introduces a model of policy preference formation in legislative politics. Emphasizing a dynamic relationship between structure, agent, and decision-making process, it ties the question of policy choice to the dimensionality of the normative and cognitive political space and the strategic actions of parliamentary agenda setters. The model proposes that structural factors, such as ideology, shape policy preferences to the extent that legislative actors successfully link them to specific policy proposals through the strategic provision of focal points. These ideas or images shift attention toward particular aspects of a legislative proposal, thus shaping the dominant interpretation of its content and consequences. This interpretation affects both individual-level policy preferences and policy outcomes. The propositions of the focal-point model are tested empirically in a detailed examination of European Union legislation on cross-border takeover bids, using both qualitative and quantitative methods.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2024-01-08},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
author = {Ringe, Nils},
year = {2005},
note = {Publisher: [Midwest Political Science Association, Wiley]},
pages = {731--745},
file = {Accepted Version:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/4TLBLKJ4/Ringe - 2005 - Policy Preference Formation in Legislative Politic.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{noauthor_policy_nodate,
title = {Policy {Preference} {Formation} in {Legislative} {Politics}: {Structures}, {Actors}, and {Focal} {Points} on {JSTOR}},
url = {<https://www.jstor.org/stable/3647693?oauth_data=eyJlbWFpbCI6ImJlbi5iaWVkZXJtYW5uLjIwQHVtLmVkdS5tdCIsImluc3RpdHV0aW9uSWRzIjpbXSwicHJvdmlkZXIiOiJnb29nbGUifQ#>},
urldate = {2024-01-08},
file = {login:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/T4E9ZTYI/3647693.html:text/html},
}
@incollection{richardson_actor-based_1996,
title = {Actor-based models of national and {EU} policy making},
isbn = {978-0-203-43880-0},
abstract = {MULTIPLE POLICY STAKEHOLDERS IN THE EXERCISE OF
‘LOOSE-JOINTED’ POWER
One of the main attributes of the nation state is the ability to make ‘authoritative
allocations’ for society in the Eastonian fashion. In practice this means an
ability to formulate and implement public policy programmes governing the
operation of society. Whether the European Union (EU) can be considered a
fully fledged state is not the concern of this chapter. However, it is beyond
dispute that the EU has acquired for itself at least the policy-making attributes
of a modern state, across an increasingly wide range of policy sectors. Indeed,
much of the criticism of the EC during the Maastricht debates was centred
upon the alleged excessive policy making role of the EC in general and of the
Commission in particular. The anti-Maastricht argument was that the EC had
become a ‘nanny’ state, over-regulating the economic and social life of member
states. In practice, the erosion of national autonomy means the erosion of the
power of the member states to decide much of their public policy via domestic
policy-making processes.},
booktitle = {The {European} {Union} and {National} {Industrial} {Policy}},
publisher = {Routledge},
author = {Richardson, Jeremy},
year = {1996},
note = {Num Pages: 26},
}
@article{haelg_role_2020,
title = {The role of actors in the policy design process: introducing design coalitions to explain policy output},
volume = {53},
issn = {1573-0891},
shorttitle = {The role of actors in the policy design process},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-019-09365-z>},
doi = {10.1007/s11077-019-09365-z},
abstract = {Despite a renaissance of policy design thinking in public policy literature and a renewed interest in agency in the policy process literature, agency in the policy design process has, so far, not received systematic attention. Understanding the agency at play when designing policy, however, is crucial for better comprehension of policy design choices and variation in policy design across cases. Here, we build on the hierarchical structure of design elements that constitute each policy and analyse how actors position themselves during a policy design process in relation to individual design elements. Our aim is to establish different actors’ roles in shaping the policy output in an inductive, single-case study using the empirical case of the Swiss renewable energy feed-in tariff. Notably, we find agency in the form of coalitions which emerge around particular design elements. Based on our representative analysis, we derive the generalisable concept of design coalitions that we define as relational structures of actors who gather around and advocate for specific policy design elements during the policy design process. Policy design coalitions are dynamic throughout the design process and strategic and constitute the determinants in translating policy problems into final policy designs during policy designing. Our approach allows us to shed light on the role of agency in the policy design process in general.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2024-01-08},
journal = {Policy Sciences},
author = {Haelg, Leonore and Sewerin, Sebastian and Schmidt, Tobias S.},
month = jun,
year = {2020},
keywords = {Actor coalitions, Agency, Design elements, Energy policy, Policy design, Sequencing},
pages = {309--347},
file = {Accepted Version:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/MGIJFBWC/Haelg et al. - 2020 - The role of actors in the policy design process i.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{noauthor_common_nodate,
title = {Common {Goods}: {Reinventing} {European} {Integration} {Governance} - {Adrienne} {Héritier} - {Google} {Books}},
url = {<https://books.google.ru/books?hl=en&lr=&id=TdmxAAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA185&dq=EU%2Bpolicy+making%2Bfor%2Btechnology%2Bactor&ots=tc-aZSkctb&sig=j1EXPyu8ZWCBVv_pXc_02f3uhTM&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=EU%2Bpolicy%20making%2Bfor%2Btechnology%2Bactor&f=false>},
urldate = {2024-01-08},
file = {Common Goods\\: Reinventing European Integration Governance - Adrienne Héritier - Google Books:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/6U9DMN36/books.html:text/html},
}
@incollection{majone_rise_1994-1,
title = {The {Rise} of the {Regulatory} {State} in {Europe}},
isbn = {978-1-315-03747-9},
abstract = {Regulation of the competitive behaviour of the privatized industries is further strengthened by the availability of the competition law of the European Community which offers considerably more powerful remedies than are available under British law. A paradoxical consequence of the international debate about privatization and deregulation has been to focus the attention of European policy makers and scholars on regulation as a distinctive mode of state intervention in the economy and society. Deregulation often means less restrictive or rigid regulation: a search for ways of achieving the relevant regulatory objectives by less burdensome methods of government intervention, as when command-and-control methods are replaced by economic incentives. In a useful survey paper on 'Regulation in Theory and Practice', J. Joskow and G. Noll call 'normative analysis as a positive theory' the theory which regards market failure as the motivating reason for the introduction of public regulation.},
booktitle = {The {State} in {Western} {Europe}},
publisher = {Routledge},
author = {Majone, Giandomenico},
year = {1994},
note = {Num Pages: 25},
}
@misc{noauthor_rise_nodate,
title = {The rise of the regulatory state in {Europe}: {West} {European} {Politics}: {Vol} 17, {No} 3},
url = {<https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01402389408425031>},
urldate = {2024-01-08},
file = {The rise of the regulatory state in Europe\\: West European Politics\\: Vol 17, No 3:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/N5MXJJMG/01402389408425031.html:text/html},
}
@misc{noauthor_6_nodate,
title = {(6) ({PDF}) {Making} small practical: the organisation and management of {Ministries} of {Education} in small states},
url = {<https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44817240_Making_small_practical_the_organisation_and_management_of_Ministries_of_Education_in_small_states>},
urldate = {2024-01-08},
}
@misc{noauthor_pdf_nodate-1,
title = {{PDF} view of the file 9781848598881-en.pdf},
url = {<https://www.thecommonwealth-ilibrary.org/index.php/comsec/catalog/view/808/808/6497>},
urldate = {2024-01-08},
file = {PDF.js viewer:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/GVYB2KTI/6497.html:text/html},
}
@misc{european_commission_departments_2023,
title = {Departments and executive agencies. {Directorate}-{General} {Connect}. {Communications} {Networks}, {Content} and {Technology}},
url = {<https://commission.europa.eu/about-european-commission/departments-and-executive-agencies_en>},
abstract = {Find out where to access more information about the European Commission's departments and executive agencies and about their responsibilities.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-01-09},
author = {{European Commission}},
month = dec,
year = {2023},
file = {DG CONNECT Organisation Chart 2023.12.16 - English.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/PMNC8FIQ/DG CONNECT Organisation Chart 2023.12.16 - English.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/3HKKT6EN/departments-and-executive-agencies_en.html:text/html},
}
@article{hudson_health_nodate,
title = {Health and {Digital} {Executive} {Agency}},
language = {en},
author = {Hudson, Matthew},
file = {Hudson - Health and Digital Executive Agency.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/M8JVGZI9/Hudson - Health and Digital Executive Agency.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{european_commission_european_2021,
title = {European {Health} and {Digital} {Executive} {Agency}. {Leadership} and organisation.},
url = {<https://commission.europa.eu/about-european-commission/departments-and-executive-agencies/european-health-and-digital-executive-agency_en>},
abstract = {HaDEA addresses the Commission’s ambition to rebuild a post-COVID-19 Europe that will be greener, more digital, and more resilient to challenges.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-01-09},
author = {{European Commission}},
month = aug,
year = {2021},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/LQRN9FCU/european-health-and-digital-executive-agency_en.html:text/html},
}
@misc{european_commission_material_2022-1,
title = {Material for the call to provide "{Support} to the implementation of the {European} {Digital} {Framework}"},
url = {<https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/material-call-provide-support-implementation-european-digital-framework>},
abstract = {The material available include presentations, pitches and information collected from the two Webinars dedicated to the call. Using the call's link, you will also have access to the FAQ section for additional information and clarifications.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-01-09},
author = {{European Commission}},
month = mar,
year = {2022},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/9V3GT7YL/material-call-provide-support-implementation-european-digital-framework.html:text/html},
}
@misc{statista_gdp_2023,
title = {{GDP} of {EU} member states 2022},
url = {<https://www.statista.com/statistics/1373346/eu-gdp-member-states-2022/>},
abstract = {The European Union is comprised of 27 member states who share the European Single Market, a common trade area which ensures the free movement of goods, services, capital, and people.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-01-09},
author = {{Statista}},
month = mar,
year = {2023},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/JTKQD4PH/eu-gdp-member-states-2022.html:text/html},
}
@misc{eurostat_population_2023,
title = {Population change. {Demographic} balance and crude rates at national level},
url = {<https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/DEMO_GIND__custom_7127262/default/table>},
urldate = {2024-01-11},
author = {{Eurostat}},
month = nov,
year = {2023},
file = {table:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/P9JD9CSC/table.html:text/html},
}
@article{sullivan_e-residency_2017,
title = {E-residency and blockchain},
volume = {33},
issn = {0267-3649},
url = {<https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364917300845>},
doi = {10.1016/j.clsr.2017.03.016},
abstract = {In December 2014, Estonia became the first nation to open its digital borders to enable anyone, anywhere in the world to apply to become an e-Resident. Estonian e-Residency is essentially a commercial initiative. The e-ID issued to Estonian e-Residents enables commercial activities with the public and private sectors. It does not provide citizenship in its traditional sense, and the e-ID provided to e-Residents is not a travel document. However, in many ways it is an international ‘passport’ to the virtual world. E-Residency is a profound change and the recent announcement that the Estonian government is now partnering with Bitnation to offer a public notary service to Estonian e-Residents based on blockchain technology is of significance. The application of blockchain to e-Residency has the potential to fundamentally change the way identity information is controlled and authenticated. This paper examines the legal, policy, and technical implications of this development.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2024-01-12},
journal = {Computer Law \\& Security Review},
author = {Sullivan, Clare and Burger, Eric},
month = aug,
year = {2017},
keywords = {Blockchain, KYC, Data protection, Digital identity, E-Residency, Right to identity},
pages = {470--481},
file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/K9HN5AJA/S0267364917300845.html:text/html},
}
@article{tammpuu_estonian_2022,
title = {Estonian {E}-{Residency} and {Conceptions} of {Platformbased} {State}-{Individual} {Relationship}},
copyright = {© 2022. This work is published under <http://www.kirj.ee/13169/> (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.},
issn = {14060922},
url = {<https://www.proquest.com/docview/2737499954/abstract/4AD688E366784FCAPQ/1>},
doi = {10.3176/tr.2022.1.01},
abstract = {Abstract. This study explores how government-supported digital ID systems evoke novel conceptions of platform-based state-individual relationship by drawing on the concept of platformization and Estonian e-residency as the empirical case. E-residency is a policy concept introduced by the Estonian government, which allows foreigners to apply for a state-issued digital ID in order to gain remote access to Estonian public and private e-services. Based on qualitative interviews with individuals having an e-resident digi-ID, we examine the ways in which they construe e-residency from the perspective of state-individual relationship. Our findings indicate that apart from a transactional service-based relationship, being an e-resident can also imply a sense of membership in the state and thus serve as a basis for transnational belonging. Hence, the digital state is not only perceived as a platform manager and a service provider, but also as a membership organisation enacting its rules of inclusion through its digital ID schemes.},
language = {English},
urldate = {2024-01-12},
author = {Tammpuu, Piia 1 and Masso, Anu 1 and Ibrahimi, Mergime 2 and Abaku, Tam 2 1 University of Tartu 2 Tallinn University of Technology},
year = {2022},
note = {Num Pages: 3-21
Publisher: Teaduste Akadeemia Kirjastus (Estonian Academy Publishers)},
pages = {3--21},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/2CW35I9S/Tammpuu et al. - 2022 - Estonian E-Residency and Conceptions of Platformba.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{sullivan_digital_2018,
title = {Digital identity – {From} emergent legal concept to new reality},
volume = {34},
issn = {0267-3649},
url = {<https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364918302024>},
doi = {10.1016/j.clsr.2018.05.015},
abstract = {Over the past decade, digital identity has gone from a largely unrecognized emergent legal concept to something that is now well known, but still not fully understood. Most individuals now know that they have a digital identity but its legal nature, its transactional functions, and its implications now and for the future, are not generally well understood. This article tracks the emergence of digital identity from the time it was recognized as a new legal and commercial concept to the present time; and outlines its impact and significance for individuals, governments, the private sector and even what is means to be a nation and a citizen in the digital era. The author recounts her experience in recognizing the implications of digital identity in 2006 to its current importance and the implications of future evolutions including an international digital identity, the groundwork for which is being laid now.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2024-01-12},
journal = {Computer Law \\& Security Review},
author = {Sullivan, Clare},
month = aug,
year = {2018},
keywords = {Security, Privacy, Digital identity, International digital identity, Right to Identity},
pages = {723--731},
}
@techreport{poleshchuk_making_2020,
title = {‘{Making} {Estonia} {Bigger}’: {What} {E}-{Residency} in {E}-{Estonia} {Can} {Do} for {You}, {What} {It} {Can} {Do} for {Estonia}},
shorttitle = {‘{Making} {Estonia} {Bigger}’},
url = {<https://investmentmigration.org/policy/making-estonia-bigger-what-e-residency-in-e-estonia-can-do-for-you-what-it-can-do-for-estonia/>},
abstract = {Estonia became the first country in the world to offer non-residents a transnational digital identity (e-resident’s digital identity card) that seeks to promote and develop the Estonian economy, science, education and culture. Principle benefits associated with e-residency are secure electronic authentication and access to e-services by public or private providers. Considering the importance of direct foreign investments in Estonian economy, national authorities singled out services related to online establishment and distant administration of businesses. e-residency reflects a major trend of convergence of legal regulation and practice related to ‘virtual’ and ‘real’ formats of everyday human activities.},
language = {en-GB},
urldate = {2024-01-12},
author = {Poleshchuk, Vadim},
month = sep,
year = {2020},
file = {Poleshchuk - ‘Making Estonia Bigger’ What E-Residency in E-Est.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/ZWR7LR9G/Poleshchuk - ‘Making Estonia Bigger’ What E-Residency in E-Est.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/BK3BFKMN/making-estonia-bigger-what-e-residency-in-e-estonia-can-do-for-you-what-it-can-do-for-estonia.html:text/html},
}
@article{tammpuu_welcome_2018,
title = {‘{Welcome} to the virtual state’: {Estonian} e-residency and the digitalised state as a commodity},
volume = {21},
issn = {1367-5494},
shorttitle = {‘{Welcome} to the virtual state’},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549417751148>},
doi = {10.1177/1367549417751148},
abstract = {In this article, we examine the reconstruction and commodification of the national space through digital technologies by using the case of Estonian e-residency. E-residency or ‘virtual residency’ is an initiative of the Estonian government which gives foreigners global access to Estonian e-services via state-issued digital identity. We explore the ways in which the ideas of the ‘virtual state’ and ‘virtual residency’ have been employed for purposes of nation branding and national reputation management, and how the different logics of nation branding and nation building combined in the concept of e-residency have been negotiated in the national context. The study draws on a qualitative textual analysis of the official website of e-residency directed at foreign audiences and the national media coverage of the project addressing domestic publics. The analysis indicates that while the imagery constructed around the notions of the ‘virtual state’ and ‘virtual residency’ makes it possible to turn the national space into a commodity, presented outwards as a globally extensible and open transnational space, domestically it makes it possible to appeal to ‘intact national space’ and to legitimise e-residency as a ‘socio-culturally safe’, digitally mediated internationalisation of the society. This article forms part of the Theorizing Media in Nation Branding Special Issue.},
language = {en},
number = {5},
urldate = {2024-01-12},
journal = {European Journal of Cultural Studies},
author = {Tammpuu, Piia and Masso, Anu},
month = oct,
year = {2018},
note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd},
pages = {543--560},
}
@book{bastian_combination_2022,
title = {Combination of x509 and {DID}/{VC} for inheritance properties of trust in digital identities},
abstract = {The proposal for review of the eIDAS Regulation from 2021 has opened strong expectations for a deep change in traditional identity models. The user-centric identity model proposed starts with the creation of European Digital Identity Wallets that will enable citizens' control over their data in identification and authentication processes without control by entities providing the identification services. Likewise digital identities and digital signatures are in place and interoperability between existing solutions mainly based on x509 certificates and decentralized PKI using DID/VC foreseeable. The paper provides various options to address different aspects in combining x509 and DID/VC approaches.},
author = {Bastian, Paul and Stöcker, Carsten and Schwalm, Steffen},
month = jul,
year = {2022},
doi = {10.18420/OID2022_13},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/79PZQEWF/Bastian et al. - 2022 - Combination of x509 and DIDVC for inheritance pro.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{link_to_external_site_eidas_2022,
title = {The {eIDAS} {Regulation}: {A} {Survey} of {Technological} {Trends} for {European} {Electronic} {Identity} {Schemes}},
copyright = {© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/>). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.},
shorttitle = {The {eIDAS} {Regulation}},
url = {<https://www.proquest.com/docview/2756661357/abstract/F4E7E373D207421DPQ/1>},
doi = {10.3390/app122412679},
abstract = {The eIDAS regulation aims to provide an interoperable European framework to enable EU citizens to authenticate and communicate with services of other Member States by using their national electronic identity. While a number of high-level requirements (e.g., related to privacy and security) are established to make interoperability among Member States possible, the eIDAS regulation does not explicitly specify the technologies that can be adopted during the development phase to meet the requirements as mentioned earlier. To the best of our knowledge, there is no work available in the literature investigating the technological trends within the notified eIDAS electronic identity schemes used by Member States. To fill this gap, this paper analyzes how the different technological trends of notified schemes satisfy the requirements of the eIDAS regulation. To do this, we define a set of research questions that allow us to investigate the correlations between different design dimensions such as security, privacy, and usability. Based on these findings, we provide a set of lessons learned that would be valuable to the security community, as they can provide useful insights on how to more efficiently protect interoperable national digital identities. Furthermore, we provide a brief overview regarding the new eIDAS regulation (eIDAS 2.0) that aims to provide a more privacy-preserving electronic identity solution by moving from a centralized approach to a decentralized one.},
language = {English},
urldate = {2024-01-12},
author = {Link to external site, this link will open in a new tab and Link to external site, this link will open in a new tab and Link to external site, this link will open in a new tab and Link to external site, this link will open in a new tab and Link to external site, this link will open in a new tab and Link to external site, this link will open in a new tab},
year = {2022},
note = {Num Pages: 12679
Publisher: MDPI AG},
pages = {12679},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/K5MQZ6PM/Link to external site et al. - 2022 - The eIDAS Regulation A Survey of Technological Tr.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@inproceedings{czerny_towards_2023,
address = {New York, NY, USA},
series = {{DGO} '23},
title = {Towards a {Mobile}-{First} {Cross}-{Border} {eID} {Framework}},
isbn = {9798400708374},
url = {<https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3598469.3598562>},
doi = {10.1145/3598469.3598562},
abstract = {The eIDAS technical framework has been successfully enabling cross-border e-government processes for many years. When initially conceived, today’s user habits and the prevalence and ubiquity of smartphones was nothing but a glimmer on the horizon. As a consequence, the concepts, technologies chosen, and technical standards used to carry out cross-border authentication were designed and chosen with browser-based user flows in mind. In this context, the network of eIDAS nodes and the interfaces defined to integrate them with all kinds of different national eID systems has stood the test of time. At the same time, however, transitioning these workflows to a mobile setting presents various significant challenges: Instead of using a single application (a web browser) to orchestrate the interaction of eID systems, eIDAS nodes and e-government service frontends (mostly using SAML), users are accustomed to using distinct native apps for every service and for interacting with eID systems. This work discusses different concepts essential for transitioning from such browser-based user flows to native app-to-app communication and combines them into a coherent concept. It presents a framework, which maintains browser compatibility, while at the same time providing all the benefits of native mobile apps, taking currently deployed eIDAS-based cross-border authentication to the next level by making it mobile-first, all without requiring invasive changes to existing infrastructure. As will be shown, a slew of technical constraints to overcome makes this a lofty goal, especially considering the heterogeneity of national eID systems which must obviously integrate well with the proposed concept.},
urldate = {2024-01-11},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 24th {Annual} {International} {Conference} on {Digital} {Government} {Research}},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
author = {Czerny, Roland and Kollmann, Christian and Podgorelec, Blaz and Prunster, Bernd and Zefferer, Thomas},
month = jul,
year = {2023},
keywords = {eIDAS, eGovernment, mGovernment, mobile cross-border authentication},
pages = {526--535},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/Q7VBFADK/Czerny et al. - 2023 - Towards a Mobile-First Cross-Border eID Framework.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@inproceedings{jordan_achieving_2014,
address = {Wiesbaden},
title = {Achieving the {eIDAS} {Vision} {Through} the {Mobile}, {Social} and {Cloud} {Triad}},
isbn = {978-3-658-06708-3},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-06708-3_6},
abstract = {The new EU regulation on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in internal market aims to overcome cross-border barriers regarding identity and signature services. According to the Head of the European Commission DG CONNECT Task Force “Legislation Team”, the eIDAS regulation sets out to “strengthen EU single market by boosting TRUST and CONVENIENCE in secure and seamless cross-border electronic transactions”.},
language = {en},
booktitle = {{ISSE} 2014 {Securing} {Electronic} {Business} {Processes}},
publisher = {Springer Fachmedien},
author = {Jordan, Francisco and Pujol, Helena and Ruana, David},
editor = {Reimer, Helmut and Pohlmann, Norbert and Schneider, Wolfgang},
year = {2014},
keywords = {Identity Service, Cloud Provider, Electronic Signature, Electronic Transaction, Resource Server},
pages = {81--93},
}
@inproceedings{sharif_sok_2022,
address = {New York, NY, USA},
series = {{ARES} '22},
title = {{SoK}: {A} {Survey} on {Technological} {Trends} for (pre){Notified} {eIDAS} {Electronic} {Identity} {Schemes}},
isbn = {978-1-4503-9670-7},
shorttitle = {{SoK}},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1145/3538969.3543817>},
doi = {10.1145/3538969.3543817},
abstract = {The eIDAS Regulation aims to provide an interoperable European framework to enable EU citizens to authenticate and communicate with services of other Member States by using their national electronic identity. While a set of high-level requirements (e.g., related to privacy and security) are established to make interoperability among Member States possible, the eIDAS Regulation does not explicitly specify the technologies that can be adopted during the development phase to meet the requirements as mentioned earlier. This paper considers the technological trends of (pre)notified eIDAS electronic identity schemes used by Member States, and they satisfy the eIDAS regulation requirements. We do this by defining a set of research questions that allow us to investigate the correlations between different design dimensions such as security, privacy, and usability. Based on these findings, we provide a set of lessons learned that can be used by the security community to protect interoperable national digital identities more efficiently.},
urldate = {2024-01-11},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th {International} {Conference} on {Availability}, {Reliability} and {Security}},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
author = {Sharif, Amir and Ranzi, Matteo and Carbone, Roberto and Sciarretta, Giada and Ranise, Silvio},
month = aug,
year = {2022},
keywords = {Digital Identity, eIDAS, OAuth 2.0, OpenID Connect, SAML},
pages = {1--10},
}
@article{freeman_sociology_1975,
title = {Sociology and {Utopia}: {Some} {Reflections} on the {Social} {Philosophy} of {Karl} {Popper}},
volume = {26},
issn = {0007-1315},
shorttitle = {Sociology and {Utopia}},
url = {<https://www.jstor.org/stable/589240>},
doi = {10.2307/589240},
number = {1},
urldate = {2024-01-13},
journal = {The British Journal of Sociology},
author = {Freeman, Michael},
year = {1975},
note = {Publisher: [Wiley, London School of Economics and Political Science, London School of Economics]},
pages = {20--34},
}
@techreport{puhl_digitale_2023,
type = {Working {Paper}},
title = {Digitale {Identitäten} als {Fundament} des {Web} 3.0},
copyright = {<https://www.econstor.eu/dspace/Nutzungsbedingungen>},
url = {<https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/280932>},
abstract = {Die Evolution des World Wide Web führt zu einem verstärkten Wunsch nach und Bedarf an dezentralen, selbstverwalteten Digitalen Identitäten, auch als Self-Sovereign Identities (SSI) bekannt. Im Gegensatz zu gegenwärtig verbreiteten zentralisierten und föderierten Digitalen Identitäten ermöglichen SSI den Usern eine eigenständige und selbstbestimmte Kontrolle über ihre Digitalen Identitäten, wodurch Datenschutz und -sicherheit auf ein neues Niveau gehoben werden. Diese Studie zielt darauf ab, das Themenfeld "Digitale Identitäten" zu strukturieren und die Rolle von SSI als fundamentalen Baustein des Web 3.0 zu untersuchen.},
language = {ger},
number = {503},
urldate = {2024-01-16},
institution = {WIK Diskussionsbeitrag},
author = {Puhl, Pirmin and Roloff, Malte and Märkel, Christian and Lundborg, Martin},
year = {2023},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/I7EYZ6K8/Puhl et al. - 2023 - Digitale Identitäten als Fundament des Web 3.0.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{radu_privacy_2022,
title = {Privacy and {Security} - {Related} {Challenges} of the {Future} {EU} {Digital} {Identity}},
volume = {4},
issn = {26686430, 26681730},
url = {<https://rocys.ici.ro/current-articles/privacy-and-security-related-challenges-of-the-future-eu-digital-identity/>},
doi = {10.54851/v4i2y202205},
number = {2},
urldate = {2024-01-16},
journal = {Romanian Cyber Security Journal},
author = {Radu, Andreea Florina and Petcu, Ioana and Barbu, Dragoş-Cătălin},
month = nov,
year = {2022},
pages = {39--52},
}
@book{richter_search_2023,
title = {On the {Search} for {Trust}: {Self}-{Sovereign} {Identity} and the {Public} {Sector}},
shorttitle = {On the {Search} for {Trust}},
abstract = {Trust in the government can be seen both as a prerequisite as well as an outcome for public sector digitization. Recently, Self-sovereign Identity (SSI) has been pursued as a means to provide an infrastructure for the secure exchange of digital credentials to public services. To enable SSI's potentially trust-enhancing properties in digital public services, we gather necessary design factors from the perspective of the system's user experience (UX) and the governance of technical artifacts and users. We provide a concretization of generic antecedents to trust found in the literature by using them as an analytical lens for the case of a digital public service utilizing SSI: the implementation of the direct-democratic instrument of the citizen's initiative ("Bürgerbegehren") in the city of Dresden, Germany. We highlight gaps in the case and literature and give recommendations concerning both the UX and credential governance to foster trust-enhancing implementations of SSI in public services.},
author = {Richter, Daniel and Krauß, Anna-Magdalena and Ebert, Sarah and Handke, Stefan},
month = nov,
year = {2023},
doi = {10.18420/rvi2023-024},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/4WTXFKYS/Richter et al. - 2023 - On the Search for Trust Self-Sovereign Identity a.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{hardman_aries-rfc0005_2019,
title = {{ARIES}-{RFC}:0005 {DIDCOMM}},
url = {<https://github.com/hyperledger/aries-rfcs/tree/main/concepts/0005-didcomm>},
urldate = {2024-01-16},
publisher = {Hyperledger Foundation},
author = {Hardman, Daniel},
month = nov,
year = {2019},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/PIF3ERQ6/0005-didcomm.html:text/html},
}
@phdthesis{parni_self-sovereign_2023,
title = {On {Self}-{Sovereign} {Identity}: {Verifiable} {Credentials} and {Presentations} with {OpenID} {Connect}},
url = {<https://helda.helsinki.fi/server/api/core/bitstreams/94f45ddf-e25b-4627-9deb-614626f56a4b/content>},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-01-16},
author = {Pärni, Miika},
month = jul,
year = {2023},
file = {Pärni - On Self-Sovereign Identity Verifiable Credentials.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/9LMU82MW/Pärni - On Self-Sovereign Identity Verifiable Credentials.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@inproceedings{lux_distributed-ledger-based_2020,
title = {Distributed-{Ledger}-based {Authentication} with {Decentralized} {Identifiers} and {Verifiable} {Credentials}},
url = {<https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9223292>},
doi = {10.1109/BRAINS49436.2020.9223292},
abstract = {Authentication with username and password is becoming an inconvenient process for the user. End users typically have little control over their personal privacy, and data breaches effecting millions of users have already happened several times. We have implemented a proof of concept decentralized OpenID Connect Provider by marrying it with Self-Sovereign Identity, which gives users the freedom to choose from a very large pool of identity providers instead of just a select few corporations, thus enabling the democratization of the highly centralized digital identity landscape. Furthermore, we propose a verifiable credential powered decentralized Public Key Infrastructure using distributed ledger technologies, which creates a straightforward and verifiable way for retrieving digital certificates.},
urldate = {2024-01-16},
booktitle = {2020 2nd {Conference} on {Blockchain} {Research} \\& {Applications} for {Innovative} {Networks} and {Services} ({BRAINS})},
author = {Lux, Zoltán András and Thatmann, Dirk and Zickau, Sebastian and Beierle, Felix},
month = sep,
year = {2020},
pages = {71--78},
file = {Submitted Version:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/EGTUAUU4/Lux et al. - 2020 - Distributed-Ledger-based Authentication with Decen.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{haes_fzi-position_2023,
title = {{FZI}-{Position} zur {Novellierung} {eIDAS}-{Verordnung}},
url = {<https://www.fzi.de/2023/12/18/position-eidas/>},
abstract = {Ohne kohärente datenschutzrechtliche Regelungen und eine europaweit kompatible technische Lösung für die EUDI-Wallet werden Sicherheit und Selbstbestimmtheit aller EU-Bürger*innen ab 2026 auf der Strecke bleiben.},
language = {de-DE},
urldate = {2024-01-16},
journal = {FZI Forschungszentrum Informatik},
author = {Haes, Johanna},
month = dec,
year = {2023},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/CRVJUR3K/position-eidas.html:text/html},
}
@inproceedings{sel_using_2014,
address = {Wiesbaden},
title = {Using the {Semantic} {Web} to {Generate} {Trust} {Indicators}},
isbn = {978-3-658-06708-3},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-06708-3_8},
abstract = {This article discusses how Semantic Web technology such as RDF and SPARQL can define and compute trust indicators related to Trust Service Providers (TSPs) using independent public domain information. Such Trust Indicators can complement the purely cryptographic trust evaluations that are common today.},
language = {en},
booktitle = {{ISSE} 2014 {Securing} {Electronic} {Business} {Processes}},
publisher = {Springer Fachmedien},
author = {Sel, Marc},
editor = {Reimer, Helmut and Pohlmann, Norbert and Schneider, Wolfgang},
year = {2014},
keywords = {Common Vocabulary, Dublin Core Metadata Initiative, SPARQL Query, Triple Pattern, Trust Indicator},
pages = {106--119},
}
@misc{dib_decentralized_2020,
address = {Rochester, NY},
type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}},
title = {Decentralized {Identity} {Systems}: {Architecture}, {Challenges}, {Solutions} and {Future} {Directions}},
shorttitle = {Decentralized {Identity} {Systems}},
url = {<https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3785452>},
abstract = {Due to the exponential rise of the Internet in the last two decades, the digital presence has seen an enormous increase. Today, billions of people, devices and objects are digitally connected making the interactions much easier than before. To securely establish this connectivity in the digital era, proving digital identities has become crucial. Due to this, a growing number of organizations are building solutions that establish, verify and manage digital identities. Yet, a solution whereby digital identities and their associated data are efficiently managed is still far from being achieved. To fully understand the reason behind this lack, this paper provides a detailed state of the art related to identity management systems. It overviews traditional systems, analyses their strengths and limitations. This work highly focuses on the novel decentralized identity systems based on blockchain; a complete study describing their architecture, components, lifecycle and workflow is detailed. Additionally, solutions enabling decentralized identity are discussed, analysed and compared according to the ten principles of self-sovereign identity. Lastly, the challenges hindering the shift toward the fully decentralized identity paradigm are discussed.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-01-17},
author = {Dib, Omar and Toumi, Khalifa},
month = dec,
year = {2020},
keywords = {Digital Identity, Blockchain, Identity Management Systems, Self-Sovereign Identity},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/KTPV8KAL/Dib and Toumi - 2020 - Decentralized Identity Systems Architecture, Chal.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{raad_sameas_2019,
title = {The {sameAs} {Problem}: {A} {Survey} on {Identity} {Management} in the {Web} of {Data}},
shorttitle = {The {sameAs} {Problem}},
url = {<http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.10528>},
abstract = {In a decentralised knowledge representation system such as the Web of Data, it is common and indeed desirable for different knowledge graphs to overlap. Whenever multiple names are used to denote the same thing, owl:sameAs statements are needed in order to link the data and foster reuse. Whilst the deductive value of such identity statements can be extremely useful in enhancing various knowledge-based systems, incorrect use of identity can have wide-ranging effects in a global knowledge space like the Web of Data. With several works already proven that identity in the Web is broken, this survey investigates the current state of this "sameAs problem". An open discussion highlights the main weaknesses suffered by solutions in the literature, and draws open challenges to be faced in the future.},
urldate = {2024-01-17},
publisher = {arXiv},
author = {Raad, Joe and Pernelle, Nathalie and Saïs, Fatiha and Beek, Wouter and van Harmelen, Frank},
month = jul,
year = {2019},
note = {arXiv:1907.10528 [cs]},
keywords = {Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science - Databases},
file = {arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/Q9RKC59P/1907.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/XGYSBFYD/Raad et al. - 2019 - The sameAs Problem A Survey on Identity Managemen.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{noauthor_distributed-ledger-based_nodate,
title = {Distributed-{Ledger}-based {Authentication} with {Decentralized} {Identifiers} and {Verifiable} {Credentials} {\\textbar} {IEEE} {Conference} {Publication} {\\textbar} {IEEE} {Xplore}},
url = {<https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9223292>},
urldate = {2024-01-20},
file = {Distributed-Ledger-based Authentication with Decentralized Identifiers and Verifiable Credentials | IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/A87A6DYV/9223292.html:text/html},
}
@inproceedings{schanzenbach_zklaims_2019,
title = {{ZKlaims}: {Privacy}-preserving {Attribute}-based {Credentials} using {Non}-interactive {Zero}-knowledge {Techniques}},
shorttitle = {{ZKlaims}},
url = {<http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.09579>},
doi = {10.5220/0007772903250332},
abstract = {In this paper we present ZKlaims: a system that allows users to present attribute-based credentials in a privacy-preserving way. We achieve a zero-knowledge property on the basis of Succinct Non-interactive Arguments of Knowledge (SNARKs). ZKlaims allow users to prove statements on credentials issued by trusted third parties. The credential contents are never revealed to the verifier as part of the proving process. Further, ZKlaims can be presented non-interactively, mitigating the need for interactive proofs between the user and the verifier. This allows ZKlaims to be exchanged via fully decentralized services and storages such as traditional peer-to-peer networks based on distributed hash tables (DHTs) or even blockchains. To show this, we include a performance evaluation of ZKlaims and show how it can be integrated in decentralized identity provider services.},
urldate = {2024-01-20},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 16th {International} {Joint} {Conference} on e-{Business} and {Telecommunications}},
author = {Schanzenbach, Martin and Kilian, Thomas and Schütte, Julian and Banse, Christian},
year = {2019},
note = {arXiv:1907.09579 [cs]},
keywords = {Computer Science - Cryptography and Security},
pages = {325--332},
annote = {Comment: 8 pages, published at SECRYPT 2019},
file = {arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/ZASTAVY7/1907.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/BYV2IPB4/Schanzenbach et al. - 2019 - ZKlaims Privacy-preserving Attribute-based Creden.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{muhle_survey_2018,
title = {A survey on essential components of a self-sovereign identity},
volume = {30},
issn = {1574-0137},
url = {<https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574013718301217>},
doi = {10.1016/j.cosrev.2018.10.002},
abstract = {This paper provides an overview of the Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) concept, focusing on four different components that we identified as essential to the architecture. Self-Sovereign Identity is enabled by the new development of blockchain technology. Through the trustless, decentralised database that is provided by a blockchain, classic Identity Management registration processes can be replaced. We start off by giving a simple overview of blockchain based SSI, introducing an architecture overview as well as relevant actors in such a system. We further distinguish two major approaches, namely the Identifier Registry Model and its extension the Claim Registry Model. Subsequently we discuss identifiers in such a system, presenting past research in the area and current approaches in SSI in the context of Zooko’s Triangle. As the user of an SSI has to be linked with his digital identifier we also discuss authentication solutions. Most central to the concept of an SSI are the verifiable claims that are presented to relying parties. Resources in the field are only loosely connected. We will provide a more coherent view of verifiable claims in regards to blockchain based SSI and clarify differences in the used terminology. Storage solutions for the verifiable claims, both on- and off-chain, are presented with their advantages and disadvantages.},
urldate = {2024-01-20},
journal = {Computer Science Review},
author = {Mühle, Alexander and Grüner, Andreas and Gayvoronskaya, Tatiana and Meinel, Christoph},
month = nov,
year = {2018},
pages = {80--86},
file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/UMYXLU28/S1574013718301217.html:text/html;Submitted Version:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/K94KRHBD/Mühle et al. - 2018 - A survey on essential components of a self-soverei.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@techreport{puhl_digitale_2023-1,
type = {Working {Paper}},
title = {Digitale {Identitäten} als {Fundament} des {Web} 3.0},
copyright = {<https://www.econstor.eu/dspace/Nutzungsbedingungen>},
url = {<https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/280932>},
abstract = {Die Evolution des World Wide Web führt zu einem verstärkten Wunsch nach und Bedarf an dezentralen, selbstverwalteten Digitalen Identitäten, auch als Self-Sovereign Identities (SSI) bekannt. Im Gegensatz zu gegenwärtig verbreiteten zentralisierten und föderierten Digitalen Identitäten ermöglichen SSI den Usern eine eigenständige und selbstbestimmte Kontrolle über ihre Digitalen Identitäten, wodurch Datenschutz und -sicherheit auf ein neues Niveau gehoben werden. Diese Studie zielt darauf ab, das Themenfeld "Digitale Identitäten" zu strukturieren und die Rolle von SSI als fundamentalen Baustein des Web 3.0 zu untersuchen.},
language = {ger},
number = {503},
urldate = {2024-01-20},
institution = {WIK Diskussionsbeitrag},
author = {Puhl, Pirmin and Roloff, Malte and Märkel, Christian and Lundborg, Martin},
year = {2023},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/4J5M772P/Puhl et al. - 2023 - Digitale Identitäten als Fundament des Web 3.0.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@book{peter_self-sovereign_2020,
title = {Self-{Sovereign} {Digital} {Identity} on the {European} {Blockchain} {Services} {Infrastructure}},
abstract = {This document introduces the European Blockchain Services Infrastructure (EBSI). After providing a brief overview, the document describes the EBSI core services and functionality that relate specifically to Self-Sovereign digital identity as deployed on EBSI.},
author = {Peter, Altmann and Rissanen, Erik},
month = sep,
year = {2020},
doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.30892.49281},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/4XJA9U9D/Peter and Rissanen - 2020 - Self-Sovereign Digital Identity on the European Bl.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{schaffner_analysis_2019,
title = {Analysis and {Evaluation} of {Blockchain}-based {Self}-{Sovereign} {Identity} {Systems}},
language = {en},
author = {Schäffner, Martin},
month = nov,
year = {2019},
file = {Schäffner - Analysis and Evaluation of Blockchain-based Self-S.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/AR2Q85AS/Schäffner - Analysis and Evaluation of Blockchain-based Self-S.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{weitzner_search_2006,
title = {In {Search} of {Manageable} {Identity} {Systems}},
volume = {10},
issn = {1941-0131},
url = {<https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4012602>},
doi = {10.1109/MIC.2006.127},
abstract = {Efforts to design and successfully deploy network-based identity-management systems have been unsuccessful. One possible new approach is visible when comparing Internet identity protocol designs with systems used in financial services. Keeping the risks in mind, we should embrace systems that help reduce the uncertainty associated with online transactions. Neither the composite nor unitary approach yield a perfectly secure or reliable system, but Internet and Web system designers can learn a lot from the former. Not only has it proven itself in large-scale systems, but it's also more true to the way we think of identity in human terms. Interpersonal interactions involve assessing identity assertions' reliability according to numerous subtle factors, rather than applying a mechanical checklist. Adopting a more composite approach to identity lets us build systems that provide great reliability and flexibility in the inherently complex process of assessing whether we can trust the identities of those we deal with online},
number = {6},
urldate = {2024-01-20},
journal = {IEEE Internet Computing},
author = {Weitzner, Daniel J.},
month = nov,
year = {2006},
note = {Conference Name: IEEE Internet Computing},
pages = {84--86},
}
@article{freeman_sociology_1975-1,
title = {Sociology and {Utopia}: {Some} {Reflections} on the {Social} {Philosophy} of {Karl} {Popper}},
volume = {26},
issn = {0007-1315},
shorttitle = {Sociology and {Utopia}},
url = {<https://www.jstor.org/stable/589240>},
doi = {10.2307/589240},
number = {1},
urldate = {2024-01-20},
journal = {The British Journal of Sociology},
author = {Freeman, Michael},
year = {1975},
note = {Publisher: [Wiley, London School of Economics and Political Science, London School of Economics]},
pages = {20--34},
}
@incollection{gouriet_energy_2022,
address = {Cham},
title = {The {Energy} {Data} {Space}: {The} {Path} to a {European} {Approach} for {Energy}},
isbn = {978-3-030-93975-5},
shorttitle = {The {Energy} {Data} {Space}},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93975-5_33>},
abstract = {Trusted data spaces supporting energy services and fostering collaboration between all stakeholders are a cornerstone of the decarbonization of the sector. Today, a broad representation of European energy companies and academic and technological partners has joined GAIA-X to build the European energy data space. The group represents all segments of the energy value chain and is from all around Europe.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-01-20},
booktitle = {Designing {Data} {Spaces} : {The} {Ecosystem} {Approach} to {Competitive} {Advantage}},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
author = {Gouriet, Martine and Barancourt, Hervé and Boust, Marianne and Calvez, Philippe and Laskowski, Michael and Taillandier, Anne-Sophie and Tilman, Loïc and Uslar, Mathias and Warweg, Oliver},
editor = {Otto, Boris and ten Hompel, Michael and Wrobel, Stefan},
year = {2022},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-93975-5_33},
pages = {535--575},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/C39KUX9Q/Gouriet et al. - 2022 - The Energy Data Space The Path to a European Appr.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{noauthor_business_nodate,
title = {Business {Model} {Canvas} {\\textbar} {Strategy} in {3D}: {Essential} {Tools} to {Diagnose}, {Decide}, and {Deliver} {\\textbar} {Oxford} {Academic}},
url = {<https://academic.oup.com/book/36951/chapter-abstract/322254644?redirectedFrom=fulltext>},
urldate = {2024-01-20},
file = {322254644?redirectedFrom=fulltext:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/QJ8DNF99/322254644.html:text/html},
}
@misc{european_council_directive_2022,
title = {Directive ({EU}) 2022/2555 of the {European} {Parliament} and of the {Council} on measures for a high common level of cybersecurity across the {Union}, amending {Regulation} ({EU}) {No} 910/2014 and {Directive} ({EU}) 2018/1972, and repealing {Directive} ({EU}) 2016/1148},
shorttitle = {{NIS} 2 {Directive}},
url = {<https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2022/2555>},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-01-20},
author = {{European Council}},
month = dec,
year = {2022},
note = {Doc ID: 32022L2555
Doc Sector: 3
Doc Title: Directive (EU) 2022/2555 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2022 on measures for a high common level of cybersecurity across the Union, amending Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 and Directive (EU) 2018/1972, and repealing Directive (EU) 2016/1148 (NIS 2 Directive) (Text with EEA relevance)
Doc Type: L
Usr\\_lan: en},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/HPJBZ8RL/2555.html:text/html},
}
@misc{european_commission_proposal_2022,
title = {Proposal for a {REGULATION} {OF} {THE} {EUROPEAN} {PARLIAMENT} {AND} {OF} {THE} {COUNCIL} on harmonised rules on fair access to and use of data ({Data} {Act})},
url = {<https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2022%3A68%3AFIN>},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-01-20},
author = {{European Commission}},
month = feb,
year = {2022},
file = {EUR-Lex HTML (EN):/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/UXWLGVJZ/HTML.html:text/html;EUR-Lex PDF (EN):/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/PMK3U2G9/2022 - Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAME.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{bernstein_high-speed_2011,
title = {High-speed high-security signatures},
url = {<https://eprint.iacr.org/2011/368>},
abstract = {This paper shows that a \\$390 mass-market quad-core 2.4GHz Intel Westmere (Xeon E5620) CPU can create 109000 signatures per second and verify 71000 signatures per second on an elliptic curve at a 2{\\textasciicircum}128 security level. Public keys are 32 bytes, and signatures are 64 bytes. These performance figures include strong defenses against software side-channel attacks: there is no data flow from secret keys to array indices, and there is no data flow from secret keys to branch conditions.},
urldate = {2024-01-20},
author = {Bernstein, Daniel J. and Duif, Niels and Lange, Tanja and Schwabe, Peter and Yang, Bo-Yin},
year = {2011},
note = {Publication info: Published elsewhere. This is the full version of a paper accepted at CHES.},
keywords = {Edwards curves, Elliptic curves, foolproof session keys, signatures, software side channels, speed},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/XJ8UY373/Bernstein et al. - 2011 - High-speed high-security signatures.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{chestnykh_tweetnacljs_2014,
title = {{TweetNaCl}.js},
url = {<https://github.com/dchest/tweetnacl-js/blob/master/README.md>},
abstract = {Port of TweetNaCl cryptographic library to JavaScript - dchest/tweetnacl-js},
urldate = {2024-01-20},
author = {Chestnykh, Dmitry},
month = jan,
year = {2014},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/PXY5VLPQ/README.html:text/html},
}
@misc{consensys_software_inc_metamask_2023,
title = {{MetaMask} developer documentation. eth\\_getEncryptionPublicKey},
url = {<https://web.archive.org/web/20231218223550/https://docs.metamask.io/wallet/reference/eth_getencryptionpublickey/>},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-01-20},
author = {{Consensys Software Inc.}},
month = dec,
year = {2023},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/J4SSQ3UG/eth_getencryptionpublickey.html:text/html},
}
@incollection{khayretdinova_conducting_2022,
title = {Conducting a {Usability} {Evaluation} of {Decentralized} {Identity} {Management} {Solutions}},
isbn = {978-3-658-33305-8},
abstract = {New approaches to identity management based on technologies such as blockchain and distributed ledgers are promoted as a chance to give users full control over their own identity data. Despite being often called the future of digital identity management, Decentralized Identity Management (DIdM) and Self-sovereign Identities (SSI) are still facing a number of challenges, usability being a major one: their concepts are too sophisticated for users and do not fit their mental models. We address this by conducting a study that analyses and evaluates the usability and practical applicability of some of the most advanced DIdM solutions. The results of the user tests reveal existing usability issues and outline the way they deprive end users of experiencing the entire range of claimed privacy and security benefits of these identity solutions.},
author = {Khayretdinova, Alina and Kubach, Michael and Sellung, Rachelle and Roßnagel, Heiko},
month = jan,
year = {2022},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-33306-5_19},
pages = {389--406},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/WAGQKWBN/Khayretdinova et al. - 2022 - Conducting a Usability Evaluation of Decentralized.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@book{sauer_methods_2023,
title = {Methods for analyzing the relation of user experience and information security in the project {SDIKA}},
abstract = {The project “Schaufenster Sichere Digitale Identitäten Karlsruhe” (engl. Showcase Secure Digital Identities Karlsruhe, short SDIKA) is one of four nationwide projects funded by the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Climate Protection (BMWK) as part of the showcase program “Secure Digital Identities”. SDIKA aims to realize wide-ranging, cross-use-case identities in open ecosystems. To achieve this goal, the system must be usable and secure for end users, otherwise there is a risk that the system will not be accepted by software end users. A high user experience (UX) is not only a quality requirement of software, it can also have a negative or positive influence on the information security of the software in use. Information security mechanisms can be misused or even ignored by end users if the system has UX deficits. In addition, Mechanisms that lead to complex operating processes may also result in the system not being used. In order to design systems that have good UX and protect information in an adequate way that both individual aspects on the one hand and the overall effect on the other hand meet the requirements, methods are useful for evaluating the relation. This paper gives an overview of such analysis methods (after a systematic literature review from Max Sauer et al. that will be published in future) and selects suitable analysis methods for the SDIKA project using defined selection criteria.},
author = {Sauer, Max and Toran, Markus},
month = may,
year = {2023},
doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.11127.09122},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/IHCYZFMA/Sauer and Toran - 2023 - Methods for analyzing the relation of user experie.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@incollection{sellung_good_2022,
title = {Good {Practices} of {User} {Experience} and {Design} {Research} for {Mobile} and {Electronic} {Governmental} {Services}},
isbn = {978-3-031-12672-7},
abstract = {This paper summarizes desk research conducted on User Experience and Design Research for Mobile Governmental Services and presents Good Practices. As mobile services are the next step for governmental services, it is necessary that as this transition occurs that the integration of user needs, and user experience is considered from the start of the development process. This paper summarizes the methods, key findings, challenges that were discovered from UX and Design literature research on mobile and electronic governmental services. As a result, this paper derives Good Practices as a reference point for technical developers and other interested stakeholders to include the necessary user experience and design needs for market success.},
author = {Sellung, Rachelle and Hölscher, Marie and Burgstaller-Hochenwarter, Lisa},
month = jul,
year = {2022},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-12673-4_10},
pages = {138--149},
}
@book{kraus_more_2023,
title = {A more {User}-{Friendly} {Digital} {Wallet}? {User} {Scenarios} of a {Future} {Wallet}},
shorttitle = {A more {User}-{Friendly} {Digital} {Wallet}?},
abstract = {Identity wallets enable the management and use of digital identities and verification documents stored in one app. Users manage their data independently and decide for themselves which data they want to disclose for identification purposes. Recent research shows that current digital wallets face many usability problems, which makes it difficult for users to grasp their concept and how to use them. This paper presents an enhanced concept of a wallet, where its functionality is presented with user scenarios that have a user centric approach. The user scenarios illustrate a variety of possible uses of the wallet. For example, the new wallet concept envisions, how data can be transferred from one wallet to another person's wallet, how data can be managed by different people in one wallet, or how only individual pieces of information from credentials can be shared to maintain greater privacy for users.},
author = {Krauß, Anna-Magdalena and Kostic, Sandra and Sellung, Rachelle},
month = jun,
year = {2023},
doi = {10.18420/OID2023_06},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/47HQTIZ2/Krauß et al. - 2023 - A more User-Friendly Digital Wallet User Scenario.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{andru_use_2011,
title = {The {Use} of {Return} on {Investment} ({ROI}) in the {Performance} {Measurement} and {Evaluation} of {Information} {Systems}},
author = {Andru, Peter and Botchkarev, Alexei},
month = jan,
year = {2011},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/RVQ9UMGC/Andru and Botchkarev - 2011 - The Use of Return on Investment (ROI) in the Perfo.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{berkovitch_why_2004,
title = {Why the {NPV} {Criterion} does not {Maximize} {NPV}},
volume = {17},
issn = {0893-9454},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhg023>},
doi = {10.1093/rfs/hhg023},
abstract = {This article presents a theory of capital allocation that shows how the use of net present value (NPV) as an investment criterion leads to inefficient capital budgeting outcomes and how this criterion may be dominated by other capital budgeting criteria, like the internal rate of return and the profitability index. The essence of our theory is rooted in the mainstream paradigm of corporate finance: while firms use NPV to measure the addition to firm value from prospective projects, “classical” informational and agency considerations prevent it from implementing the optimal capital budgeting outcome. Our theory also identifies conditions when alternative criteria should be used. Finally, we characterize when direct monitoring through capital budgeting dominates compensation contracts in alleviating the agency problem.},
number = {1},
journal = {The Review of Financial Studies},
author = {Berkovitch, Elazar and Israel, Ronen},
month = jan,
year = {2004},
note = {\\_eprint: <https://academic.oup.com/rfs/article-pdf/17/1/239/24432822/hhg023.pdf>},
pages = {239--255},
}
@misc{noauthor_wayback_2022,
title = {Wayback {Machine}},
url = {<https://web.archive.org/web/20221020102242/https://dominica.gov.dm/images/documents/tron_DOC-20221009-WA0010.pdf>},
urldate = {2024-02-09},
month = oct,
year = {2022},
}
@misc{noauthor_wayback_2022-1,
title = {Wayback {Machine}},
url = {<https://web.archive.org/web/20221020102242/https://dominica.gov.dm/images/documents/tron_DOC-20221009-WA0010.pdf>},
urldate = {2024-02-09},
month = oct,
year = {2022},
}
@misc{nwobodo_tron_2022,
title = {{TRON} becomes legal tender in {Dominica}},
url = {<https://cryptoslate.com/tron-becomes-legal-tender-in-dominica/>},
abstract = {Tron-native tokens will be accepted as a medium of payment in the Commonwealth of Dominica.},
language = {en-US},
urldate = {2024-02-09},
journal = {CryptoSlate},
author = {Nwobodo, Christian},
month = oct,
year = {2022},
}
@misc{yadav_tron_2022,
title = {{TRON} becomes legal tender in {Dominica}},
url = {<https://commonwealthchamber.com/tron-becomes-legal-tender-in-dominica/>},
abstract = {The Commonwealth of Dominica authorises TRON native crypto tokens as a medium of exchange for public payments and taxes as well. As per the government’s crypto ordinance, Tron tokens including TRX, BTT, NFT, USDT USDD, TUSD and JST have been granted statutory status as authorized digital currency in the nation. Read the original article here: […]},
language = {en-US},
urldate = {2024-02-09},
journal = {Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce},
author = {Yadav, Ankita},
month = oct,
year = {2022},
}
@misc{noauthor_possible_nodate,
title = {The possible contributive value of cryptocurrencies to {Small} {Island} {Developing} {States}},
url = {<https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1504/IJBC.2022.123003>},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-02-09},
doi = {10.1504/IJBC.2022.123003},
file = {Full Text:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/S5TC6A5M/The possible contributive value of cryptocurrencie.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/MQBWIILQ/IJBC.2022.html:text/html},
}
@misc{noauthor_central_nodate,
title = {Central {Bank} {Digital} {Currencies}, {Internet} of {Things}, and {Islamic} {Finance}: {Blockchain} {Prospects} and {Challenges} by {Ahmet} {Faruk} {Aysan}, {Khalid} {Ahmed} {Al}-{Ansari} :: {SSRN}},
url = {<https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4128096>},
urldate = {2024-02-09},
}
@phdthesis{sullivan_partnering_2019,
title = {Partnering for {Prosperity} in the 21st {Century}: {An} {Analysis} of {Locally} {Led} and {Market}-{Based} {Approaches} to {Global} {Development}},
shorttitle = {Partnering for {Prosperity} in the 21st {Century}},
url = {<http://jhir.library.jhu.edu/handle/1774.2/62322>},
abstract = {Despite major changes to the global economy, technology, and the developing world over the past few decades, the U.S. government’s strategy on global development has not seen a major reassessment since the days of the Cold War. This is surprising given the United States’ indispensable role as a leader in the international community and its historical role as a leader on global development initiatives. Partnering for Prosperity in the 21st Century examines the important role that domestic resource mobilization, trade facilitation, and economic growth-focused development programs play in the overall U.S. development strategy and calls for more emphasis on those concepts. These concepts are responsive to the dynamics of the global economy and could be employed in recognition of the limited domestic support in the United States for foreign assistance by supporting partner countries as they gain control of their own development priorities and harness the power of economic growth. In order for the United States to maintain its role as an effective leader in the global effort to combat poverty, these currently underinvested concepts must be at the forefront of U.S. efforts on development going forward.},
language = {en\\_US},
urldate = {2024-02-09},
school = {Johns Hopkins University},
author = {Sullivan, Christopher Michael},
month = dec,
year = {2019},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/N2XL8UPJ/Sullivan - 2019 - Partnering for Prosperity in the 21st Century An .pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{noauthor_share_nodate,
title = {“{To} {Share} or not to {Share}” in {Client}-{Side} {Encrypted} {Clouds} {\\textbar} {SpringerLink}},
url = {<https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-13257-0_24>},
urldate = {2024-02-09},
file = {“To Share or not to Share” in Client-Side Encrypted Clouds | SpringerLink:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/Q8J3BIPX/978-3-319-13257-0_24.html:text/html},
}
@misc{noauthor_shared_nodate,
title = {Shared and {Searchable} {Encrypted} {Data} for {Untrusted} {Servers} {\\textbar} {SpringerLink}},
url = {<https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-70567-3_10>},
urldate = {2024-02-09},
file = {Shared and Searchable Encrypted Data for Untrusted Servers | SpringerLink:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/39SF7R2S/978-3-540-70567-3_10.html:text/html},
}
@misc{noauthor_integrating_nodate,
title = {Integrating encryption techniques for secure data storage in the cloud - {Seth} - 2022 - {Transactions} on {Emerging} {Telecommunications} {Technologies} - {Wiley} {Online} {Library}},
url = {<https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ett.4108>},
urldate = {2024-02-09},
}
@misc{noauthor_shared_nodate-1,
title = {Shared and searchable encrypted data for untrusted servers - {IOS} {Press}},
url = {<https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-computer-security/jcs415>},
urldate = {2024-02-09},
file = {reCAPTCHA:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/U2JKMAQH/jcs415.html:text/html},
}
@misc{macdonald_gambia_2023,
title = {The {Gambia}, {Vanuatu} plan life-changing transformation with digital inclusion schemes {\\textbar} {Biometric} {Update}},
url = {<https://www.biometricupdate.com/202312/the-gambia-vanuatu-plan-life-changing-transformation-with-digital-inclusion-schemes>},
abstract = {Collaboration between some UN agencies and The Gambia and Vanuatu are opening up the way for an array of important projects designed to drive social inclusion.},
language = {en-US},
urldate = {2024-03-01},
author = {Macdonald, {\\textbar} Ayang},
month = dec,
year = {2023},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/WAH65P9I/the-gambia-vanuatu-plan-life-changing-transformation-with-digital-inclusion-schemes.html:text/html},
}
@article{pati_analysis_2015,
title = {Analysis of {Aadhaar}: {A} {Project} {Management} {Perspective}},
volume = {4},
issn = {2277-9752},
shorttitle = {Analysis of {Aadhaar}},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1177/2277975215610687>},
doi = {10.1177/2277975215610687},
abstract = {Increasing Indian population, migration from neighbouring countries as well as numerous variants of identity cards like ration card, voter ID card forced Government of India to form ‘Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI)’. The primary responsibility of the UIDAI is to issue Unique Identification Number (UID) or Aadhaar number to Indian residents which can be used for all the government transactions/benefits schemes like gas subsidy, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Gurantee Act (MGNREGA). This study conducts a systematic review of the materials/articles available through secondary sources such as newspapers, research papers and government reports on Aadhaar project. This has been categorized as a developmental project in the study due to high uncertainty associated with it in various dimensions. An attempt has been made through this study to understand the planning and implementation stage of Aadhaar Project till 2014. The study also attempts to identify potential risks (diamond framework has been used to provide interesting insights) and suggest a contingency plan for this and similar government projects in future, to ensure a better success rate. This study identifies various gaps and recommends a plan of action as well as appropriate process changes to enhance project success of Aadhaar Project in future. Based on the insights from this study a model to enhance the success rate of similar projects has also been proposed.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2024-03-01},
journal = {IIM Kozhikode Society \\& Management Review},
author = {Pati, Rupesh Kumar and Kumar, Vipin and Jain, Nishtha},
month = jul,
year = {2015},
note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications India},
pages = {124--135},
}
@misc{world_bank_identification_2020,
title = {Identification for {Development} ({ID4D}) {Global} {Dataset} 2018},
url = {<https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0040787/identification-for-development--id4d--global-dataset>},
abstract = {The Global ID4D Dataset, compiled by the World Bank Group’s Identification for Development (ID4D) initiative, provides data on the coverage and characteristics of the main "legal" identification and civil registration systems in the country. See <https://id4d.worldbank.org/global-dataset> for more information.Newly in 2022, adult ID ownership data is primarily based on survey data questions collected in partnership with the Global Findex Survey, while coverage for children is based on birth registration rates compiled by UNICEF. These data series are accessible directly from the World Bank's Databank: <https://databank.worldbank.org/source/identification-for-development-(id4d)-data>. Prior editions of the data from 2017 and 2018 are available for download here.Updates were released on a yearly basis until 2018; beginning in 2021-2022, the dataset will be released every three years to align with the Findex survey.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-03-01},
author = {{World Bank}},
month = mar,
year = {2020},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/YPFW9Q7M/identification-for-development--id4d--global-dataset.html:text/html},
}
@techreport{cioffi_paving_2022,
address = {New York},
title = {Paving a {Digital} {Road} to {Hell}? {A} {Primer} on the {Role} of the {World} {Bank} and {Global} {Networks} in {Promoting} {Digital} {ID}},
url = {<https://chrgj.org/2022/06/17/press-release-the-world-bank-and-co-may-be-paving-a-digital-road-to-hell-with-support-for-dangerous-digital-id/>},
urldate = {2024-03-01},
institution = {Center for Human Rights and Global Justice (CHRGJ)},
author = {Cioffi, Katelyn and Adelmant, Victoria and Veen, Christiaan van},
year = {2022},
file = {Paving a Digital Road to Hell? A Primer on the Role of the World Bank and Global Networks in Promoting Digital ID | socialprotection.org:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/27AD7SBN/paving-digital-road-hell-primer-role-world-bank-and-global-networks-promoting.html:text/html},
}
@article{masiero_digital_2023,
title = {Digital identity as platform-mediated surveillance},
volume = {10},
issn = {2053-9517},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517221135176>},
doi = {10.1177/20539517221135176},
abstract = {Digital identity systems are usually viewed as datafiers of existing populations. Yet a platform view finds limited space in the digital identity discourse, with the result that the platform features of digital identity systems are not seen in relation to their surveillance outcomes. In this commentary I illuminate how the core platform properties of digital identity systems afford the undue surveillance of vulnerable groups, leading users into the binary condition of either registering and being profiled, or giving up essential benefits from providers of development programmes. By doing so I contest the “dark side” narrative often applied to digital identity, arguing that, rather than just a side, it is the very inner matter of digital identity platforms that enables surveillance outcomes.},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2024-03-01},
journal = {Big Data \\& Society},
author = {Masiero, Silvia},
month = jan,
year = {2023},
note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd},
pages = {20539517221135176},
file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/AVU9BAQ9/Masiero - 2023 - Digital identity as platform-mediated surveillance.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{world_bank_population_2024,
title = {Population estimates and projections},
url = {<https://databank.worldbank.org/source/population-estimates-and-projections#>},
urldate = {2024-03-01},
author = {{World Bank}},
month = mar,
year = {2024},
file = {Population estimates and projections | DataBank:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/XP5IR8TL/population-estimates-and-projections.html:text/html},
}
@article{dattani_governtrepreneurism_2020,
title = {“{Governtrepreneurism}” for good governance: {The} case of {Aadhaar} and the {India} {Stack}},
volume = {52},
copyright = {© 2019 The Author. Area published by John Wiley \\& Sons Ltd on behalf of Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers).},
issn = {1475-4762},
shorttitle = {“{Governtrepreneurism}” for good governance},
url = {<https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/area.12579>},
doi = {10.1111/area.12579},
abstract = {In many of the ex-colonies of European empires, biometric technology systems are being built under an ethos of welfare and financial service delivery. One case in this broader trend of postcolonial governance is India's Aadhaar and India Stack. This paper uses this case to explore how the in-sourcing of technology into means of governing, behind a front of participatory “good governance,” is contributing to the historical trajectory of citizenship regimes in India. Through claims of reducing financial “leakages,” Aadhaar, a biometric identification database consisting of fingerprint, iris scan, and photograph, has become compulsory for accessing welfare in India. The Indian government makes a case for Aadhaar using a propaganda discourse of its success, based on weak evidence. The India Stack, a set of cloud-based application programming interfaces (APIs) built on top of the Aadhaar database, offers a digital infrastructure for private companies to verify identities using Aadhaar data and to offer other “services” including “financial services.” The ability to access data, paired with a “revolving door” of individuals between state and corporations, points to an ulterior goal of both Aadhaar and the India Stack: creating winners in the corporate and financial technology sectors. The Indian corporate-state run through a “governtrepreneurism” uses Aadhaar and the India Stack as new digital technologies of governmentality to transform populations into subjects or customers.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2024-03-01},
journal = {Area},
author = {Dattani, Kavita},
year = {2020},
note = {\\_eprint: <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/area.12579>},
keywords = {citizenship, governmentality, Aadhaar, biometric technology, financial technology, India Stack},
pages = {411--419},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/A972I8FF/Dattani - 2020 - “Governtrepreneurism” for good governance The cas.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/TLASZWFS/area.html:text/html},
}
@article{raghavan_india_2019,
title = {India stack---digital infrastructure as public good},
volume = {62},
issn = {0001-0782, 1557-7317},
url = {<https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3355625>},
doi = {10.1145/3355625},
language = {en},
number = {11},
urldate = {2024-03-01},
journal = {Communications of the ACM},
author = {Raghavan, Vivek and Jain, Sanjay and Varma, Pramod},
month = oct,
year = {2019},
pages = {76--81},
}
@incollection{kontogianni_smart_2024,
address = {Cham},
series = {Intelligent {Systems} {Reference} {Library}},
title = {Smart {Tourism} {Embraces} {Blockchain}},
isbn = {978-3-031-50883-7},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50883-7_7>},
abstract = {Blockchain, also known as Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), has garnered significant interest from scholars and professionals in various industries. Given this circumstance, our primary objective was to make a scholarly contribution by conducting a comprehensive analysis of the current state of blockchain technology in the smart tourism business between the years 2018 and 2022. In the course of this research endeavour, a comprehensive collection of relevant papers pertaining to the specified subject matter and temporal scope was systematically identified, classified, and thoroughly analysed. Consequently, we have successfully discerned and expounded upon the primary areas of research relevant to the application of blockchain technology within the domain of smart tourism. This analysis encompasses a comprehensive examination of the benefits and uses that blockchain assumes within each of these sectors. Concurrently, we propose a context-aware mobile app architecture that utilises AI and blockchain to develop a hybrid cyber smart tourist application, with the aim of studying how the technologies discussed and presented in this study could be integrated to usher in a new era of smart tourism apps.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-03-01},
booktitle = {Smart {Tourism}–{The} {Impact} of {Artificial} {Intelligence} and {Blockchain}},
publisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland},
author = {Kontogianni, Aristea and Alepis, Efthimios and Virvou, Maria and Patsakis, Constantinos},
editor = {Kontogianni, Aristea and Alepis, Efthimios and Virvou, Maria and Patsakis, Constantinos},
year = {2024},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-50883-7_7},
keywords = {Blockchain, Smart tourism, Smart tourism applications},
pages = {121--157},
}
@misc{noauthor_what_nodate,
title = {What if we could travel without passport? {First} sight to blockchain-based identity management in tourism},
shorttitle = {What if we could travel without passport?},
url = {<https://www-tandfonline-com.ejournals.um.edu.mt/doi/epdf/10.1080/10941665.2023.2229922?needAccess=true>},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-03-02},
note = {ISSN: 1094-1665},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/KRSTHIPG/10941665.2023.html:text/html},
}
@misc{noauthor_ahop_nodate,
title = {{AHOP}},
url = {<https://form.jotform.com/240312954505047>},
abstract = {Please click the link to complete this form.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-03-02},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/UQ5USDUL/240312954505047.html:text/html},
}
@misc{noauthor_about_nodate,
title = {About {Us}},
url = {<https://www.arubahop.com/about-us.html>},
urldate = {2024-03-02},
file = {About Us:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/JN874PPU/about-us.html:text/html},
}
@misc{noauthor_contact_nodate,
title = {Contact},
url = {<https://www.arubahop.com/contact.html>},
urldate = {2024-03-02},
file = {Contact:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/EKIPU4ZH/contact.html:text/html},
}
@article{karopoulos_survey_2021,
title = {A {Survey} on {Digital} {Certificates} {Approaches} for the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic}},
volume = {9},
issn = {2169-3536},
url = {<https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9558786>},
doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3117781},
abstract = {Digital COVID-19 certificates serve as reliable proof that an individual was vaccinated, tested negative, or healed from COVID-19, facilitating health, occupational, educational, and travel activities during the pandemic. This paper contributes the first to our knowledge state-of-the-art and holistic review of this ecosystem, attempting to answer the following questions: 1) is there a harmonization among academia, organizations, and governments in terms of the certificate deployment technology?; 2) what is the proliferation of such schemes worldwide and how similar are they?; 3) are smartphone applications that accompany such schemes privacy-preserving from an end-user’s perspective? To respond to these questions, a four-tier approach is followed: (a) we scrutinize the so far academic works suggesting some type of digital certificate, highlighting common characteristics and weaknesses; (b) we constructively report on the different initiatives proposed by organizations or alliances; (c) we briefly review 54 country initiatives around the globe; and (d) we analyze both statically and dynamically all official Android smartphone applications offered for such certificates to reveal possible hiccups affecting the security or privacy of the end-user. From a bird’s eye view, the great majority of the proposed or developed schemes follow either the blockchain model or the asymmetric cryptosystem, the spread of schemes especially in Europe and partly in Asia is high, some degree of distinctiveness among the relevant schemes developed by countries does exist, and there are substantial variations regarding the privacy level of the applications between Europe on the one hand and Asia and America on the other.},
urldate = {2024-03-02},
journal = {IEEE Access},
author = {Karopoulos, Georgios and Hernandez-Ramos, Jose L. and Kouliaridis, Vasileios and Kambourakis, Georgios},
year = {2021},
note = {Conference Name: IEEE Access},
keywords = {privacy, Privacy, Blockchains, android applications, COVID-19, data security, digital certificates, digital immunization record, Immune system, information security, mobile applications, Pandemics, Scalability, Vaccination certificates, Vaccines},
pages = {138003--138025},
file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/Y8PY2ZM3/9558786.html:text/html;IEEE Xplore Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/WE4NVXT8/Karopoulos et al. - 2021 - A Survey on Digital Certificates Approaches for th.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{baser_what_2023,
title = {What if we could travel without passport? {First} sight to blockchain-based identity management in tourism},
volume = {28},
issn = {1094-1665},
shorttitle = {What if we could travel without passport?},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2023.2229922>},
doi = {10.1080/10941665.2023.2229922},
abstract = {Blockchain technology, as a distributed digital ledger, enables users to control their credentials without being breached by third parties. From a tourism perspective, it allows tourists to pass through checkpoints and/or bookings without waiting and having to go through third-party transactions. Hence, this paper aims to discuss traditional identity management (IdM) system challenges and what blockchain might offer as a counterpoint to conventional travel experiences within the tourism domain. We have tried to identify challenges, issues, and implementation areas of IdM in the tourism industry domain.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2024-03-02},
journal = {Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research},
author = {Başer, Miraç Yücel and Büyükbeşe, Tuba and Kizildag, Murat},
month = apr,
year = {2023},
note = {Publisher: Routledge
\\_eprint: <https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2023.2229922>},
keywords = {digital identity, smart contracts, blockchain technology, digital travel, Identity management},
pages = {341--363},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/6FIUR256/Başer et al. - 2023 - What if we could travel without passport First si.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{aruba_tourism_authority_aruba_2023,
title = {Aruba {Makes} {Steady} {Progress} {In} {Launching} {New} {Digital} {Travel} {Credential}},
url = {<https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/aruba-makes-steady-progress-in-launching-new-digital-travel-credential-301989815.html>},
abstract = {/PRNewswire/ -- The Aruba Tourism Authority (ATA), in partnership with the Office of Minister of Tourism and Public Health for Aruba, has announced the...},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-03-02},
author = {{Aruba Tourism Authority}},
month = nov,
year = {2023},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/GUJM245E/aruba-makes-steady-progress-in-launching-new-digital-travel-credential-301989815.html:text/html},
}
@techreport{moneyval_latvia_2019,
title = {Latvia - {Committee} of {Experts} on the {Evaluation} of {Anti}-{Money} {Laundering} {Measures} and the {Financing} of {Terrorism}},
url = {<https://www.coe.int/en/web/moneyval/jurisdictions/latvia>},
abstract = {Moneyval reports on Latvia},
language = {en-GB},
urldate = {2024-03-02},
institution = {Council of Europe},
author = {{Moneyval}},
month = dec,
year = {2019},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/YGK7GVBW/latvia.html:text/html},
}
@techreport{moneyval_malta_2021,
title = {Malta - {Committee} of {Experts} on the {Evaluation} of {Anti}-{Money} {Laundering} {Measures} and the {Financing} of {Terrorism}},
url = {<https://www.coe.int/en/web/moneyval/jurisdictions/malta>},
abstract = {Moneyval reports on Malta},
language = {en-GB},
urldate = {2024-03-02},
author = {{Moneyval}},
month = apr,
year = {2021},
}
@article{stack_shell_2015,
title = {Shell companies, {Latvian}-type correspondent banking, money laundering and illicit financial flows from {Russia} and the former {Soviet} {Union}},
volume = {18},
issn = {1368-5201},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-06-2014-0020>},
doi = {10.1108/JMLC-06-2014-0020},
abstract = {Purpose The paper aims to examine the role played by international shell companies in Latvian-type correspondent banking, who creates the shell companies according to what criteria and the resulting money laundering operations for financial flows from Russia and the former Soviet Union. Design/methodology/approach This paper draws on journalist and non-governmental organisations investigations, financial intelligence unit reports, interviews with participants, whistleblower reports and public domain databases to research financial activities shrouded in secrecy with connections to corruption and organised crime. Findings Latvian-type correspondent banking generates for its clients from the former Soviet Union anonymous shell companies en masse across diverse onshore and offshore jurisdictions. The shell companies are vehicles for moving white, grey and black funds from Russia, Ukraine and other former Soviet countries through international correspondent banking relations to offshore savings accounts and business suppliers. The creation and administration of the shell companies is handled by para-bank “business introducer” structures that dilute customer documentation. Research limitations/implications This paper does not address the specifics of Latvia’s domestic anti-money laundering (AML) legislation and enforcement thereof. Practical implications Attempts to eradicate shell companies in individual jurisdictions, for instance, by introducing registers of beneficial ownership of companies, may merely displace the phenomenon to other jurisdictions, and thus treat the symptom not the disease. Originality/value This is the first scholarly study of mass use of international shell companies by Latvian-type banking in connection with financial flows from Russia, Ukraine and the former Soviet Union.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2024-03-02},
journal = {Journal of Money Laundering Control},
author = {Stack, Graham},
month = jan,
year = {2015},
note = {Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing Limited},
keywords = {Latvia, Money laundering, Correspondent banking, Russia, Shell companies, Ukraine},
pages = {496--512},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/NYXFH9CI/html.html:text/html},
}
@article{bowen_latvia_2024,
title = {Latvia and {Money} {Laundering}: {An} {Examination} of {Regulatory} and {Institutional} {Effectiveness} in {Combating} {Money} {Laundering}},
volume = {8},
shorttitle = {Latvia and {Money} {Laundering}},
url = {<https://cejiss.org/latvia-and-money-laundering-an-examination-of-regulatory-and-institutional-effectiveness-in-combating-money-laundering>},
language = {en},
number = {4},
urldate = {2024-03-02},
journal = {Central European Journal of International and Security Studies},
author = {Bowen, Andrew and Galeotti, Mark},
month = mar,
year = {2024},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/RHRPHFQ6/Bowen and Galeotti - 2024 - Latvia and Money Laundering An Examination of Reg.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@phdthesis{grixti_challenges_2023,
type = {{bachelorThesis}},
title = {Challenges in investigating and prosecuting financial crime in {Malta}},
copyright = {info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccess},
url = {<https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/118366>},
abstract = {Global economies are seriously threatened by financial crimes. Such crimes also threaten the integrity of the financial system as well as the public confidence. Malta, has its own unique difficulties in investigating as well as prosecuting such type of crimes. Financial crimes include a variety of unlawful actions that make use of financial systems and institutions. Cryptocurrency is a flourishing modern financial transaction which can be a predicate offence to ML, along with, bribery and fraud. All these actions have a detrimental effect on businesses, society as well as the economy at large. When it comes to identifying and prosecuting MLrelated crimes, it should be taken into account that the predicate offence may have originated away from our shores and consequently have transnational impacts. The scope of this research is to investigate the challenges of investigating as well as prosecuting financial crimes in Malta. Hence, this study analyses financial crime in Malta to determine the most significant challenges being faced by law enforcement and financial institutions in preventing, detecting and prosecuting such unlawful actions. The purpose of this study investigates the local system’s advantages and disadvantages and makes suggestions for reform, such as amendments to the law, bolstering enforcement tools, and raising public awareness of financial crimes. The greylisting on the local financial system provides investigators and prosecutors recommends measures to rectify deficiencies in the said system. Data and information were gathered through, semi-structured interviews with participants coming from the AG office and from the FCID since they were considered in possession of the appropriate expertise on the subject matter. The outcome of this research suggests that resources available to investigators and prosecutors alike lack adequacy and do not keep up with the developments of the crimes for which they are intended. In addition, the most common crimes associated with financial crimes were identified to be tax crimes and digital currency. Difficulties in the regulatory framework were also determined. The study concludes with making relevant recommendations for improvement and for future studies.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-03-02},
school = {University of Malta},
author = {Grixti, Jessica (2023)},
year = {2023},
note = {Accepted: 2024-02-09T09:49:23Z},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/VURFWU3I/118366.html:text/html},
}
@article{riccardi_behind_2023,
title = {Behind the curtain: an empirical analysis of corporate opacity across countries and sectors worldwide to assess money laundering risks},
abstract = {Beneficial ownership (BO) transparency is a pillar of the global anti-money laundering (AML) regime and is deemed as a key measure to combat financial crimes. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) assesses countries’ BO transparency in terms of technical compliance with two Recommendations (R.24 and R.25) and of effectiveness by looking at Immediate Outcome 5. Beyond FATF statutory evaluations, what is the actual level of corporate opacity across countries? What do empirical data on corporate ownership tell us? This paper addresses these questions by undertaking a groundbreaking analysis of over 100 million firms and 1.9 billion owners in more than 130 countries globally. It operationalizes the concept of corporate opacity through five indicators which measure the level of ownership complexity, shareholding anomalies, prevalence of legal arrangements and legal persons, and lack of BO information. It correlates these indicators with socioeconomic and financial variables, and with the same FATF mutual evaluations’ scores. Results reveal, among other things, that the countries which receive better FATF scores on BO transparency show instead generally higher corporate opacity values. These insights can enhance understanding of ML risks and support improvements in BO transparency solutions, including the design and implementation of more complete and effective BO registers.},
language = {en},
author = {Riccardi, Michele and Carenzo, Andrea},
month = feb,
year = {2023},
file = {Riccardi and Carenzo - Behind the curtain an empirical analysis of corpo.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/R8HWXTMJ/Riccardi and Carenzo - Behind the curtain an empirical analysis of corpo.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{grima_implications_2020,
title = {The {Implications} of {Derisking}: {The} {Case} of {Malta}, a {Small} {EU} {State}},
volume = {13},
copyright = {<http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/>},
issn = {1911-8074},
shorttitle = {The {Implications} of {Derisking}},
url = {<https://www.mdpi.com/1911-8074/13/9/216>},
doi = {10.3390/jrfm13090216},
abstract = {In this study, we explore the emerging derisking phenomenon by identifying and analysing the main factors that are affected by, and the implications of, the derisking process by focusing on the key drivers and implications of derisking specific to Malta. To do this, we carried out 32 interviews with individuals who have a good or excellent level of expertise in derisking and administered a survey, completed by 296 participants who were filtered to ensure their level of expertise, resulting in 285 valid participant surveys. In total, between the interviews and the survey, we had 317 valid participants. Findings showed that to maximise the effectiveness of derisking, one needs to find the right balance of adequately managing risks without extinguishing business needs. This implies a need for the regulations to be balanced and proportionate. This study is a relevant contributor to future derisking to be conducted in Malta and serves as a benchmark for further studies. Moreover, this research project accentuates the need for increased awareness, knowledge and expertise of derisking in Malta. Consequently, the provision of education to professionals is important so that such professionals are able to keep abreast with all the latest developments regarding derisking and AML/CFT (antimoney laundering and combatting the financing of terrorism).},
language = {en},
number = {9},
urldate = {2024-03-02},
journal = {Journal of Risk and Financial Management},
author = {Grima, Simon and Baldacchino, Peter J. and Abela, Jeremy Mercieca and Spiteri, Jonathan V.},
month = sep,
year = {2020},
note = {Number: 9
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
keywords = {antimoney laundering (AML), combatting the financing of terrorism (CFT), derisking, drivers and implications of derisking, financial services, Malta, proportionality, risk management, small EU state},
pages = {216},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/JSZMTSAC/Grima et al. - 2020 - The Implications of Derisking The Case of Malta, .pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{noauthor_public_nodate,
title = {Public {Consultation} - {FATF} {Risk}-{Based} {Guidance} on {Recommendation} 25},
url = {<https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Fatfrecommendations/R25-Public-Consultation-Oct-23.html>},
urldate = {2024-03-02},
file = {Public Consultation - FATF Risk-Based Guidance on Recommendation 25:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/8RDGGFJT/R25-Public-Consultation-Oct-23.html:text/html},
}
@misc{noauthor_guidance_nodate,
title = {Guidance on {Beneficial} {Ownership} of {Legal} {Persons}},
url = {<https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Fatfrecommendations/Guidance-Beneficial-Ownership-Legal-Persons.html#>},
urldate = {2024-03-02},
}
@misc{gitcoin_llc_gitcoin_2024,
title = {Gitcoin {Passport} {Docs}},
url = {<https://docs.passport.gitcoin.co/>},
abstract = {Gitcoin Passport — Sybil Defense. Made Simple},
urldate = {2024-02-20},
author = {{Gitcoin LLC}},
month = jan,
year = {2024},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/9S76I77S/docs.passport.gitcoin.co.html:text/html},
}
@misc{raidguild_dao_raidguild_2024,
title = {{RaidGuild} - {A} {Decentralized} {Collective} of {Mercenaries} {Ready} to {Slay} {Your} {Web3} {Product} {Demons}.},
url = {<https://raidguild.org>},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-02-20},
author = {{RaidGuild DAO}},
year = {2024},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/5F75NDWY/www.raidguild.org.html:text/html},
}
@misc{burgos_ssi_2020,
title = {{SSI} {eIDAS} {Bridge} reference implementation},
url = {<https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/collection/ssi-eidas-bridge/solution/ssi-eidas-bridge-reference-implementation>},
urldate = {2024-01-07},
author = {Burgos, Oscar},
month = apr,
year = {2020},
file = {About SSI eIDAS Bridge | Joinup:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/YR8VAN9H/about.html:text/html;SSI eIDAS Bridge - Use cases and Technical Specifications v1.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/TQ8L97E4/SSI eIDAS Bridge - Use cases and Technical Specifications v1.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{european_centre_for_the_development_of_vocational_training_cedefop_europass_2015,
title = {Europass {XML} {Schema} {V}.3.0},
language = {en},
author = {{European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (CEDEFOP)}},
year = {2015},
file = {Europass XML Schema V.3.0.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/JPKZ5G5X/Europass XML Schema V.3.0.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{chang_erc-4361_2021,
title = {{ERC}-4361: {Sign}-{In} with {Ethereum} [{DRAFT}]},
shorttitle = {{ERC}-4361},
url = {<https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-4361>},
abstract = {Off-chain authentication for Ethereum accounts to establish sessions.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2023-11-15},
author = {Chang, Wayne and {Gregory Rocco} and Millegan, Brantly and Johnson, Nick and Terbu, Oliver},
month = oct,
year = {2021},
note = {Place: Online Serial
Type: Ethereum Improvement Proposals},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/YKUUFM9H/eip-4361.html:text/html},
}
@book{bastian_combination_2022-1,
title = {Combination of x509 and {DID}/{VC} for inheritance properties of trust in digital identities},
abstract = {The proposal for review of the eIDAS Regulation from 2021 has opened strong expectations for a deep change in traditional identity models. The user-centric identity model proposed starts with the creation of European Digital Identity Wallets that will enable citizens' control over their data in identification and authentication processes without control by entities providing the identification services. Likewise digital identities and digital signatures are in place and interoperability between existing solutions mainly based on x509 certificates and decentralized PKI using DID/VC foreseeable. The paper provides various options to address different aspects in combining x509 and DID/VC approaches.},
author = {Bastian, Paul and Stöcker, Carsten and Schwalm, Steffen},
month = jul,
year = {2022},
doi = {10.18420/OID2022_13},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/7E47B4VN/Bastian et al. - 2022 - Combination of x509 and DIDVC for inheritance pro.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@book{kubach_lightweight_2021,
title = {A lightweight trust management infrastructure for self-sovereign identity},
isbn = {978-3-88579-706-7},
url = {<https://dl.gi.de/handle/20.500.12116/36489>},
abstract = {Decentralized approaches towards digital identity management, often summarized under the currently popular term Self-sovereign identity (SSI) are being associated with high hopes for a bright future of identity management (IdM). Numerous private, open source as well as publicly funded research initiatives pursue this approach with the aim to finally bring universally usable, trustworthy, interoperable, secure, and privacy friendly digital identities for everyone and all use cases. However, a major challenge that so far has been only rudimentary addressed, is the trust management in these decentralized identity ecosystems. This paper first elaborates this problem before presenting an approach for a trust management infrastructure in SSI ecosystems that is based on already completed work for trust management in digital transactions.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2023-08-20},
publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V.},
author = {Kubach, Michael and Roßnagel, Heiko},
year = {2021},
}
@article{madon_digital_2021,
title = {Digital identity as a platform for improving refugee management},
volume = {31},
copyright = {{\\textbackslash}copyright 2021 The Authors. Information Systems Journal published by John Wiley \\& Sons Ltd.},
issn = {1365-2575},
url = {<https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/isj.12353>},
doi = {10.1111/isj.12353},
abstract = {Digital platforms are restructuring how many companies and industries function, including humanitarian organisations that operate in complex environments and serve vulnerable populations. To date, however, there has been limited study of their use in humanitarian and particularly refugee contexts. This paper seeks to address this gap by drawing on the concept of platformisation to study the opportunities and challenges arising from UNHCR's transition from a closed transactional system to an open innovation platform focusing on core processes of identification, value creation and platform governance that are relevant for refugee management and protection. Our empirical study captures the perspectives of the UNHCR, organisational stakeholders and refugees in the world's largest refugee camp in Northern Uganda with regards to UNHCR's strategy towards platform openness. We find that UNHCR's data transformation strategy introduces the potential for increasing institutional value in the form of more effective service delivery to refugees. However, these technological opportunities do not necessarily translate to greater value if they do not mesh with current work practices, incentives and activities of service provider organisations and refugees. Our study helps identify opportunities to address these constraints, primarily through improving understanding of the emergent governance-related tensions that exist for digital platforms for development and surfacing existing issues of exclusion and vulnerability. We conclude with insights for the broader theorisation of identification platforms and with recommendations for policies and practices that together might help realise the potential value creation introduced through the platformisation of identification systems.},
language = {en},
number = {6},
urldate = {2024-02-20},
journal = {Information Systems Journal},
author = {Madon, Shirin and Schoemaker, Emrys},
year = {2021},
keywords = {governance, digital identity, Bidi Bidi camp, platformisation, refugees, value creation},
pages = {929--953},
annote = {\\_eprint: <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/isj.12353>},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/XHEJZ5DM/Madon and Schoemaker - 2021 - Digital identity as a platform for improving refug.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@inproceedings{martinez_jurado_applying_2021,
title = {Applying assurance levels when issuing and verifying credentials using {Trust} {Frameworks}},
isbn = {978-3-88579-706-7},
url = {<https://dl.gi.de/handle/20.500.12116/36490>},
abstract = {Technical interoperability of the issuance, presentation, and verification of verifiable credentials (VC) across domains of trust is a current challenge for self-sovereign identity. We present an approach incorporating different levels of assurance and trust domains in an eIDAS compliant way. This is illustrated through a use case with real-world relevance: the issuance and cross-border usage of the European Health Insurance Card.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2023-08-20},
booktitle = {Open {Identity} {Summit} 2021},
publisher = {Lecture Notes in Informatics (LNI)},
author = {Martinez Jurado, Victor and Vila, Xavier and Kubach, Michael and Henderson Johnson Jeyakumar, Isaac and Solana, Albert and Marangoni, Matteo},
year = {2021},
note = {Backup Publisher: Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V.},
pages = {167--178},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/SFKW3DR3/Martinez Jurado et al. - 2021 - Applying assurance levels when issuing and verifyi.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{curren_didcomm_2023,
title = {{DIDComm} {Messaging} {Specification} v2 {Editor}'s {Draft}},
url = {<https://identity.foundation/didcomm-messaging/spec/>},
urldate = {2024-02-18},
author = {Curren, Sam and Looker, Tobias and Terbu, Oliver},
month = apr,
year = {2023},
file = {DIDComm Messaging Specification v2 Editor's Draft:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/ZKX875T5/spec.html:text/html},
}
@article{dong_shared_2011,
title = {Shared and searchable encrypted data for untrusted servers},
volume = {19},
issn = {0926-227X},
url = {<https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-computer-security/jcs415>},
doi = {10.3233/JCS-2010-0415},
abstract = {Current security mechanisms are not suitable for organisations that outsource their data management to untrusted servers. Encrypting and decrypting sensitive data at the client side is the normal approach in this situation but has high communication},
language = {en},
number = {3},
urldate = {2024-02-19},
journal = {Journal of Computer Security},
author = {Dong, Changyu and Russello, Giovanni and Dulay, Naranker},
month = jan,
year = {2011},
pages = {367--397},
annote = {Publisher: IOS Press},
file = {Accepted Version:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/9GPSMU2P/Dong et al. - 2011 - Shared and searchable encrypted data for untrusted.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{hardjono_blockchain_2021,
title = {Blockchain {Gateways}, {Bridges} and {Delegated} {Hash}-{Locks}},
url = {<http://arxiv.org/abs/2102.03933>},
abstract = {In the current work we discuss the notion of gateways as a means for interoperability across different blockchain systems. We discuss two key principles for the design of gateway nodes and scalable gateway protocols, namely (i) the opaque ledgers principle as the analogue of the autonomous systems principle in IP datagram routing, and (ii) the externalization of value principle as the analogue of the end-to-end principle in the Internet architecture. We illustrate the need for a standard gateway protocol by describing a unidirectional asset movement protocol between two peer gateways, under the strict condition of both blockchains being private/permissioned with their ledgers inaccessible to external entities. Several aspects of gateways and the gateway protocol is discussed, including gateway identities, gateway certificates and certificate hierarchies, passive locking transactions by gateways, and the potential use of delegated hash-locks to expand the functionality of gateways.},
urldate = {2024-02-19},
publisher = {arXiv},
author = {Hardjono, Thomas},
month = feb,
year = {2021},
doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2102.03933},
keywords = {Computer Science - Cryptography and Security},
annote = {arXiv:2102.03933 [cs]},
annote = {Comment: 8 figures},
file = {arXiv Fulltext PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/R2WQSWB7/Hardjono - 2021 - Blockchain Gateways, Bridges and Delegated Hash-Lo.pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/LXXWU8EM/2102.html:text/html},
}
@misc{lohkamp_notice_2021,
title = {Notice of concern {DIF}-{TOIP}. {Issue} \\#152. decentralized-identity/keri},
url = {<https://github.com/decentralized-identity/keri/issues/152>},
abstract = {Dear Sam, dear Charles, corresponding to the DIF KERI WG call of June 22nd, 2021 (and previous expression of concerns in the DIF KERI WG slack channel) I'd like to again list my concerns about the proposed move of the DIF KERI WG to TOIP.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-02-16},
author = {Lohkamp, Joachim},
month = jun,
year = {2021},
note = {Publication Title: GitHub},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/YN7LBQY3/152.html:text/html},
}
@misc{nguyen_qualified_2023,
title = {Qualified {Electronic} {Attestation} of {Attributes} ({QEAA}) as a new essential {eIDAS} trust service},
url = {<https://www.teletrust.de/fileadmin/user_upload/01_Informationstag_Elektronische-Signatur-und-Vertrauensdienste_D-Trust_Nguyen.pdf>},
urldate = {2024-02-18},
author = {Nguyen, Kim},
month = sep,
year = {2023},
file = {01_Informationstag_Elektronische-Signatur-und-Vertrauensdienste_D-Trust_Nguyen.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/4FIESPFP/01_Informationstag_Elektronische-Signatur-und-Vertrauensdienste_D-Trust_Nguyen.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{padayatti_eudi_2023,
title = {{EUDI} wallets with {OpenID} for verifiable credentials},
url = {<https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/eudi-wallets-openid-verifiable-credentials-igrantio-pkqgf/>},
urldate = {2024-02-18},
author = {Padayatti, George J. and Chandran, Lal and Szabo, Aron},
month = nov,
year = {2023},
}
@misc{sdika_consortium_schaufenster_2020,
title = {Schaufenster sichere digitale {Identitäten} {Karlsruhe}. {Vorstellung} des {Umsetzungskonzepts}},
url = {<https://www.digitale-technologien.de/DT/Redaktion/DE/Downloads/sdi_sdika_praesentation.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=1>},
urldate = {2024-02-18},
author = {{SDIKA Consortium}},
year = {2020},
file = {sdi_sdika_praesentation.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/4HGFVPG8/sdi_sdika_praesentation.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{siddarth_who_2020,
title = {Who {Watches} the {Watchmen}? {A} {Review} of {Subjective} {Approaches} for {Sybil}-{Resistance} in {Proof} of {Personhood} {Protocols}},
volume = {3},
issn = {2624-7852},
shorttitle = {Who {Watches} the {Watchmen}?},
url = {<https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbloc.2020.590171>},
abstract = {Most self-sovereign identity systems consist of strictly objective claims, cryptographically signed by trusted third-party attestors. Lacking protocols in place to account for subjectivity, these systems do not form new sources of legitimacy that can address the central question concerning identity authentication: “Who verifies the verifier?” The legitimacy of claims is instead derived from traditional centralized institutions such as national ID issuers and KYC providers. This architecture has been employed, in part, to safeguard protocols from a vulnerability previously thought to be impossible to address in peer-to-peer identity systems: the Sybil attack, which refers to the abuse of a digital network by creating many illegitimate virtual personas. Inspired by the progress in cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology, there has recently been a surge in networked protocols that make use of subjective inputs such as voting, vouching, and interpreting to arrive at a decentralized and Sybil-resistant consensus for identity. In doing so, these projects illustrate that the best technologies do not abstract away subjectivity but instead embrace it as a necessity and strength. In this review, we will outline the approaches of these new and natively digital sources of authentication—their attributes, methodologies, strengths, and weaknesses—and sketch out possible directions for future developments.},
urldate = {2024-02-18},
journal = {Frontiers in Blockchain},
author = {Siddarth, Divya and Ivliev, Sergey and Siri, Santiago and Berman, Paula},
year = {2020},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/Y7NDEE7V/Siddarth et al. - 2020 - Who Watches the Watchmen A Review of Subjective A.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@unpublished{smith_key_2021,
title = {Key {Event} {Receipt} {Infrastructure} ({KERI})},
url = {<http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.02143>},
abstract = {An identity system based secure overlay for the Internet is presented. This includes a primary root-of-trust in self-certifying identifiers. It presents a formalism for Autonomic Identifiers (AIDs) and Autonomic Namespaces (ANs). They are part of an Autonomic Identity System (AIS). This system uses the design principle of minimally sufficient means to provide a candidate trust spanning layer for the internet. Associated with this system is a decentralized key management infrastructure (DKMI). The primary root-of-trust are self-certifying identifiers that are strongly bound at issuance to a cryptographic signing (public, private) key-pair. These are self-contained until/unless control needs to be transferred to a new key-pair. In that event an append only chained key-event log of signed transfer statements provides end verifiable control provenance. This makes intervening operational infrastructure replaceable because the event logs may be therefore be served up by ambient infrastructure. End verifiable logs on ambient infrastructure enables ambient verifiability (verifiable by anyone, anywhere, at anytime). The primary key management operation is key rotation (transference) via a novel key pre-rotation scheme. Two primary trust modalities motivated the design, these are a direct (one-to-one) mode and an indirect (one-to-any) mode. In the direct mode, the identity controller establishes control via verified signatures of the controlling key-pair. The indirect mode extends that trust basis with witnessed key event receipt logs (KERLs) for validating events. The security and accountability guarantees of indirect mode are provided by KERIs Agreement Algorithm for Control Establishment (KACE) among a set of witnesses.},
urldate = {2024-02-18},
author = {Smith, Samuel M.},
month = oct,
year = {2021},
doi = {10.48550/arXiv.1907.02143},
note = {Publisher: arXiv},
keywords = {Computer Science - Cryptography and Security},
annote = {arXiv:1907.02143 [cs]},
annote = {Comment: 141 pages, 90 figures, v2.60},
file = {arXiv Fulltext PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/39Z4PJDA/Smith - 2021 - Key Event Receipt Infrastructure (KERI).pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/TVZVQ7IP/1907.html:text/html},
}
@book{preuschkat_self-sovereign_2021,
title = {Self-{Sovereign} {Identity}. {Decentralized} {Digital} {Identity} and {Verifiable} {Credentials}},
volume = {1},
number = {1},
publisher = {Manning},
author = {Reed, Drummond and Preuschkat, Alexander},
editor = {Preuschkat, Alexander and Reed, Drummond},
year = {2021},
note = {Section: Why the internet is missing an identity layer — and why SSI can finally provide one},
}
@incollection{preuschkat_self-sovereign_2021-1,
title = {Self-{Sovereign} {Identity}. {Decentralized} {Digital} {Identity} and {Verifiable} {Credentials}},
volume = {1},
publisher = {Manning},
author = {Preuschkat, Alexander and Reed, Drummond and Hardman, Daniel},
year = {2021},
note = {Section: Example Scenarios showing how SSI works},
pages = {40--57},
}
@misc{hardman_aries-rfc0005_2019-1,
title = {{ARIES}-{RFC}:0005 {DIDCOMM}},
url = {<https://github.com/hyperledger/aries-rfcs/tree/main/concepts/0005-didcomm>},
urldate = {2024-01-16},
publisher = {Hyperledger Foundation},
author = {Hardman, Daniel},
month = nov,
year = {2019},
note = {Version Number: 1},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/KN6N3D9N/0005-didcomm.html:text/html},
}
@misc{european_parliament_regulation_2023,
title = {Regulation ({EU}) 2023/1114 of the {European} {Parliament} and of the {Council} of 31 {May} 2023 on markets in crypto-assets, and amending {Regulations} ({EU}) {No} 1093/2010 and ({EU}) {No} 1095/2010 and {Directives} 2013/36/{EU} and ({EU}) 2019/1937 ({Text} with {EEA} relevance)},
url = {<http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1114/oj/eng>},
urldate = {2024-01-05},
author = {{European Parliament} and {European Council}},
month = may,
year = {2023},
annote = {Legislative Body: EP, CONSIL},
file = {EUR-Lex PDF (EN):/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/3NFMW5AE/2023 - Regulation (EU) 20231114 of the European Parliame.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@inproceedings{weigl_social_2022-1,
title = {The {Social} {Construction} of {Self}-{Sovereign} {Identity}: {An} {Extended} {Model} of {Interpretive} {Flexibility}},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 55th {Hawaii} {International} {Conference} on {System} {Sciences}},
publisher = {HICCS},
author = {Weigl, Linda and Barbereau, Tom and Rieger, Alexander and Fridgen, Gilbert},
year = {2022},
pages = {2543--2552},
}
@misc{sporny_decentralized_2022,
title = {Decentralized {Identifiers} ({DIDs}) v1.0},
url = {<https://www.w3.org/TR/did-core/>},
urldate = {2023-08-25},
author = {Sporny, Manu and Longley, Dave and Sabadello, Markus and Reed, Drummond and Steele, Orie and Allen, Christopher},
year = {2022},
file = {Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs) v1.0:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/VTY3NB4N/did-core.html:text/html},
}
@inproceedings{kondova_self-sovereign_2020,
title = {Self-{Sovereign} {Identity} on {Public} {Blockchains} and the {GDPR}},
url = {<https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3515213>},
abstract = {This paper studies three existing technical solutions for a self-sovereign identity on blockchains and analyzes the arising issues related to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of the European Union (EU). In particular, the paper provides an overview of the existing Sovrin self-sovereign identity on the Hyperledger Indy public permissioned blockchain as well as uPort and Jolocom on the Ethereum public permissionless blockchain. The paper then concludes with a discussion on the GDPR-compliance of the blockchain-based identity concepts.},
urldate = {2023-08-26},
booktitle = {Proceedings of {ACM} {SAC} {Conference}},
publisher = {SSRN},
author = {Kondova, Galia and Erbguth, Jörn},
month = apr,
year = {2020},
note = {Backup Publisher: SAC'20
Issue: 3515213
Place: Brno, Czech Republic},
keywords = {Digital Identity, Blockchain, Data Protection Law, Economic Development, Technological Change},
pages = {342--345},
}
@misc{european_parliament_regulation_2016-1,
title = {Regulation {EU} 2016/679 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing {Directive} 95/46/{EC} ({General} {Data} {Protection} {Regulation})},
url = {<https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj>},
urldate = {2022-08-02},
publisher = {Official Journal of the European Union},
author = {{European Parliament} and {European Council}},
month = apr,
year = {2016},
note = {Pages: 1–88
Series: L
Volume: 119},
annote = {Backup Publisher: European Union},
}
@misc{hardt_oauth_2012,
title = {The {OAuth} 2.0 {Authorization} {Framework}},
url = {<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc6749>},
abstract = {The OAuth 2.0 authorization framework enables a third-party application to obtain limited access to an HTTP service, either on behalf of a resource owner by orchestrating an approval interaction between the resource owner and the HTTP service, or by allowing the third-party application to obtain access on its own behalf. This specification replaces and obsoletes the OAuth 1.0 protocol described in RFC 5849. [STANDARDS-TRACK]},
urldate = {2023-08-20},
publisher = {Internet Engineering Task Force},
author = {Hardt, Dick},
month = oct,
year = {2012},
doi = {10.17487/RFC6749},
note = {Issue: RFC 6749
Type: Request for Comments},
annote = {Num Pages: 76},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/MDHSCZME/Hardt - 2012 - The OAuth 2.0 Authorization Framework.pdf:application/pdf;rfc6749.txt.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/LECES4HZ/rfc6749.txt.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{fett_selective_2023,
title = {Selective {Disclosure} for {JWTs} ({SD}-{JWT})},
url = {<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-oauth-selective-disclosure-jwt/>},
abstract = {This specification defines a mechanism for selective disclosure of individual elements of a JSON object used as the payload of a JSON Web Signature (JWS) structure. It encompasses various applications, including but not limited to the selective disclosure of JSON Web Token (JWT) claims.},
urldate = {2023-08-30},
publisher = {Internet Engineering Task Force},
author = {Fett, Daniel and Yasuda, Kristina and Campbell, Brian},
month = dec,
year = {2023},
note = {Issue: draft-ietf-oauth-selective-disclosure-jwt-07
Type: Internet Draft},
annote = {Num Pages: 84},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/64K2RZ8N/Fett et al. - 2023 - Selective Disclosure for JWTs (SD-JWT).pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{danube_tech_gmbh_universal_2022,
title = {Universal {Resolver}},
url = {<https://dev.uniresolver.io/>},
urldate = {2023-08-30},
publisher = {Danube Tech GmbH},
author = {{Danube Tech GmbH}},
year = {2022},
note = {Place: Vienna, Austria},
file = {Universal Resolver:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/Z9V4EQX6/dev.uniresolver.io.html:text/html},
}
@incollection{reed_basic_2021,
title = {The basic building blocks of {SSI}},
volume = {1},
booktitle = {Self-{Sovereign} {Identity}. {Decentralized} {Digital} {Identity} and {Verifiable} {Credentials}},
publisher = {Manning},
author = {Reed, Drummond and Joosten, Rieks and van Deventer, Oskar},
editor = {Preuschkat, Alexander and Reed, Drummond},
year = {2021},
pages = {21--38},
annote = {Section: An Introduction to SSI},
}
@misc{sporny_verifiable_2023,
title = {Verifiable {Credentials} {Data} {Model} v2.0},
url = {<https://www.w3.org/TR/vc-data-model-2.0/>},
urldate = {2023-08-29},
publisher = {World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)},
author = {Sporny, Manu and Steele, Orie and Jones, Michael B. and Cohen, Gabe and Terbu, Oliver},
year = {2023},
file = {Verifiable Credentials Data Model v2.0:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/PZUYMPEJ/vc-data-model-2.0.html:text/html},
}
@misc{european_commission_proposal_2021-2,
title = {Proposal for a {Regulation} of the {European} {Parliament} and of the {Council} amending {Regulation} ({EU}) {No} 910/2014 as regards establishing a framework for a {European} {Digital} {Identity}},
url = {<https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52021PC0281>},
urldate = {2022-07-27},
author = {{European Commission}},
month = jun,
year = {2021},
}
@article{radha_survey_2012,
title = {A {Survey} on {Single} {Sign}-{On} {Techniques}},
volume = {4},
doi = {10.1016/j.protcy.2012.05.019},
abstract = {Single sign-on (SSO) is a mechanism that uses a single action of authentication to permit an authorized user to access all related, but independent software systems or applications without being prompted to log in again at each of them during a particular session. It reduces the risk for the administrators to manage users centrally, increases user productivity by allowing mobility and allows users to access multiple services or applications after being authenticated just once. This doesn't mean that the SSO system unifies account information for all services, applications and systems, rather it hides such a multiplicity of account information into a single account that the user needs to login. Once the user login, the SSO system generates authentication information accepted by the various applications and systems. The concept of SSO can be used within an Intranet, Extranet or Internet. This report explores various methods of SSO and the advantages by adopting it. It also discusses on implementing various types of SSO and the protocols that are being used.},
journal = {Procedia Technology},
author = {Radha, Vedala and Sahitha, Danish},
month = dec,
year = {2012},
pages = {134--139},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/M9GXB4LK/Radha and Sahitha - 2012 - A Survey on Single Sign-On Techniques.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@mastersthesis{schaffner_analysis_2019-1,
title = {Analysis and {Evaluation} of {Blockchain}-based {Self}-{Sovereign} {Identity} {Systems}},
school = {TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN},
author = {Schäffner, Martin},
year = {2019},
}
@inproceedings{ibrahimy_achieving_2022,
series = {Lecture {Notes} in {Computer} {Science}},
title = {Achieving {Corruption}-{Transparency} in {Service} {Governance} {Processes} with {Blockchain}-{Technology} {Based} e-{Participation}},
isbn = {978-3-031-09917-5},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-09917-5_29},
abstract = {Corruption takes place in public procurement by public servants through intermediaries due to the use of centralized systems and complicated processes. Blockchain and Web3 has the potential to remove these intermediaries, instead allowing institutions to build trust among public servants and citizens through a decentralized web. It is feasible to positively reinforce the transparency in tackling corruption in public procurement by establishing an e-participatory governance infrastructure using token economics from smart-contract blockchain technology. The overall success of public procurement in terms of service delivery to citizens is associated with citizen e-participation. Thus, increased e-participation through automated processes makes the government accountable and transparent in the provision of services that lead to the progress and economic growth of a country. In this paper, we investigate the potential of blockchain and smart-contracts to improve the efficiency, trust, and transparency of public procurement in the case of Afghanistan. Moreover, we identify the existing barriers namely lack of trust, transparency, the complexity of procurement documents, and inappropriate record-keeping system. To address these issues, we propose a blockchain-based e-participatory infrastructure to boost transparency by curbing public procurement corruption.},
booktitle = {Web {Engineering}},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
author = {Ibrahimy, Mohammad Mustafa and Norta, Alex and Normak, Peeter},
editor = {Di Noia, Tommaso and Ko, In-Young and Schedl, Markus and Ardito, Carmelo},
year = {2022},
note = {Place: Cham},
keywords = {Blockchain, Corruption, Transparency, e-Participation, Smart-contract, Token economy},
pages = {417--425},
}
@article{weitzner_whose_2007,
title = {Whose {Name} {Is} {It}, {Anyway}? {Decentralized} {Identity} {Systems} on the {Web}},
volume = {11},
issn = {1941-0131},
shorttitle = {Whose {Name} {Is} {It}, {Anyway}?},
doi = {10.1109/MIC.2007.95},
abstract = {A new form of personal identity is emerging on the Web. Decentralized identification protocols are a departure from traditional distributed authentication approaches developed for the Internet. From a technical perspective, they're quite similar to distributed systems based on public-key infrastructures or federated identity systems, such as those proposed by the Liberty Alliance, or Microsoft's Passport. What distinguishes the new decentralized approach is its use of URIs as the underlying identifier. The Web - using URIs as the basis for a global hypertext system of documents - set off an unprecedented explosion of human communication and knowledge sharing. So, too, could these new decentralized identity systems potentially augment the Web to let us reliably and scalably communicate with each other about our identities in a more trustworthy manner.},
number = {4},
journal = {IEEE Internet Computing},
author = {Weitzner, Daniel J.},
month = jul,
year = {2007},
keywords = {Authentication, Privacy, Control systems, decentralized identification protocols, Explosions, Hypertext systems, Identity management systems, Internet, Permission, Public key, Search engines, uniform resource identifiers, URI, Web identity},
pages = {72--76},
annote = {Conference Name: IEEE Internet Computing},
}
@misc{kounis_european_2023,
title = {The {European} {Digital} {Identity} {Wallet} {Architecture} and {Reference} {Framework}},
shorttitle = {{ARF}},
url = {<https://github.com/eu-digital-identity-wallet/eudi-doc-architecture-and-reference-framework>},
urldate = {2023-08-26},
publisher = {European Commission},
author = {Kounis, Stavros},
month = apr,
year = {2023},
annote = {original-date: 2023-01-27T14:45:48Z},
}
@misc{noauthor_jrfm_nodate,
title = {{JRFM} {\\textbar} {Free} {Full}-{Text} {\\textbar} {The} {Implications} of {Derisking}: {The} {Case} of {Malta}, a {Small} {EU} {State}},
url = {<https://www.mdpi.com/1911-8074/13/9/216>},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
file = {Hypothesis:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/TEPC2SA8/216.html:text/html},
}
@misc{stack_latvia_2022,
type = {Thesis ({University} of {Nottingham} only)},
title = {Latvia as a {Shadow}-{Economy} {Offshore} {Financial} {Centre} in the {Age} of {Anti}-{Money} {Laundering}},
copyright = {cc\\_by},
url = {<https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/67361/>},
abstract = {This thesis explores the impact of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) regime on the geography of illicit offshore finance, using a Foucaldian governmentality approach, for the case of Latvia. Latvia is the only post-Soviet financial centre to have been implicated directly in the illicit financial flows of the 1990s, but which after 2000 went on to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), the European Union, the Eurozone and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), while satisfactorily adopting FATF rules. How did FATF effect illicit financial flows via Riga after 2000? Based on interviews with Latvian and international bankers, regulators, investigators and observers, as well as digital data mobilised from surface, deep, social and dark webs, this thesis describes the development of a banking sector in Riga that was defined by its being de jure onshore, de facto offshore. Latvia had none of the regulatory identifiers of an offshore financial centre such as low tax rates and high levels of corporate secrecy, ringfenced for non-residents, and boasted a high level of compliance with FATF rules. But at the time of gaining independence from the Soviet Union it radically deregulated its banking sector, opening it to offshore shell firms holding dollar deposits on behalf of customers from other former Soviet states. Latvia’s being effectively whitelisted by FATF and OECD after 2000 lent legitimacy to such money, while political protection for the offshore banking sector informally exempted it from anti-money laundering (AML) laws. Dollar payments routed via Riga between the post-Soviet shadow economies and the US correspondent banking system soared after 2000. In the case of Latvia, the geography of financial legitimacy described in the indices of the FATF regime legitimised undeclared funds from the post-Soviet shadow economy. The proliferation of indices of financial legitimacy was thus grist to the money launderers’ mill. The need to combat illicit offshore financial flows that undermine democracies remains urgent.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
author = {Stack, Graham},
month = jul,
year = {2022},
note = {Publisher: University of Nottingham},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/62SB9K3Y/Stack - 2022 - Latvia as a Shadow-Economy Offshore Financial Cent.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{noauthor_latvia_nodate,
title = {Latvia - {Committee} of {Experts} on the {Evaluation} of {Anti}-{Money} {Laundering} {Measures} and the {Financing} of {Terrorism} - www.coe.int},
url = {<https://www.coe.int/en/web/moneyval/jurisdictions/latvia>},
abstract = {Moneyval reports on Latvia},
language = {en-GB},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
journal = {Committee of Experts on the Evaluation of Anti-Money Laundering Measures and the Financing of Terrorism},
}
@misc{noauthor_malta_nodate,
title = {Malta - {Committee} of {Experts} on the {Evaluation} of {Anti}-{Money} {Laundering} {Measures} and the {Financing} of {Terrorism} - www.coe.int},
url = {<https://www.coe.int/en/web/moneyval/jurisdictions/malta>},
abstract = {Moneyval reports on Malta},
language = {en-GB},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
journal = {Committee of Experts on the Evaluation of Anti-Money Laundering Measures and the Financing of Terrorism},
}
@misc{noauthor_how_nodate,
title = {How it works},
url = {<http://www.arubahop.com/how-it-works.html>},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
}
@misc{noauthor_full_nodate,
title = {Full article: {What} if we could travel without passport? {First} sight to blockchain-based identity management in tourism},
url = {<https://www-tandfonline-com.ejournals.um.edu.mt/doi/full/10.1080/10941665.2023.2229922>},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
}
@article{baser_what_2023-1,
title = {What if we could travel without passport? {First} sight to blockchain-based identity management in tourism},
volume = {28},
issn = {1094-1665},
shorttitle = {What if we could travel without passport?},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2023.2229922>},
doi = {10.1080/10941665.2023.2229922},
abstract = {Blockchain technology, as a distributed digital ledger, enables users to control their credentials without being breached by third parties. From a tourism perspective, it allows tourists to pass through checkpoints and/or bookings without waiting and having to go through third-party transactions. Hence, this paper aims to discuss traditional identity management (IdM) system challenges and what blockchain might offer as a counterpoint to conventional travel experiences within the tourism domain. We have tried to identify challenges, issues, and implementation areas of IdM in the tourism industry domain.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
journal = {Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research},
author = {Başer, Miraç Yücel and Büyükbeşe, Tuba and Kizildag, Murat},
month = apr,
year = {2023},
note = {Publisher: Routledge
\\_eprint: <https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2023.2229922>},
keywords = {digital identity, smart contracts, blockchain technology, digital travel, Identity management},
pages = {341--363},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/ZJQHPPUN/Başer et al. - 2023 - What if we could travel without passport First si.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{noauthor_digital_nodate,
title = {Digital {National} {ID} - {A} small item in the pocket but a big step for {Vanuatu}},
url = {<https://www.undp.org/pacific/stories/digital-national-id-small-item-pocket-big-step-vanuatu>},
abstract = {With the close cooperation of Vanuatu’s Electoral Authorities, the Civil Registry and Identity Management Department (CRIMD) and the Vanuatu Electoral Environment Project (VEEP), funded by the New Zealand Government and managed by the United Nations Development Programme, significant electoral reforms are underway aimed at fairer, transparent elections in turn leading to good governance and economic development outcomes.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
journal = {UNDP},
}
@misc{noauthor_gambia_nodate,
title = {The {Gambia}, {Vanuatu} plan life-changing transformation with digital inclusion schemes {\\textbar} {Biometric} {Update}},
url = {<https://www.biometricupdate.com/202312/the-gambia-vanuatu-plan-life-changing-transformation-with-digital-inclusion-schemes>},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
file = {The Gambia, Vanuatu plan life-changing transformation with digital inclusion schemes | Biometric Update:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/XGK7MHL3/the-gambia-vanuatu-plan-life-changing-transformation-with-digital-inclusion-schemes.html:text/html},
}
@misc{macdonald_gambia_2023-1,
title = {The {Gambia}, {Vanuatu} plan life-changing transformation with digital inclusion schemes {\\textbar} {Biometric} {Update}},
url = {<https://www.biometricupdate.com/202312/the-gambia-vanuatu-plan-life-changing-transformation-with-digital-inclusion-schemes>},
abstract = {Collaboration between some UN agencies and The Gambia and Vanuatu are opening up the way for an array of important projects designed to drive social inclusion.},
language = {en-US},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
author = {Macdonald, {\\textbar} Ayang},
month = dec,
year = {2023},
}
@misc{noauthor_appraisal_nodate,
title = {An {Appraisal} of {Aadhaar} and {Digital} {Payments} {Strategies} in {India}: {Business} \\& {Management} {Book} {Chapter} {\\textbar} {IGI} {Global}},
url = {<https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/an-appraisal-of-aadhaar-and-digital-payments-strategies-in-india/273783>},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
}
@article{anand_new_2021,
title = {New {Principles} for {Governing} {Aadhaar}: {Improving} {Access} and {Inclusion}, {Privacy}, {Security}, and {Identity} {Management}},
volume = {18},
issn = {2372-2193},
shorttitle = {New {Principles} for {Governing} {Aadhaar}},
url = {<https://www.sciencepolicyjournal.org/article_1038126_jspg180101>},
doi = {10.38126/JSPG180101},
abstract = {Legal identification for all by 2030 is a global strategic goal under the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 16.9). Legal identification is perceived as a critical element in increasing people’s participation in society and providing them with access to services that can improve their quality of life. Aadhaar, India’s digital identity programme, is the world’s largest identity project aimed at providing foundational ID and access to state welfare across the nation. By 2019, 1.2 billion people had a registered Aadhaar card. National and state welfare services, and increasingly, a host of private sector services, are linked to Aadhaar. However, India’s eID programme has faced significant civil and judicial resistance over matters of privacy, fraud, welfare exclusion and surveillance.
This technology assessment focusses on evaluating Aadhaar using four lenses: the accessibility of Aadhaar and its impact on welfare distribution, privacy concerns and contestations, security issues associated with the Aadhaar architecture, and finally the efficacy of identity management processes. Aadhaar’s growing prominence in public and private sector services means that the risks and vulnerabilities in the technology also become embedded in the socio-economic fabric of society. This paper discusses how the current efforts to address highlighted risks are insufficient and drive distrust in the system. This paper concludes by providing recommendations that can help address existing issues. Improving civil society participation in Aadhaar’s current and future direction can help foster trust in the Aadhaar ecosystem. Digital rights training presents an avenue to educate all Aadhaar stakeholders on their data rights, digital risks, and mitigation strategies. Formalizing UIDAI as an independent authority, not tied to the central government, can also improve the transparency and governance of Aadhaar and provide a pathway for greater participation across public sector, private sector and civil society actors and can provide opportunities to develop acceptable innovations on top of the eID system.},
language = {en},
number = {01},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
journal = {Journal of Science Policy \\& Governance},
author = {Anand, Nishant},
month = mar,
year = {2021},
file = {Anand - 2021 - New Principles for Governing Aadhaar Improving Ac.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/APXKSIS3/Anand - 2021 - New Principles for Governing Aadhaar Improving Ac.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@incollection{dayanandan_appraisal_2021,
title = {An {Appraisal} of {Aadhaar} and {Digital} {Payments} {Strategies} in {India}},
copyright = {Access limited to members},
isbn = {978-1-79985-015-1},
url = {<https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/an-appraisal-of-aadhaar-and-digital-payments-strategies-in-india/www.igi-global.com/chapter/an-appraisal-of-aadhaar-and-digital-payments-strategies-in-india/273783>},
abstract = {India has high digital ambitions despite considerable poverty, the digital divide, and continued high currency usage. Digitalisation has caused both excitement and fear in India – government and companies are excited about an increase in efficiency, closing the leakages, customer confidence, and sat...},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
booktitle = {Handbook of {Research} on {Management} and {Strategies} for {Digital} {Enterprise} {Transformation}},
publisher = {IGI Global},
author = {Dayanandan, Ajit and Many, Rajesh},
year = {2021},
doi = {10.4018/978-1-7998-5015-1.ch007},
pages = {130--148},
}
@article{pati_analysis_2015-1,
title = {Analysis of {Aadhaar}: {A} {Project} {Management} {Perspective}},
volume = {4},
issn = {2277-9752},
shorttitle = {Analysis of {Aadhaar}},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1177/2277975215610687>},
doi = {10.1177/2277975215610687},
abstract = {Increasing Indian population, migration from neighbouring countries as well as numerous variants of identity cards like ration card, voter ID card forced Government of India to form ‘Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI)’. The primary responsibility of the UIDAI is to issue Unique Identification Number (UID) or Aadhaar number to Indian residents which can be used for all the government transactions/benefits schemes like gas subsidy, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Gurantee Act (MGNREGA). This study conducts a systematic review of the materials/articles available through secondary sources such as newspapers, research papers and government reports on Aadhaar project. This has been categorized as a developmental project in the study due to high uncertainty associated with it in various dimensions. An attempt has been made through this study to understand the planning and implementation stage of Aadhaar Project till 2014. The study also attempts to identify potential risks (diamond framework has been used to provide interesting insights) and suggest a contingency plan for this and similar government projects in future, to ensure a better success rate. This study identifies various gaps and recommends a plan of action as well as appropriate process changes to enhance project success of Aadhaar Project in future. Based on the insights from this study a model to enhance the success rate of similar projects has also been proposed.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
journal = {IIM Kozhikode Society \\& Management Review},
author = {Pati, Rupesh Kumar and Kumar, Vipin and Jain, Nishtha},
month = jul,
year = {2015},
note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications India},
pages = {124--135},
}
@misc{noauthor_what_nodate-1,
title = {What if we could travel without passport? {First} sight to blockchain-based identity management in tourism},
shorttitle = {What if we could travel without passport?},
url = {<https://www-tandfonline-com.ejournals.um.edu.mt/doi/epdf/10.1080/10941665.2023.2229922?needAccess=true>},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
note = {ISSN: 1094-1665},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/VMWRCMCW/10941665.2023.html:text/html},
}
@article{pati_analysis_2015-2,
title = {Analysis of {Aadhaar}: {A} {Project} {Management} {Perspective}},
volume = {4},
issn = {2277-9752},
shorttitle = {Analysis of {Aadhaar}},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1177/2277975215610687>},
doi = {10.1177/2277975215610687},
abstract = {Increasing Indian population, migration from neighbouring countries as well as numerous variants of identity cards like ration card, voter ID card forced Government of India to form ‘Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI)’. The primary responsibility of the UIDAI is to issue Unique Identification Number (UID) or Aadhaar number to Indian residents which can be used for all the government transactions/benefits schemes like gas subsidy, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Gurantee Act (MGNREGA). This study conducts a systematic review of the materials/articles available through secondary sources such as newspapers, research papers and government reports on Aadhaar project. This has been categorized as a developmental project in the study due to high uncertainty associated with it in various dimensions. An attempt has been made through this study to understand the planning and implementation stage of Aadhaar Project till 2014. The study also attempts to identify potential risks (diamond framework has been used to provide interesting insights) and suggest a contingency plan for this and similar government projects in future, to ensure a better success rate. This study identifies various gaps and recommends a plan of action as well as appropriate process changes to enhance project success of Aadhaar Project in future. Based on the insights from this study a model to enhance the success rate of similar projects has also been proposed.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
journal = {IIM Kozhikode Society \\& Management Review},
author = {Pati, Rupesh Kumar and Kumar, Vipin and Jain, Nishtha},
month = jul,
year = {2015},
note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications India},
pages = {124--135},
}
@article{khera_impact_2017,
title = {Impact of {Aadhaar} on {Welfare} {Programmes}},
volume = {52},
issn = {0012-9976},
url = {<https://www.jstor.org/stable/45132600>},
abstract = {India's ambitious biométrie identity documents project, Aadhaar, was portrayed as one that would enhance India's welfare efforts by promoting inclusion and reducing corruption. From being a voluntary ID, it has become de facto compulsory for most welfare programmes. Despite early warnings of its limited role in achieving its stated objectives, successive governments have ramped up its use. Using a variety of sources, a review of the impact of Aadhaar on welfare programmes is presented. It is found that far from being inclusive and reducing corruption, Aadhaar is becoming a tool of exclusion. The government's estimates of savings also do not stand up to scrutiny, and whatever is termed as savings is often the result of a denial of legal entitlements. In its current form, the Aadhaar project undermines the right to life.},
number = {50},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
journal = {Economic and Political Weekly},
author = {Khera, Reetika},
year = {2017},
note = {Publisher: Economic and Political Weekly},
pages = {61--70},
}
@misc{noauthor_impact_nodate,
title = {Impact of {Aadhaar} on {Welfare} {Programmes} - {ProQuest}},
url = {<https://www.proquest.com/docview/2138012134?parentSessionId=CGVAMqSV7FusPcmuDXQJNLz7MBHOaDm4A5yliPhj%2BD4%3D&pq-origsite=primo&accountid=27934&sourcetype=Magazines>},
abstract = {Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/KDCTSAD4/2138012134.html:text/html},
}
@misc{noauthor_acm_nodate,
title = {{ACM}: {Digital} {Library}: {Communications} of the {ACM}},
url = {<https://dl.acm.org/doi/fullHtml/10.1145/3355625>},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
}
@misc{noauthor_impact_nodate-1,
title = {Impact of {Aadhaar} on {Welfare} {Programmes} - {ProQuest}},
url = {<https://www.proquest.com/docview/2138012134?parentSessionId=Qaltt2VuJ13%2BqR%2BPnWjYiVy1wzR97JBwRFbghnjvEM4%3D&pq-origsite=primo&accountid=27934&sourcetype=Magazines>},
abstract = {Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/DJ3AM3RU/2138012134.html:text/html},
}
@misc{noauthor_impact_nodate-2,
title = {Impact of {Aadhaar} on {Welfare} {Programmes} - {ProQuest}},
url = {<https://www.proquest.com/docview/2138012134?parentSessionId=Qaltt2VuJ13%2BqR%2BPnWjYiVy1wzR97JBwRFbghnjvEM4%3D&pq-origsite=primo&accountid=27934&sourcetype=Magazines>},
abstract = {Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
}
@misc{noauthor_identification_nodate,
title = {Identification for {Development} ({ID4D}) {Global} {Dataset} {\\textbar} {Data} {Catalog}},
url = {<https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0040787/identification-for-development--id4d--global-dataset>},
abstract = {The Global ID4D Dataset, compiled by the World Bank Group’s Identification for Development (ID4D) initiative, provides data on the coverage and characteristics of the main "legal" identification and civil registration systems in the country. See <https://id4d.worldbank.org/global-dataset> for more information.Newly in 2022, adult ID ownership data is primarily based on survey data questions collected in partnership with the Global Findex Survey, while coverage for children is based on birth registration rates compiled by UNICEF. These data series are accessible directly from the World Bank's Databank: <https://databank.worldbank.org/source/identification-for-development-(id4d)-data>. Prior editions of the data from 2017 and 2018 are available for download here.Updates were released on a yearly basis until 2018; beginning in 2021-2022, the dataset will be released every three years to align with the Findex survey.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
}
@misc{noauthor_identification_nodate-1,
title = {Identification for {Development} ({ID4D}) {Global} {Dataset} {\\textbar} {Data} {Catalog}},
url = {<https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0040787/identification-for-development--id4d--global-dataset>},
abstract = {The Global ID4D Dataset, compiled by the World Bank Group’s Identification for Development (ID4D) initiative, provides data on the coverage and characteristics of the main "legal" identification and civil registration systems in the country. See <https://id4d.worldbank.org/global-dataset> for more information.Newly in 2022, adult ID ownership data is primarily based on survey data questions collected in partnership with the Global Findex Survey, while coverage for children is based on birth registration rates compiled by UNICEF. These data series are accessible directly from the World Bank's Databank: <https://databank.worldbank.org/source/identification-for-development-(id4d)-data>. Prior editions of the data from 2017 and 2018 are available for download here.Updates were released on a yearly basis until 2018; beginning in 2021-2022, the dataset will be released every three years to align with the Findex survey.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
}
@inproceedings{ashary_r2d2_2017,
title = {{R2D2}: {Right} place, right path data delivery},
shorttitle = {{R2D2}},
url = {<https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8073816>},
doi = {10.1109/DESEC.2017.8073816},
abstract = {Data security can be enhanced by not only strong encryption techniques but also by restricting who can receive the data, as well as where and how they are received. In this paper, we focus on how to specify and verify where and how the data are received. The challenging issue here is how to utilize trustworthy 3rd party verification mechanisms to check whether a requester is in the designated area specified by the creator and whether the delivery follows a desired path. We call this new service Right Place, Right Path Data Delivery (R2D2). The current network and geolocation techniques are investigated for their capabilities in verifying and ensuring such R2D2 services. We created software tools to specify and verify such R2D2 services. We show that the verification of R2D2 services is quite challenging.},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
booktitle = {2017 {IEEE} {Conference} on {Dependable} and {Secure} {Computing}},
author = {Ashary, Ehab and Chow, C. Edward and Korpe, Ashish and Thorpe, Donovan},
month = aug,
year = {2017},
keywords = {Bluetooth Low Energy, Data Delivery, Data Security, Encryption, Geolocation, Geology, Indoor Positioning, Motion pictures, Network Verification, Servers, Smart phones, Wi-Fi},
pages = {273--279},
file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/TVKY5UVR/8073816.html:text/html},
}
@inproceedings{ashary_r2d2_2017-1,
title = {{R2D2}: {Right} place, right path data delivery},
shorttitle = {{R2D2}},
url = {<https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8073816>},
doi = {10.1109/DESEC.2017.8073816},
abstract = {Data security can be enhanced by not only strong encryption techniques but also by restricting who can receive the data, as well as where and how they are received. In this paper, we focus on how to specify and verify where and how the data are received. The challenging issue here is how to utilize trustworthy 3rd party verification mechanisms to check whether a requester is in the designated area specified by the creator and whether the delivery follows a desired path. We call this new service Right Place, Right Path Data Delivery (R2D2). The current network and geolocation techniques are investigated for their capabilities in verifying and ensuring such R2D2 services. We created software tools to specify and verify such R2D2 services. We show that the verification of R2D2 services is quite challenging.},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
booktitle = {2017 {IEEE} {Conference} on {Dependable} and {Secure} {Computing}},
author = {Ashary, Ehab and Chow, C. Edward and Korpe, Ashish and Thorpe, Donovan},
month = aug,
year = {2017},
keywords = {Bluetooth Low Energy, Data Delivery, Data Security, Encryption, Geolocation, Geology, Indoor Positioning, Motion pictures, Network Verification, Servers, Smart phones, Wi-Fi},
pages = {273--279},
}
@article{heggde_digiyatra_2022,
title = {{DigiYatra} – a digital experience for air travelers},
volume = {12},
issn = {2045-0621},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1108/EEMCS-10-2021-0349>},
doi = {10.1108/EEMCS-10-2021-0349},
abstract = {Learning outcomes Students will learn technology strategies specific to airports. Students will understand the reason for the success of Bengaluru International Airport. Students will learn to apply management models in airport settings. Students will improve their understanding of airport business, airport-related technologies, specifically in the Indian settings. Case overview/Synopsis DigiYatra is a revolutionary initiative by the Government of India to digitalize all the airports in India, making your face your boarding pass. Bengaluru International Airport Limited (BIAL) is at the forefront of this initiative. As one of the early public–private partnership airports, BIAL has seen many challenges over time but could succeed in all its endeavour. The case discusses the journey of DigiYatra, which BIAL has taken through the eyes of the Chairman, Hari Marar. The case goes through several layers like initial planning, creating the team, implementation challenges, technology strategy adopted and how they tackled Covid lockdown challenges to complete the project's initial phase. Complexity academic level Post graduate students. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 11: Strategy.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
journal = {Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies},
author = {Heggde, Githa and Khanka, Sheetal and Damodaran, Akhil},
month = jan,
year = {2022},
note = {Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited},
keywords = {Innovation, Business process improvement, IT strategy},
pages = {1--20},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/6NVYHY6Z/html.html:text/html},
}
@misc{buterin_blockchain_2023,
address = {Rochester, NY},
type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}},
title = {Blockchain {Privacy} and {Regulatory} {Compliance}: {Towards} a {Practical} {Equilibrium}},
shorttitle = {Blockchain {Privacy} and {Regulatory} {Compliance}},
url = {<https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4563364>},
doi = {10.2139/ssrn.4563364},
abstract = {In this paper we study Privacy Pools, a novel smart contract-based privacy-enhancing protocol. We discuss the pros and cons of this protocol, and show how it could be employed to create a separating equilibrium between honest and dishonest users. The core idea of the proposal is to allow users to publish a zero-knowledge proof, demonstrating that their funds (do not) originate from known (un-)lawful sources, without publicly revealing their entire transaction graph. This is achieved by proving membership in custom association sets that satisfy certain properties, required by regulation or social consensus. The proposal may be a first step towards a future where people could prove regulatory compliance without having to reveal their entire transaction history.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
author = {Buterin, Vitalik and Illum, Jacob and Nadler, Matthias and Schär, Fabian and Soleimani, Ameen},
month = sep,
year = {2023},
keywords = {Privacy, Blockchain, Smart Contracts, Regulation, Zero-Knowledge Proofs},
}
@misc{noauthor_country_nodate,
title = {Country {Partners} {\\textbar} {MOSIP}},
url = {<https://mosip.io/country_partners>},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
file = {Country Partners | MOSIP:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/E69UC2SH/country_partners.html:text/html},
}
@misc{noauthor_id_nodate,
title = {{ID} {Authentication}},
url = {<https://docs.mosip.io/1.2.0/id-authentication>},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
}
@misc{noauthor_oix_nodate,
title = {{OIX} publishes new paper: {UK} {Data} {Standards} {Recommendations} - {General} area - {OIX}},
url = {<https://openidentityexchange.org/networks/87/NewsTab_thread.html?threadid=7630>},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
file = {OIX publishes new paper\\: UK Data Standards Recommendations - General area - OIX:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/7SBLCRY3/NewsTab_thread.html:text/html},
}
@misc{noauthor_papers_nodate,
title = {Papers - {General} area - {OIX}},
url = {<https://openidentityexchange.org/networks/87/portfolio.html>},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
file = {Papers - General area - OIX:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/RXTG668U/portfolio.html:text/html},
}
@article{garner_future_nodate,
title = {Future of {Payments} {Review}},
language = {en},
author = {Garner, Joe},
file = {Garner - Future of Payments Review.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/NYFE2ZHB/Garner - Future of Payments Review.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{baldacchino_bursting_1993,
title = {Bursting the {Bubble}: {The} {Pseudo}-{Development} {Strategies} of {Microstates}},
volume = {24},
copyright = {© 1993 Institute of Social Studies},
issn = {1467-7660},
shorttitle = {Bursting the {Bubble}},
url = {<https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-7660.1993.tb00476.x>},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-7660.1993.tb00476.x},
abstract = {Developing microstates are bountiful on the world political map today. Yet the concept of smallness, apart from being relativistic, conjures up a sense of deviation, indicative of a subtle discrimination which implicitly takes large to be normal and preferable. Based on an extensive yet selective literature review, this article suggests that the orthodox development paradigm, in both its liberal and radical traditions, has borne little relevance to small developing states, either in theory or in practice. On looking more closely at the survival strategies of developing micro-economies, it is proposed that a different conceptualization of ‘development’ is warranted; one which, for all its negative connotations, is both plausible and consistent with the peculiar practices of microstates.},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2024-03-03},
journal = {Development and Change},
author = {Baldacchino, Godfrey},
year = {1993},
note = {\\_eprint: <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1467-7660.1993.tb00476.x>},
pages = {29--52},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/HIC7QCXC/j.1467-7660.1993.tb00476.html:text/html},
}
@misc{kounis_architecture_2024,
title = {Architecture and {Reference} {Framework}},
url = {<https://github.com/eu-digital-identity-wallet/eudi-doc-architecture-and-reference-framework/blob/main/docs/arf.md>},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-03-20},
author = {Kounis, Stavros and de Rosa, Paolo and Joel, Posti},
month = feb,
year = {2024},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/TV2YF6CP/arf.html:text/html},
}
@misc{noauthor_grantfarm_2024,
title = {Grantfarm: {List} of {Grants} {Programs}},
shorttitle = {Grantfarm},
url = {<https://blockworks.co/grants/programs>},
abstract = {Projects launch grant programs to reward teams and individuals to build in their ecosystem. Blockworks is compiling a real-time directory list of all grants, RFPs, and Bug Bounties. Apply here for available crypto grant programs.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-03-21},
journal = {Blockworks},
month = mar,
year = {2024},
}
@misc{noauthor_verifiable_nodate,
title = {Verifiable {Credentials} and {ISO}/{IEC} 18013-5 {Based} {Credentials}},
url = {<https://www.ul.com/insights/verifiable-credentials-and-isoiec-18013-5-based-credentials>},
abstract = {Gain an in-depth understanding of the ISO/IEC 18013-5 standard for mobile driving licenses and the Verifiable Credential Data Model specification published by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) in this UL whitepaper.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-03-25},
journal = {UL Solutions},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/GCU75FTX/verifiable-credentials-and-isoiec-18013-5-based-credentials.html:text/html},
}
@misc{noauthor_discover_nodate,
title = {Discover {eIDAS} {\\textbar} {Shaping} {Europe}’s digital future},
url = {<https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/discover-eidas>},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-03-25},
}
@article{kitchenham_guidelines_2007,
title = {Guidelines for performing {Systematic} {Literature} {Reviews} in {Software} {Engineering}},
volume = {2},
abstract = {The objective of this report is to propose comprehensive guidelines for systematic literature reviews appropriate for software engineering researchers, including PhD students. A systematic literature review is a means of evaluating and interpreting all available research relevant to a particular research question, topic area, or phenomenon of interest.
Systematic reviews aim to present a fair evaluation of a research topic by using a trustworthy, rigorous, and auditable methodology. The guidelines presented in this report were derived from three existing guidelines used by medical researchers, two books produced by researchers with social science backgrounds and discussions with researchers from other disciplines who are involved
in evidence-based practice. The guidelines have been adapted to reflect the specific problems of software engineering research.
The guidelines cover three phases of a systematic literature review: planning the review, conducting the review and reporting the review. They provide a relatively high level description. They do not consider the impact of the research questions on the review procedures, nor do they specify in detail the mechanisms needed to perform meta-analysis.},
author = {Kitchenham, Barbara and Charters, Stuart},
month = jan,
year = {2007},
}
@article{kitchenham_guidelines_2007-1,
title = {Guidelines for performing {Systematic} {Literature} {Reviews} in {Software} {Engineering}},
volume = {2},
abstract = {The objective of this report is to propose comprehensive guidelines for systematic literature reviews appropriate for software engineering researchers, including PhD students. A systematic literature review is a means of evaluating and interpreting all available research relevant to a particular research question, topic area, or phenomenon of interest.
Systematic reviews aim to present a fair evaluation of a research topic by using a trustworthy, rigorous, and auditable methodology. The guidelines presented in this report were derived from three existing guidelines used by medical researchers, two books produced by researchers with social science backgrounds and discussions with researchers from other disciplines who are involved
in evidence-based practice. The guidelines have been adapted to reflect the specific problems of software engineering research.
The guidelines cover three phases of a systematic literature review: planning the review, conducting the review and reporting the review. They provide a relatively high level description. They do not consider the impact of the research questions on the review procedures, nor do they specify in detail the mechanisms needed to perform meta-analysis.},
author = {Kitchenham, Barbara and Charters, Stuart},
month = jan,
year = {2007},
}
@misc{noauthor_erc_nodate,
title = {{ERC} 792: {Arbitration} {Standard} · {Issue} \\#792 · ethereum/{EIPs}},
shorttitle = {{ERC} 792},
url = {<https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/792>},
abstract = {EIP: 792 Title: Arbitration Standard Status: Draft Type: Informational Category: ERC Author: Clément Lesaege {\\textless}[email protected]{\\textgreater} Created: 2017-12-06 Abstract The following describes a standard of A...},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-03-27},
journal = {GitHub},
}
@inproceedings{adalier_efficient_2015,
title = {Efficient and {Secure} {Elliptic} {Curve} {Cryptography} {Implementation} of {Curve} {P}-256},
url = {<https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Efficient-and-Secure-Elliptic-Curve-Cryptography-of-Adalier-Teknik/62fc2cb6e4874dbd84759e466f286b695098008e>},
abstract = {Public key cryptography has become the de facto standard for secure communications over the Internet and other communications media such as cellular and Wi-Fi. Elliptic curves offer both better performance and higher security than first generation public key techniques and are gaining acceptance as the foundation for future Internet security such as the security-enhanced Border Gateway Protocol (BGPSEC). In this paper, we present a performance optimized and side-channel-attack resistant implementation of the NIST Curve P-256 which provides 128-bits of security. We also discuss operation time vs. storage trade-offs for various approaches.},
urldate = {2024-04-04},
author = {Adalier, Mehmet and Teknik, Antara},
year = {2015},
annote = {[TLDR] This paper presents a performance optimized and side-channel-attack resistant implementation of the NIST Curve P-256 which provides 128-bits of security and discusses operation time vs. storage trade-offs for various approaches.},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/4YZFRH7D/Adalier and Teknik - 2015 - Efficient and Secure Elliptic Curve Cryptography I.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{noauthor_7tj1t6jpg_nodate,
title = {7tj1t6.jpg 897×1,203 pixels},
url = {<https://i.imgflip.com/7tj1t6.jpg>},
urldate = {2024-04-06},
file = {7tj1t6.jpg:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/ZIZ2K6SS/7tj1t6.html:text/html},
}
@misc{wang_self-sovereign_2020,
address = {Rochester, NY},
type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}},
title = {Self-{Sovereign} {Identity} in a {Globalized} {World}: {Credentials}-{Based} {Identity} {Systems} as a {Driver} for {Economic} {Inclusion}},
shorttitle = {Self-{Sovereign} {Identity} in a {Globalized} {World}},
url = {<https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3524367>},
abstract = {After introducing key concepts and definitions in the field of digital identity, this paper will investigate the benefits and drawbacks of existing identity systems on the road towards achieving self-sovereign identity. It will explore, in particular, the use of blockchain technology and biometrics as a means to ensure the “unicity” and “singularity” of identities, and the associated challenges pertaining to the security and confidentiality of personal information. The paper will then describe an alternative approach to self-sovereign identity based on a system of blockchain-based attestations, claims, credentials and permissions, which are globally portable across the life of an individual. While not dependent on any particular government or organization for administration or legitimacy, credentials and attestations might nonetheless include government-issued identification and biometrics as one of many indicia of identity. Such a solution—based on a recorded and signed digital history of attributes and activities—best approximates the fluidity and granularity of identity, enabling individuals to express only specific facets of their identity, depending on the parties with whom they wish to interact. To illustrate the difficulties inherent in the implementation of a self-sovereign identity system in the real world, the paper will focus on two blockchain-based identity solutions as case studies: (1) Kiva’s identity protocol for building credit history in Sierra Leone, and (2) World Food Programme’s Building Blocks program for delivering cash aid to refugees in Jordan. Finally, the paper will explore how the combination of blockchain-based cryptocurrencies and self-sovereign identity may contribute to promoting greater economic inclusion. With digital transactions functioning as identity claims within an ecosystem based on self-sovereign identity, new business models might emerge, such as identity insurance schemes, along with the emergence of value-stable cryptocurrencies (“stablecoins”) functioning as local currencies.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-04-07},
author = {Wang, Fennie and De Filippi, Primavera},
month = jan,
year = {2020},
keywords = {digital identity, blockchain, economic inclusion, migration, self-sovereign identity},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/GBBCJSE6/Wang and De Filippi - 2020 - Self-Sovereign Identity in a Globalized World Cre.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{buterin_flexible_2019,
title = {A {Flexible} {Design} for {Funding} {Public} {Goods}},
volume = {65},
issn = {0025-1909, 1526-5501},
url = {<http://arxiv.org/abs/1809.06421>},
doi = {10.1287/mnsc.2019.3337},
abstract = {We propose a design for philanthropic or publicly-funded seeding to allow (near) optimal provision of a decentralized, self-organizing ecosystem of public goods. The concept extends ideas from Quadratic Voting to a funding mechanism for endogenous community formation. Individuals make public goods contributions to projects of value to them. The amount received by the project is (proportional to) the square of the sum of the square roots of contributions received. Under the "standard model" this yields first best public goods provision. Variations can limit the cost, help protect against collusion and aid coordination. We discuss applications to campaign finance, open source software ecosystems, news media finance and urban public projects. More broadly, we offer a resolution to the classic liberal-communitarian debate in political philosophy by providing neutral and non-authoritarian rules that nonetheless support collective organization.},
number = {11},
urldate = {2024-04-07},
journal = {Management Science},
author = {Buterin, Vitalik and Hitzig, Zoe and Weyl, E. Glen},
month = nov,
year = {2019},
note = {arXiv:1809.06421 [econ, q-fin]},
keywords = {Economics - General Economics},
pages = {5171--5187},
file = {arXiv Fulltext PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/WGYYGHMB/Buterin et al. - 2019 - A Flexible Design for Funding Public Goods.pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/TL4N472B/1809.html:text/html},
}
@article{boysen_decentralized_2021,
title = {Decentralized, {Self}-{Sovereign}, {Consortium}: {The} {Future} of {Digital} {Identity} in {Canada}},
volume = {4},
issn = {2624-7852},
shorttitle = {Decentralized, {Self}-{Sovereign}, {Consortium}},
url = {<https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbloc.2021.624258>},
doi = {10.3389/fbloc.2021.624258},
abstract = {This article introduces how SecureKey Technologies Inc. (SecureKey) worked with various network participants and innovation partners alongside government, corporate and consumer-focused collaborators, in a consortium approach to create a mutually beneficial network of self-sovereign identity (SSI) principles with blockchain in Canada. These principles are based on giving users ownership and control over all of their digital identity attributes as an alternative approach to the current status quo of centralized digital identity, which focuses on discrete identities are made within individual online properties. Blockchain is used as the foundation for its strong security protocols to prevent information from being identified, accessed or misused and uphold SSI principles. This paper will consider the current status quo of digital identity known as centralized digital identity and comparisons to the case study’s emphasize on the alternative thinking of SSI with principles with blockchain, which prioritizes a decentralized, self-sovereign, consortium approach as opposed to discrete identities within individual online properties. Each of these principles will be explained in detail before highlighting the practical implications, lessons learned for future applications and how both the Canadian and global identity landscapes should proceed for wider acceptance of SSI with blockchain. The case study detailed – that of Verified.Me – will demonstrate how blockchain developers can actively work to help partners transition from current identity silos to instead collaborate across varied industries and create a cohesive, secure service and digital identity network that benefits users through SSI principles and the benefits of blockchain. We also offer recommendations for how both the Canadian and global identity landscapes should proceed for wider acceptance of SSI with blockchain, the benefits of doing so and anticipated barriers affecting the adoption of future decentralized identity initiatives.},
language = {English},
urldate = {2024-04-07},
journal = {Frontiers in Blockchain},
author = {Boysen, Andre},
month = apr,
year = {2021},
note = {Publisher: Frontiers},
keywords = {Digital Identity, Blockchain, Consortium, Data, data management, Data privacy, Decentralized, Identity, identity \\& access management, Identity verification, Self-sovereign, Verified},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/TMGH9524/Boysen - 2021 - Decentralized, Self-Sovereign, Consortium The Fut.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@unpublished{sinha_daos_2021,
title = {{DAOs}. {COMS} 6998 {Final} {Project}.},
urldate = {2024-04-08},
author = {Sinha, Utkarsh and Bianchi, Sofia and Macleod, Ian and {Imanol Uribe}},
month = dec,
year = {2021},
file = {r6-1.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/IVMJR35C/r6-1.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{reynolds_tracking_2017-1,
title = {Tracking digital footprints: anonymity within the bitcoin system},
volume = {20},
issn = {1368-5201},
shorttitle = {Tracking digital footprints},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-07-2016-0027>},
doi = {10.1108/JMLC-07-2016-0027},
abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to critically analyse research surrounding the anonymity of online transactions using Bitcoin and report on the feasibility of law enforcement bodies tracing illicit transactions back to a user’s real-life identity. Design/methodology/approach The design of this paper follows on from the approach taken by Reid and Harrigan (2013) in determining whether identifying information may be collated with external sources of data to identify individual users. In addition to conducting a detailed literature review surrounding the anonymity of users, and the potential ability to track transactions through the blockchain, four Bitcoin exchange services are examined to ascertain whether information provided at the sign-up stage is sufficiently verified and reliable. By doing so, this research tests the ability for law enforcement to reasonably rely upon this information when attempting to prosecute individuals. Additionally, by submitting fake information for verification, the plausibility of these services accepting fraudulent or illegitimate information is also tested. Findings It may be possible to identify and prosecute bad actors through the analysis of transaction histories by tracing them back to an interaction with a Bitcoin exchange. However, the compliance and implementation of anti-money laundering legislation and customer identification security standards are insufficiently used within some exchange services, resulting in more technologically adept, or well-funded, criminals being able to circumvent identification controls and continue to transact without revealing their identities. The introduction of and compliance with know-your customer and customer due diligence legislation is required before law enforcement bodies may be able to accurately rely on information provided to a Bitcoin exchange. This paper highlights the need for research to be undertaken to examine the ways in which criminals are circumventing identity controls and, consequently, financing their illicit activities. Originality/value By ascertaining the types of information submitted by users when exchanging real currency for virtual currency, and seeing whether this information may be accepted despite being fraudulent in nature, this paper elucidates the reliability of information that law enforcement bodies may be able to access when tracing transactions back to an individual actor.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2024-04-07},
journal = {Journal of Money Laundering Control},
author = {Reynolds, Perri and Irwin, Angela S.M.},
month = jan,
year = {2017},
note = {Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited},
keywords = {Bitcoin, Anonymity, Cryptocurrency, Cybercrime, Digital currency, Terrorism financing},
pages = {172--189},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/9Y6R377Y/html.html:text/html},
}
@misc{unique_identification_authority_of_india_download_2022,
title = {Download {Aadhaar}},
url = {<https://uidai.gov.in/en/my-aadhaar/get-aadhaar.html>},
abstract = {UIDAI is mandated to issue an easily verifiable 12 digit random number as Unique Identity - Aadhaar to all Residents of India.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-04-07},
journal = {Government of India},
author = {{Unique Identification Authority of India}},
year = {2022},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/LUGKTYMN/get-aadhaar.html:text/html},
}
@article{horst_perceived_2007,
title = {Perceived usefulness, personal experiences, risk perception and trust as determinants of adoption of e-government services in {The} {Netherlands}},
volume = {23},
issn = {0747-5632},
url = {<https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563205000920>},
doi = {10.1016/j.chb.2005.11.003},
abstract = {Recently Dutch government, as well as many other governments around the world, has digitized a major portion of its public services. With this development electronic services finally arrive at the transaction level. The risks of electronic services on the transactional level are more profound than at the informational level. The public needs to trust the integrity and ‘information management capacities’ of the government or other involved organizations, as well as trust the infrastructure and those managing the infrastructure. In this process, the individual citizen will have to decide to adopt the new electronic government services by weighing its benefits and risks. In this paper, we present a study which aims to identify the role of risk perception and trust in the intention to adopt government e-services. In January 2003, a sample of 238 persons completed a questionnaire. The questionnaire tapped people’s intention to adopt e-government electronic services. Based on previous research and theories on technology acceptance, the questionnaire measured perceived usefulness of e-services, risk perception, worry, perceived behavioural control, subjective norm, trust and experience with e-services. Structural equation modelling was used to further analyze the data (Amos) and to design a theoretical model predicting the individual’s intention to adopt e-services. This analysis showed that the perceived usefulness of electronic services in general is the main determinant of the intention to use e-government services. Risk perception, personal experience, perceived behavioural control and subjective norm were found to significantly predict the perceived usefulness of electronic services in general, while trust in e-government was the main determinant of the perceived usefulness of e-government services.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2024-04-11},
journal = {Computers in Human Behavior},
author = {Horst, Mark and Kuttschreuter, Margôt and Gutteling, Jan M.},
month = jul,
year = {2007},
keywords = {Trust, e-Government, e-Services, Risk perception, Structural equation modelling},
pages = {1838--1852},
file = {Full Text:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/W527MW2P/Horst et al. - 2007 - Perceived usefulness, personal experiences, risk p.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/PDN75DGZ/S0747563205000920.html:text/html},
}
@article{almahamid_relationship_2005,
title = {{THE} {RELATIONSHIP} {BETWEEN} {PERCEIVED} {USEFULNESS}, {PERCEIVED} {EASE} {OF} {USE}, {PERCEIVED} {INFORMATION} {QUALITY}, {AND} {INTENTION} {TO} {USE} {E}-{GOVERNMENT}.},
abstract = {Purpose- The purpose of this study is to explore and investigate empirically the relationship between perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived information quality, and intention to use egovernment to gather information and conduct transactions by Jordanian citizens. Motivations- The motivations for conducting this study are: this work has never been done in the Jordanian e-government context; there is a significant part of e-government literature that investigates various factors that determine intention to use e-government in developed countries, however, there is a dearth of studies that investigate intention to use e-government for gathering information and conducting transactions in developing countries; and finally, it is an empirical research where important findings emerge and as a result, relevant managerial implications are provided. Design/methodology/approach- A questionnaire survey was developed based on the related literature. The original version of the questionnaire was in English then translated into Arabic. The questionnaire was circulated to a selected sample of Jordanian citizens who are aware of e-government services. Findings- The results of data analysis have revealed that Jordanian citizens perceive that e-government system is useful, easy to use, and to some extent has a high level of information quality. The results have also showed that there is a significant positive relationship between perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and perceived information quality and intention to use egovernment for gathering information and conducting transactions. Finally, the results suggest that citizens’ gender and level of education make some differences in terms of using e-government for gathering information rather than for conducting transactions. Research limitations- This research has not taken into consideration all the contextual factors that may determine intention to use e-government for gathering information or conducting transactions. Also, it did not take into account the possibility of any intervening, mediating, and moderating variables that may strengthen the hypothesized relationships in the research model. Practical implications- As this research focuses on perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived information quality and tries to link those with intention to use, as result; it will encourage the use of e-government for gathering information and conducting transactions. It also raises the policy and decision makers’ awareness of how Jordanian citizens are going to use e-government services. Finally, it gives e-government project national team an idea of how to design e-government strategy according to citizens’ needs.},
language = {en},
author = {Almahamid, Soud and Mcadams, Arthur C and Kalaldeh, Taher Al and Al-Sa’Eed, Mo’Taz},
year = {2005},
file = {Almahamid et al. - 2005 - THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERCEIVED USEFULNESS, PER.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/EXGMEQIG/Almahamid et al. - 2005 - THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERCEIVED USEFULNESS, PER.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{noauthor_senior_nodate,
title = {Senior {Citizens}' {Adoption} of {E}-{Government}: {In} {Quest} of the {Antecedents} of {Perceived} {Usefulness} {\\textbar} {IEEE} {Conference} {Publication} {\\textbar} {IEEE} {Xplore}},
url = {<https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/1385499>},
urldate = {2024-04-11},
file = {Senior Citizens' Adoption of E-Government\\: In Quest of the Antecedents of Perceived Usefulness | IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/EHWJEBLY/1385499.html:text/html},
}
@inproceedings{phang_senior_2005,
title = {Senior {Citizens}' {Adoption} of {E}-{Government}: {In} {Quest} of the {Antecedents} of {Perceived} {Usefulness}},
shorttitle = {Senior {Citizens}' {Adoption} of {E}-{Government}},
url = {<https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/1385499>},
doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2005.538},
abstract = {E-Government, as a vehicle to deliver enhanced services to citizens, is now extending its reach to the elderly population through provision of targeted services. In doing so, the ideals of ubiquitous e-Government may be better achieved. However, there is a lack of studies on e-Government adoption among senior citizens, especially considering that this age group is growing in size and may be averse to new IT applications. This study aims to address this gap by investigating an innovative e- Government service specifically tailored for senior citizens, called CPF e-Withdrawal. Technology adoption model (TAM) is employed as the theoretical foundation, in which perceived usefulness is recognized as the most significant predictor of adoption intention. This study attempts to identify the antecedents of perceived usefulness by drawing from the innovation diffusion literature as well as age-related studies. Our findings agree with TAM and indicate that internet safety perception and perceived ease of use are significant predictors of perceived usefulness.},
urldate = {2024-04-11},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 38th {Annual} {Hawaii} {International} {Conference} on {System} {Sciences}},
author = {Phang, Chee Wei and Li, Yan and Sutanto, J. and Kankanhalli, A.},
month = jan,
year = {2005},
note = {ISSN: 1530-1605},
keywords = {Internet, Business communication, Communications technology, E-Government, Electronic government, Information systems, perceived usefulness, Predictive models, Safety, senior citizens, Senior citizens, Technological innovation, technology adoption model, Vehicles},
pages = {130a--130a},
file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/8V8ZW3KQ/1385499.html:text/html},
}
@article{davis_perceived_1989,
title = {Perceived {Usefulness}, {Perceived} {Ease} of {Use}, and {User} {Acceptance} of {Information} {Technology}},
volume = {13},
doi = {10.2307/249008},
abstract = {Valid measurement scales for predicting user acceptance of computers are in short supply. Most subjective measures used in practice are unvalidated, and their relationship to system usage is unknown. The present research develops and validates new scales for two specific variables, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, which are hypothesized to be fundamental determinants of user acceptance. Definitions for these two variables were used to develop scale items that were pretested for content validity and then tested for reliability and construct validity in two studies involving a total of 152 users and four application programs. The measures were refined and streamlined, resulting in two six-item scales with reliabilities of .98 for usefulness and .94 for ease of use. The scales exhibited high convergent, discriminant, and factorial validity. Perceived usefulness was significantly correlated with both self-reported current usage (r=.63, Study 1) and self-predicted future usage (r =.85, Study 2). Perceived ease of use was also significantly correlated with current usage (r=.45, Study 1) and future usage (r=.59, Study 2). In both studies, usefulness had a significantly greater correlation with usage behavior than did ease of use. Regression analyses suggest that perceived ease of use may actually be a causal antecedent to perceived usefulness, as opposed to a parallel, direct determinant of system usage. Implications are drawn for future research on user acceptance.},
journal = {MIS Quarterly},
author = {Davis, Fred and Davis, Fred},
month = sep,
year = {1989},
pages = {319},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/2U6WTB52/Davis and Davis - 1989 - Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and U.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{rana_theories_2012,
title = {Theories and {Theoretical} {Models} for {Examining} the {Adoption} of {E}-{Government} {Services}},
volume = {8},
doi = {10.2979/eservicej.8.2.26},
abstract = {After more than a decade of research in the field of e-government, it is now timely and appropriate to reflect upon the overall developmental directions in the area. The purpose of this paper is to explore research progress to date by systematically analyzing the existing body of knowledge on e-government related issues, and to reveal if there is a lack of theoretical development and rigor in the area. Usable data relating to e-government adoption research currently available were collected from 434 research articles identified from the ISI Web of Knowledge database, and by manually identifying relevant articles from journals dedicated to electronic government research such as Transforming Government: People, Process, and Policy (TGPPP), Electronic Government, an International Journal (EGIJ), and International Journal of Electronic Government Research (IJEGR). Based on our investigation of this extant literature, our findings revealed that generic e-government applications were explored more than any specific applications, and the technology acceptance model (TAM) was the theory most often utilized to explain research models. It was also revealed that except for DeLone and McLean's (1992, 2003) IS success model, all other theories and models (for example, TAM, diffusion of innovation (DOI), unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT), and theory of planned behavior (TPB) have performed consistently with acceptable variance across various studies in the context of e-government adoption research. Although a large number of theories and theoretical constructs were borrowed from the reference disciplines, their utilization by e-government researchers appears to be largely random in approach. The paper also acknowledges the limitations of the study and suggests research directions for future researchers.},
journal = {e-Service Journal},
author = {Rana, Nripendra and Williams, Michael and Dwivedi, Yogesh and Williams, Janet},
month = jan,
year = {2012},
pages = {26--56},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/L8DZYWUG/Rana et al. - 2012 - Theories and Theoretical Models for Examining the .pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{noauthor_when_nodate,
title = {When comparative advantage is not enough: business costs in small remote economies - {ProQuest}},
shorttitle = {When comparative advantage is not enough},
url = {<https://www.proquest.com/docview/211252023?parentSessionId=yfBh1A4pKCV1wEmaGUrchL%2BS8mtvjn1RtcykRSgDyno%3D&pq-origsite=primo&accountid=27934&sourcetype=Scholarly%20Journals>},
abstract = {Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-04-12},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/NNSQDL4W/211252023.html:text/html},
}
@article{winters_when_2004,
title = {When comparative advantage is not enough: business costs in small remote economies},
volume = {3},
issn = {1475-3138, 1474-7456},
shorttitle = {When comparative advantage is not enough},
url = {<https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-trade-review/article/abs/when-comparative-advantage-is-not-enough-business-costs-in-small-remote-economies/BB9DF28E8A1F869BDEC121D13E980697>},
doi = {10.1017/S1474745604001922},
abstract = {This paper uses a newly collected dataset on business costs to investigate empirically whether small and remote economies are inherently uncompetitive. Although in theory these economies can overcome their small size by specialising and trading, this may not be enough to generate acceptable incomes because they face a combination of diseconomies of small scale and high transaction costs. We conclude that there are almost certainly some very small economies for which this is true. These economies are likely to become less attractive for commercial activities as globalization proceeds and their current trade preferences are eroded. The policy solution is not protection, however, but proactive policies from the international community.},
language = {en},
number = {3},
urldate = {2024-04-12},
journal = {World Trade Review},
author = {Winters, L. Alan and Martins, Pedro M. G.},
month = nov,
year = {2004},
pages = {347--383},
}
@mastersthesis{bonnici_international_2022,
title = {International sourcing in small island states and their impacts on employment : the case of the {Maltese} {Islands}},
copyright = {info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccess},
shorttitle = {International sourcing in small island states and their impacts on employment},
url = {<https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/108944>},
abstract = {At each stage of the Global Value Chains, an enterprise may opt to source domestically or internationally, and source core or supporting business functions to affiliated or non-affiliated organizations. How a multinational enterprise opts to enter an investing country affects labour expertise demands. The extent of skilled and unskilled labour demands as a result of international sourcing are diverse, impacting wage rates and henceforth Gross Domestic Product. Despite this, there is a paucity of data; particularly more pronounced for small island states, including Malta. The Global Value Chains and International Sourcing (GVCIS) survey for the period between 2018 and 2020 was utilized to determine the effects of international sourcing on Malta-based enterprises. The concurrent international sourcing to Malta was analyzed via the micro linking of various statistical databases produced by the Maltese National Statistics Office and data from the GVCIS Survey. International outsourcing to Malta was assessed indirectly by utilizing information gathered from the second module of the GVCIS Survey. It was concluded that despite the prima facie impression that international insourcing via Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is beneficial to the Maltese economy, the limited research present limits the inferences and extrapolations that can be done. Thorough research needs to be done to better assess the optimal model for attracting investment; either by using the FDI framework or by attracting niche supporting activities using the international outsourcing model. Lack of specialized knowledge and technologies was listed as an important barrier to that can not only decrease Malta’s attractiveness to international sourcing but is also an important motivator for Malta-based enterprises to source internationally, thereby leading to domestic employment loss. Producing a ‘skills priority list’ and an ‘apprenticeship national skill needs list’ could be a potentially effective action to challenge present and future lack of specialised knowledge in the domestic economy. Until further research is performed, deciding between affiliated investment and attracting opportunities from third party non-affiliated investment is not simple. Improving the current skills of local workers should be prioritised to optimise Malta’s potential with respect to international sourcing.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-04-12},
school = {University of Malta},
author = {Bonnici, Stephen (2022)},
year = {2022},
note = {Accepted: 2023-04-26T08:51:26Z},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/7M5YLE8D/108944.html:text/html},
}
@article{srinivasan_costs_1986,
title = {The {Costs} and {Benefits} of {Being} a {Small}, {Remote}, {Island}, {Landlocked}, or {Ministate} {Economy}},
volume = {1},
issn = {0257-3032},
url = {<https://www.jstor.org/stable/3986515>},
abstract = {Any index of smallness is somewhat arbitrary, but common practice has been to use population and income criteria. Experience suggests that smallness is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for poor development performance. This paper considers the problems that small economies are most often alleged to face, including absence of economies of scale, vulnerability, remoteness, reduced access to capital markets, problems of macroeconomic policy dependence, and overstatement of real income. The paper concludes that many of the alleged problems of small economies are either not peculiar to small economies or can be addressed through suitable policy measures.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2024-04-12},
journal = {The World Bank Research Observer},
author = {Srinivasan, T. N.},
year = {1986},
note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press},
pages = {205--218},
}
@book{robinson_economic_1961,
title = {Economic {Consequences} of the {Size} of {Nations}: {Proceedings} of a {Conference} held by the {International} {Economic} {Association}},
volume = {37},
shorttitle = {Economic {Consequences} of the {Size} of {Nations}},
url = {<https://academic.oup.com/ia/article-lookup/doi/10.2307/2611534>},
abstract = {Semantic Scholar extracted view of "Economic Consequences of the Size of Nations. Proceedings of a Conference held by the International Economic Association, edited by E.A.G. Robinson. London, Macmillan \\& Co Ltd, 1960, XXIII p. 447 p., 50/—." by E. A. Robinson},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-04-12},
author = {Robinson, E. A. G.},
month = jan,
year = {1961},
}
@article{brown_institutional_2010,
title = {Institutional {Development} in {Small} {States}: evidence from the commonwealth {Caribbean}},
volume = {11},
shorttitle = {Institutional {Development} in {Small} {States}},
abstract = {This paper focuses on institutional development in government among a group of small, developing states in the English-speaking (Commonwealth) Caribbean. The institutions under consideration in this context are those that support socioeconomic development, typically government ministries and departments. The paper recognizes the importance of high-performing institutions to good governance and development. However, there is both anecdotal and empirical evidence to suggest that weak institutional capacity is a common problem among Caribbean countries. Based on an extensive review of literature and field experience, the paper describes six "binding constraints" on the ability of small Caribbean states to provide sound public institutions which, in turn, cripples their efforts to promote development. Several highly selective lessons of Caribbean experience drawn from evaluations carried out by various donors are examined. These lessons should inform both donors and the small states themselves in designing future institutional development and reform measures.},
journal = {Halduskultuur},
author = {Brown, D.R.},
month = jan,
year = {2010},
pages = {44--65},
}
@article{briguglio_economic_2009,
title = {Economic {Vulnerability} and {Resilience}: {Concepts} and {Measurements}},
volume = {37},
issn = {1360-0818},
shorttitle = {Economic {Vulnerability} and {Resilience}},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1080/13600810903089893>},
doi = {10.1080/13600810903089893},
abstract = {In this paper, economic vulnerability is defined as the exposure of an economy to exogenous shocks, arising out of economic openness, while economic resilience is defined as the policy-induced ability of an economy to withstand or recover from the effects of such shocks. The paper briefly reviews the work already carried out on economic vulnerability and extends the research towards the development of a conceptual and methodological framework for the definition and measurement of economic resilience. Towards this end, the paper proposes an index of economic resilience gauging the adequacy of policy in four broad areas, namely macroeconomic stability, microeconomic market efficiency, good governance and social development. The analysis of economic resilience explains how small economies can attain a relatively high level of gross domestic product per capita if they adopt appropriate policy stances. In other words, the relatively good economic performance of a number of small states is not because, but in spite of, their small size and inherent economic vulnerability. The results of this study can be used as a tool towards the formulation of policies aimed at overcoming the adverse consequences of economic vulnerability.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2024-04-13},
journal = {Oxford Development Studies},
author = {Briguglio, Lino and Cordina, Gordon and Farrugia, Nadia and Vella, Stephanie},
month = sep,
year = {2009},
note = {Publisher: Routledge
\\_eprint: <https://doi.org/10.1080/13600810903089893>},
pages = {229--247},
file = {Submitted Version:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/JM448KUY/Briguglio et al. - 2009 - Economic Vulnerability and Resilience Concepts an.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@incollection{svennilson_concept_1960,
address = {London},
title = {The {Concept} of the {Nation} and {Its} {Relevance} to {Economic} {Analysis}},
isbn = {978-1-349-15210-0},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15210-0_1>},
abstract = {The nation is a geographical unit cut out as a strip from the world map. What is the reason for treating it as a unit in economic analysis? What kind of discontinuities are there that distinguish the national unit from other units, smaller or larger than the individual nation? Why and to what extent are these discontinuities relevant to economic analysis?},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-04-13},
booktitle = {Economic {Consequences} of the {Size} of {Nations}: {Proceedings} of a {Conference} held by the {International} {Economic} {Association}},
publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan UK},
author = {Svennilson, I.},
editor = {Robinson, E. A. G.},
year = {1960},
doi = {10.1007/978-1-349-15210-0_1},
pages = {1--13},
}
@inproceedings{stevens_self-sovereign_2018,
title = {Self-{Sovereign} {Identity} {Systems} for {Humanitarian} {Interventions} {A} {Case} {Study} on {Protective} {Cash} {Transfer} {Programs}},
url = {<https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Self-Sovereign-Identity-Systems-for-Humanitarian-A-Stevens/f8214975160857f1f020ff8dbc2db65f88fcac03>},
abstract = {Situation: Information management enables humanitarian organizations to make adequate interventions based on timely, appropriate and trustworthy information. A crucial type of information are identities, because they can be used to assess vulnerability and efficiently manage aid distribution. Vulnerability determines who receives aid first because resources are always limited. This information is increasingly being stored and processed in identity systems. Complication: Most identity systems are centralized and produce analogue proofs of identity such as passports or ID cards. These systems are susceptible to privacy and data breaches. Centralization leads to single-points-of-failure and could lead to fraudulent behavior resulting in people lacking formal proofs of identity. In general there is limited interoperability between identity systems and limited collaboration between the owners of these systems. Approach: To create an interoperable and shared digital identity system using a Design Science Research strategy and systems engineering approach. This system must be distributed, protect privacy and put the identity owner in control of his or her data. The foundation of the system consists of Humanitarian Information Management principles, Privacy-by-Design principles and Self-Sovereign Identity principles. This research creates a functional blockchain based system, that enables identities for the use-case of Cash Transfer Programs. Results: We present a validated set of ten design decisions that represent the trade-offs that have been made and prescribe a blueprint for a technical design. Next steps: Future research should be done on how such a system could be implemented and used. This would require a process design approach that has to be developed, Also, elaborate research into user experience and user interfaces should be conducted.},
urldate = {2024-04-13},
author = {Stevens, L.},
year = {2018},
annote = {[TLDR] This research creates a functional blockchain based system, that enables identities for the use-case of Cash Transfer Programs, that consists of Humanitarian Information Management principles, Privacy-by-Design principles and Self-Sovereign Identity principles.},
}
@article{altenburg_new_2006,
title = {The '{New} {Minimalist} {Approach}' to {Private}-{Sector} {Development}: {A} {Critical} {Assessment}},
volume = {24},
shorttitle = {The '{New} {Minimalist} {Approach}' to {Private}-{Sector} {Development}},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-7679.2006.00331.x},
abstract = {Recent literature on private-sector development emphasises the need to establish a 'level playing field' and tends to disregard selective supportive interventions. The most commonly highlighted elements are administrative simplification and effective property rights policies, with business services largely left to private providers - what we call the 'new minimalist approach' (NMA). However, the NMA is based on certain unrealistic assumptions and is barely backed by empirical evidence. A range of complementary public policies is needed to create competitive sectors and overcome internal constraints, especially in small-scale economies. Copyright 2006 Overseas Development Institute.},
journal = {Development Policy Review},
author = {Altenburg, Tilman and Drachenfels, Christian},
month = feb,
year = {2006},
pages = {387--411},
}
@misc{noauthor_open_nodate,
title = {Open {Knowledge} {Repository}},
url = {<https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/002829f4-dc71-5928-8b5d-4b7b00c0e7de>},
urldate = {2024-04-13},
}
@misc{loayza_measurement_2003,
address = {Rochester, NY},
type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}},
title = {On the {Measurement} of {Market}-{Oriented} {Reforms}},
url = {<https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=625248>},
abstract = {Loayza and Soto present policy and outcome-based ways of measuring the progress of market-oriented reforms in both traditional areas of first-generation reform and the areas of institutional reform that have been emphasized lately. These policy areas are the domestic financial system, international financial markets, international trade, the labor market, the tax system, public infrastructure and public firms, the legal and regulatory framework, and governance. For each of them, the authors first discuss the general principles underlying market-oriented reform. Second, they present various indicators of the policy stance in the area in question. And third, they present various outcome indicators of the policy stance.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-04-13},
author = {Loayza, Norman and Soto, Raimundo},
month = dec,
year = {2003},
keywords = {Norman Loayza, On the Measurement of Market-Oriented Reforms, Raimundo Soto, SSRN},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/RGLZ93BV/Loayza and Soto - 2003 - On the Measurement of Market-Oriented Reforms.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@techreport{altenburg_creating_2008,
address = {Vienna},
title = {Creating an {Enabling} {Environment} for {Private} {Sector} {Development} in {Sub}-{Saharan} {Africa}},
url = {<https://www.fao.org/sustainable-food-value-chains/library/details/en/c/267239/>},
urldate = {2024-04-13},
institution = {United Nations Industrial Development Organisation},
author = {Altenburg, Tilman and von Drachenfels, Christian},
year = {2008},
file = {Creating an Enabling Environment for Private Sector Development in Sub-Saharan Africa:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/NPF8TLP9/267239.html:text/html;creating_an_enabling_environment_for_private_sector_development_in_subSaharan_Africa_01_0.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/CM2F9XP4/creating_an_enabling_environment_for_private_sector_development_in_subSaharan_Africa_01_0.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{sustainability_idos_creating_nodate,
title = {Creating an enabling environment for private sector development in sub-{Saharan} {Africa}},
url = {<https://www.idos-research.de/buchveroeffentlichungen/article/creating-an-enabling-environment-for-private-sector-development-in-sub-saharan-africa/>},
language = {de},
urldate = {2024-04-13},
author = {Sustainability (IDOS), German Institute of Development and},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/V5W2BHWB/creating-an-enabling-environment-for-private-sector-development-in-sub-saharan-africa.html:text/html},
}
@misc{republic_of_the_marshall_islands_decentralized_2023,
chapter = {7},
title = {Decentralized {Autonomous} {Organization} {Amendment} {Act}},
volume = {52},
url = {<https://rmiparliament.org/cms/library/public-laws/category/51-public-laws-by-years-2023.html#>},
urldate = {2024-04-14},
author = {{Republic of the Marshall Islands}},
month = sep,
year = {2023},
file = {PL-2022-50-Decentralized-Autonomous.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/CCI6Z2UK/PL-2022-50-Decentralized-Autonomous.pdf:application/pdf;Public Laws by Years:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/6MWA2FEX/51-public-laws-by-years-2023.html:text/html},
}
@article{asian_development_bank_toward_2005,
title = {Toward a {New} {Pacific} {Regionalism}},
url = {<https://www.adb.org/publications/toward-new-pacific-regionalism>},
abstract = {This report analyses issues and possibilities for a new Pacific regionalism, in the context of the commitment of Pacific Island Forum leaders to create a Pacific Plan for Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration. The report discusses different objectives for regionalism (including provision of services and market integration) and notes that varied approaches and sub-regional groupings will be appropriate to meet different objectives. Initial assessments of possible regional initiatives are presented under the proposed four pillars of the Pacific Plan.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-04-15},
author = {{Asian Development Bank}},
month = jan,
year = {2005},
note = {Accepted: 2005-01-01
Last Modified: 2017-11-16T02:48+08:00
Publisher: Asian Development Bank},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/ZY5WSG3H/toward-new-pacific-regionalism.html:text/html},
}
@article{waller_possible_2022,
title = {The possible contributive value of cryptocurrencies to {Small} {Island} {Developing} {States}},
volume = {3},
issn = {2516-6425},
url = {<https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/10.1504/IJBC.2022.123003>},
doi = {10.1504/IJBC.2022.123003},
abstract = {Digitalisation has engendered interesting discussions about social and economic life for the future. Since the start of the COVID-19, there has been an increasing trend towards digitisation and digitised services which have created a need for safe and secure digital identities. One of these manifestations is the cryptocurrency phenomenon. Cryptocurrencies have become even more important as a solution to the financial and economic challenges faced by many developing countries during the current COVID-19 pandemic. However, where cryptocurrencies are concerned, most of the research done has been preoccupied with the current and future role of the industrialised and developing countries. Not surprisingly, virtually little research has been undertaken to examine the contributive value of cryptocurrencies for Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Using exploratory case study methodology and document analysis, this study attempts to fill the gap in the literature by exploring the possible contributive value of this technology for SIDS.},
number = {1},
urldate = {2024-04-15},
journal = {International Journal of Blockchains and Cryptocurrencies},
author = {Waller, Lloyd G. and Johnson, Stephen},
month = jan,
year = {2022},
note = {Publisher: Inderscience Publishers},
keywords = {Bitcoin, blockchain, financial technology, cryptocurrencies, SIDS, Small Island Developing States},
pages = {60--79},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/ZA2JCL4K/Waller and Johnson - 2022 - The possible contributive value of cryptocurrencie.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{briffa_small_2023,
title = {Small {States} and {COVID}-19: {Challenges} and {Opportunities} for {Multilateralism}},
volume = {4},
issn = {2575-7350},
shorttitle = {Small {States} and {COVID}-19},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1525/gp.2023.57708>},
doi = {10.1525/gp.2023.57708},
abstract = {This article tests one of the core theses in the burgeoning literature on small states, which asserts that small states must seek shelter within larger organizations or in partnership with large states in order to mitigate their inherent vulnerabilities and build resilience against externally originating shocks. This article tests this theory by conducting comparative case study analysis to investigate how small states have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. It examines the extent to which small states have been seeking shelter that is economic, political, and societal from existing multilateral frameworks, as well as the conditions under which they are developing new work-arounds when the existing multilateral arrangements have not functioned as intended. These ad hoc multilateral and minilateral arrangements, necessitated by the crisis, have filled the gap when the expected benefits of collective security have not been forthcoming from long-standing frameworks, yet they also reveal how a more unified and proactive approach to remedying the failings of existing, credible multilateral frameworks would serve to maximize and spread the benefits more widely, rather than fragmenting efforts and unevenly distributing the gains. Consequently, while the conclusion acknowledges small state successes in coalition building, innovation, flexibility, and proactivity in harnessing multilateralism or developing sovereign initiatives to respond to this crisis in the short term, it also highlights several emergent problems that will require shoring up and remedying the failings of existing regional and international multilateral mechanisms in the long term. The article closes by offering several recommendations, including the critical necessity of commitment from large counterparts to overhaul international financial mechanisms to ensure that no small states get left behind in the pandemic recovery.},
number = {1},
urldate = {2024-04-15},
journal = {Global Perspectives},
author = {Briffa, Hillary},
month = jan,
year = {2023},
pages = {57708},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/JNBHPDBE/Briffa - 2023 - Small States and COVID-19 Challenges and Opportun.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/IUNTL7Y3/Small-States-and-COVID-19-Challenges-and.html:text/html},
}
@article{hauofa_our_1994,
title = {Our {Sea} of {Islands}},
volume = {6},
issn = {1043-898X},
url = {<https://www.jstor.org/stable/23701593>},
number = {1},
urldate = {2024-04-15},
journal = {The Contemporary Pacific},
author = {Hau'ofa, Epeli},
year = {1994},
note = {Publisher: University of Hawai'i Press},
pages = {148--161},
}
@misc{noauthor_nandan_nodate,
title = {Nandan {Nilekani}: {Governtrepreneur}},
shorttitle = {Nandan {Nilekani}},
url = {<https://www.forbes.com/2010/01/07/forbes-india-nandan-nilekani-governtrepreneur.html>},
abstract = {Picked up business sense at IIT-Bombay; helped build Infy; now, Nandan Nilekani brings the spirit of entrepreneurship to the business of governing.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-04-16},
journal = {Forbes},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/ZGUNKTAU/forbes-india-nandan-nilekani-governtrepreneur.html:text/html},
}
@book{baldacchino_island_2010,
title = {Island {Enclaves}: {Offshoring} {Strategies}, {Creative} {Governance}, and {Subnational} {Island} {Jurisdictions}},
isbn = {978-0-7735-8658-1},
shorttitle = {Island {Enclaves}},
abstract = {Examining subnational island jurisdictions such as Guantánamo Bay, Macau, Aruba, the Isle of Man, and Prince Edward Island, Godfrey Baldacchino shows how these distinct locales arrange special relationships with larger metropolitan powers. He also deals with the politics, economics, and diplomacy of islands that have been engineered as detention camps, offshore finance centres, military bases, heritage parks, or otherwise autonomous regions. More than a study of how detached regions are governed, Island Enclaves displays the ways in which these jurisdictions are pioneering some of the modern world's most creative - and shadowy - forms of sovereignty and government.},
language = {en},
publisher = {McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP},
author = {Baldacchino, Godfrey},
month = jul,
year = {2010},
note = {Google-Books-ID: \\_7noOxI88F4C},
keywords = {Political Science / General},
}
@book{grynberg_wto_2006,
title = {{WTO} at the {Margins}: {Small} {States} and the {Multilateral} {Trading} {System}},
isbn = {978-1-139-46054-5},
shorttitle = {{WTO} at the {Margins}},
abstract = {At a pivotal point in the history of the WTO, when development issues are at the heart of negotiations, how the larger and more powerful members address the legitimate concerns of its poorest and most vulnerable members will shape the perception of the institution throughout the century. This book aims not only to document almost ten years of experience of small states with the WTO but also to explain this experience. It takes an evidential theory approach to explaining the features characteristic to the trade and economic development of small island states. It then highlights the issues of concern to these states in relation to negotiations at the WTO. The experience of the African Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries with the WTO dispute settlement mechanism is discussed, and the book ends with a discussion of key negotiating issues for the island states and institutional arrangements to facilitate reform.},
language = {en},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
author = {Grynberg, Roman},
month = dec,
year = {2006},
keywords = {Law / Arbitration, Negotiation, Mediation, Law / Commercial / International Trade, Law / International},
}
@misc{noauthor_home_nodate,
title = {Home},
url = {<https://um.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/uresolver/356MALT_INST/openurl?ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_id=10_1&ctx_tim=2024-04-17T02%3A35%3A07IST&ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com-proquest&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Small%20states%20in%20transition:%20from%20vulnerability%20to%20competitiveness&rft.jtitle=Development%20policy%20review&rft.au=Wignaraja,%20Ganesh&rft.date=2005-11-01&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=6&rft.spage=739&rft.epage=740&rft.pages=739-740&rft.issn=0950-6764&rft.eissn=1467-7679&rft_id=info:doi/&rft_id=info:bibcode/&rft_id=info:hdl/&rft_id=info:lccn/&rft_id=info:oclcnum/&rft_id=info:pmid/&rft_id=info:eric/&rft_dat=%3Cproquest%3E37730460%3C/proquest%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E,language=eng,view=356MALT_VU1&svc_dat=single_service&rft_pqid=37730460>},
urldate = {2024-04-17},
}
@article{rusu_pseudo-scientific_2016,
title = {Pseudo-{Scientific} {Economic} {Policies} {Of} {Moldova} {Association} {To} {The} {Eu}: {Methodology}, {Problems}, {Solutions}},
shorttitle = {Pseudo-{Scientific} {Economic} {Policies} {Of} {Moldova} {Association} {To} {The} {Eu}},
url = {<https://ideas.repec.org//a/nos/ycriat/261.html>},
abstract = {Economic policies and decisions on EU association starting with the begginig of 90’s were pseudoscientific, contradictory, incoherent because those policies have not based themselves on modern and current economic theories elaborated and promoted by the EU. Actuality. The topic is actual from the perspective of the factors’ analysis which were conducting to delay the association process of Moldova to the EU. At the same time, those were increasing instability, disequilibrium in the national economy and raise of social vulnerability and constraint levels which ultimately increased the gap between the national and EU economic development levels. During the period of 2000-2015, the socio-economic policy of the Republic of Moldova is described more as small and fragmented steps on conceiving economic and financial instruments for the integration into the EU which were reflected in the Neighbourhood Partnership and Association Agreement with the EU. These processes conducted for the state incapacity to define its own objectives and social-economic priorities for the association as well as legitimated a continuous stage of transition to the market economy. The scope of the present article is to propose a real change of the development and social-economic association policies for achieving final objective on integration to EU. The proposals would consist in emphasizing and implementation of the EU economic principles reflected in the neoclassic synthesis and neo-conservative theories; the elaboration and implementation of a new Strategy on economic supervision, coordination and anticipation of the economic disequilibrium; achieve economic stability for diminishing the negative effects of the global and regional crisis on national economy and adaptation of the development policies to the national socio-economic conditions. The methods used for the elaboration and achieving the expected results of the study were analysis and synthesis of the reliable data on economic processes’ trends as well as macroeconomic prognoses for designing a set of development scenarios. Results were reflected in elaboration of a system of actions which includes EU as a monitoring mechanism for preventing and anticipating the disequilibrium that may occur during the association process. Stimulation of consumption, of the research and technological progress and targeting foreign investments in the innovation development priorities are some of other actions that are recommended in the article},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2024-04-17},
journal = {ECONOMY AND SOCIOLOGY: Theoretical and Scientifical Journal},
author = {Rusu, Gheorghe and Robu, Tudor and Bumbu, Mihai},
year = {2016},
note = {Publisher: Socionet \\& Complexul Editorial "INCE"},
keywords = {association and accession, competition, competitiveness of the national economy, crisis, economic theory, external threat., imbalances and balances, internal threat, recession, sovereign risk},
pages = {27--35},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/R6RXWR7B/261.html:text/html},
}
@techreport{third_government_2028,
address = {United Kingdom},
title = {Government services and digital identity},
url = {<https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.eublockchainforum.eu/sites/default/files/research-paper/20180801_government_services_and_digital_identity.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiq07CWj8iFAxWJhP0HHcooAGAQFnoECBgQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2A8LHp0oGZ9HiJRgrPRnID>},
abstract = {Blockchain},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-04-17},
institution = {European Union Blockchain Observatory \\& Forum},
author = {Third, Allan and Quick, Kevin and Bachler, Michelle and Domingue, John},
month = aug,
year = {2028},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/L2NBAPEZ/Blockchain.html:text/html},
}
@article{breckenridge_lineaments_2019,
title = {Lineaments of {Biopower}: {The} {Bureaucratic} and {Technological} {Paradoxes} of {Aadhaar}},
volume = {42},
issn = {0085-6401},
shorttitle = {Lineaments of {Biopower}},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1080/00856401.2019.1613080>},
doi = {10.1080/00856401.2019.1613080},
number = {3},
urldate = {2024-04-17},
journal = {South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies},
author = {Breckenridge, Keith},
month = may,
year = {2019},
note = {Publisher: Routledge
\\_eprint: <https://doi.org/10.1080/00856401.2019.1613080>},
pages = {606--611},
}
@article{horscroft_small_2006,
title = {Small economies and special and differential treatment: {Strengthening} the evidence, countering the fallacies},
issn = {9780511674495},
shorttitle = {Small economies and special and differential treatment},
doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511674495.008},
abstract = {Introduction Small economies present a particular challenge to the multilateral trade regime: will it adjust to arrest their increasing marginalisation in world trade that is undermining their development prospects significantly? This challenge poses the question of whether emerging international trade rules are damaging the trade and development interests of small economies and, if so, whether derogations from those rules can avert such damage. An answer that more favourable treatment offers small economies the potential for a beneficial means of insertion in world markets is incomplete, however, without considering the negotiating context from which trade rules emerge. Whether favourable treatment is likely to result from the interstate bargaining process determining the rules is the more problematic aspect of the challenge small economies pose for the multilateral trading system. This chapter argues that the peculiar economic characteristics of small economies combine to constrain their potential to benefit from the globalisation of markets under currently agreed trade rules. Though supported by recent empirical evidence, these arguments are contentious and require engaging with contrary views refuting that small size undermines trade competitiveness, that vulnerability to external economic shocks and natural disasters has real economic costs, and that small economies' characteristics are peculiar and worthy of specific responses. The chapter goes on to argue that, as the implications of emerging trade rules are realised, the marginalisation of small economies will be exacerbated. Whilst modifying multilateral trade rules is not the only initiative required to address the specific trade and development needs of small economies, it is argued to be vital.},
journal = {WTO at the Margins: Small States and the Multilateral Trading System},
author = {Horscroft, Virginia},
month = dec,
year = {2006},
pages = {227--278},
}
@misc{noauthor_wtcomtdsew4_nodate,
title = {{WT}/{COMTD}/{SE}/{W}/4},
url = {<https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/FE_Search/FE_S_S009-DP.aspx?language=E&CatalogueIdList=33315,110166,28740&CurrentCatalogueIdIndex=1&FullTextHash=&HasEnglishRecord=True&HasFrenchRecord=True&HasSpanishRecord=True>},
urldate = {2024-04-17},
file = {4:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/49DSQCJC/FE_S_S009-DP.html:text/html},
}
@misc{noauthor_economic_nodate,
title = {Economic {Vulnerability} and {Resilience}: {Concepts} and {Measurements}: {Oxford} {Development} {Studies}: {Vol} 37, {No} 3},
url = {<https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903089893>},
urldate = {2024-04-17},
}
@article{briguglio_economic_2009-1,
title = {Economic {Vulnerability} and {Resilience}: {Concepts} and {Measurements}},
volume = {37},
issn = {1360-0818},
shorttitle = {Economic {Vulnerability} and {Resilience}},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1080/13600810903089893>},
doi = {10.1080/13600810903089893},
abstract = {In this paper, economic vulnerability is defined as the exposure of an economy to exogenous shocks, arising out of economic openness, while economic resilience is defined as the policy-induced ability of an economy to withstand or recover from the effects of such shocks. The paper briefly reviews the work already carried out on economic vulnerability and extends the research towards the development of a conceptual and methodological framework for the definition and measurement of economic resilience. Towards this end, the paper proposes an index of economic resilience gauging the adequacy of policy in four broad areas, namely macroeconomic stability, microeconomic market efficiency, good governance and social development. The analysis of economic resilience explains how small economies can attain a relatively high level of gross domestic product per capita if they adopt appropriate policy stances. In other words, the relatively good economic performance of a number of small states is not because, but in spite of, their small size and inherent economic vulnerability. The results of this study can be used as a tool towards the formulation of policies aimed at overcoming the adverse consequences of economic vulnerability.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2024-04-17},
journal = {Oxford Development Studies},
author = {Briguglio, Lino and Cordina, Gordon and Farrugia, Nadia and Vella, Stephanie},
month = sep,
year = {2009},
note = {Publisher: Routledge
\\_eprint: <https://doi.org/10.1080/13600810903089893>},
pages = {229--247},
file = {Submitted Version:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/IQL8XTVX/Briguglio et al. - 2009 - Economic Vulnerability and Resilience Concepts an.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@book{wignaraja_small_2004,
title = {Small {States} in {Transition}: {From} {Vulnerability} to {Competitiveness}},
isbn = {978-0-85092-802-0},
shorttitle = {Small {States} in {Transition}},
abstract = {This title is a report of a follow up of a pan-Commonwealth forum of the same name held in Port of Spain Trinidad attended by over 28 Commonwealth small states. The study deals with the pressing economic policy question facing the world's smallest economies. Namely, how can small states enhance their industrial competitiveness and alleviate economic vulnerabilities associated with small country size.},
language = {en},
publisher = {Commonwealth Secretariat},
author = {Wignaraja, Ganeshan and Lezama, Marlon and Joiner, David},
year = {2004},
note = {Google-Books-ID: oQKgdDA0EFsC},
keywords = {Political Science / Public Policy / Economic Policy, Social Science / Developing \\& Emerging Countries, Business \\& Economics / Development / Economic Development, Business \\& Economics / Economic Conditions, Business \\& Economics / Economics / Macroeconomics, Business \\& Economics / General},
}
@book{secretariat_small_2006,
title = {Small {States}: {Economic} {Review} and {Basic} {Statistics}},
isbn = {978-0-85092-831-0},
shorttitle = {Small {States}},
abstract = {This unique annual collection of key economic and statistical data on the world's small states--those with fewer than five million inhabitants--is an essential reference for economists, planners, and policymakers. Data on sixty-five countries is included, grouped in three categories: low-; middle-; and high-income--based on their 2003 per capita GNI. The book contains fifty-one tables covering selected economic and social indicators culled from international and national sources and presents information unavailable elsewhere. As well as basic demographic information, including gender-disaggregated information where available, the tables include information on the structure of production; the structure of demand; external payments, reserves, net transfers and finance flows; exchange rate, interest rate, and money supply information; and labor force data. A detailed parallel commentary on trends in Commonwealth small states, looking at growth, employment, inflation, and economic policy issues, permits a deeper understanding of developments behind the figures.},
language = {en},
publisher = {Commonwealth Secretariat},
author = {Secretariat, Commonwealth},
month = mar,
year = {2006},
note = {Google-Books-ID: ox0Ddi6j08IC},
keywords = {Business \\& Economics / Economics / General, Social Science / Developing \\& Emerging Countries, Business \\& Economics / Development / Economic Development, Business \\& Economics / Economic Conditions, Business \\& Economics / Economics / Macroeconomics, Business \\& Economics / Development / Sustainable Development, Business \\& Economics / International / General, Business \\& Economics / Statistics, Political Science / History \\& Theory, Political Science / Political Economy},
}
@book{mughogho_small_2022,
title = {Small {States} {Economic} {Review} and {Basic} {Statistics} \\#21},
isbn = {978-1-78559-998-9},
url = {<https://www.thecommonwealth-ilibrary.org/index.php/comsec/catalog/book/958>},
abstract = {The economic impacts of COVID-19 on Commonwealth small states (CWSS) have been vast and far-reaching. The ongoing effects of the pandemic have contributed to a multi-pronged crisis where economies were ravaged, poverty levels have risen, and the expansionary fiscal policies aimed at cushioning the effects of the pandemic have contributed to rising debt levels. All this contributed to the plight of small states, many of which were already grappling with the effects of climatic shocks stemming from their persistent vulnerabilities to adverse climate and weather-related conditions.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-04-17},
publisher = {Commonwealth iLibrary},
author = {Mughogho, Tamara and Brain, Sophie and Holliday, Devyn},
month = jun,
year = {2022},
doi = {10.14217/ComSec.958},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/JIRHX9SN/Mughogho et al. - 2022 - Small States Economic Review and Basic Statistics .pdf:application/pdf},
}
@book{oecd_small_2016,
address = {Paris},
title = {Small {States}: {Economic} {Review} and {Basic} {Statistics}, {Volume} 19},
shorttitle = {Small {States}},
url = {<https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/publication/smalst-2016-en>},
abstract = {This unique annual collection of key economic and statistical data on states with fewer than five million inhabitants is an essential reference for economists, planners and policy-makers working on issues of concern to small states.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-04-17},
publisher = {Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development},
author = {{OECD}},
year = {2016},
}
@incollection{hawksley_small_2023,
title = {Small states in the {Pacific}: {Sovereignty}, vulnerability, and regionalism},
isbn = {978-1-00-335601-1},
shorttitle = {Small states in the {Pacific}},
abstract = {Pacific Islands Countries and Territories (PICTs) contain some of the world’s smallest independent states, as well as territories in dependent relationships with other states, many of which exercise some aspects of ‘sovereign’ power. In this chapter we explore how PICTs use their sovereignty to guard against vulnerability, focusing on regional and international action around matters such as climate change, food security, and development. We argue that despite their small size, PICTs use their sovereignty, both individually and collectively, to influence larger global agendas and that such actions create opportunities for both independent and dependent PICTs to engage in subregional, regional, and international actions to advance their specific ‘national’ interests.},
booktitle = {Agency, {Security} and {Governance} of {Small} {States}},
publisher = {Routledge},
author = {Hawksley, Charles and Georgeou, Nichole},
year = {2023},
note = {Num Pages: 19},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/99IIPXDS/Hawksley and Georgeou - 2023 - Small states in the Pacific Sovereignty, vulnerab.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@book{kolnberger_agency_2023,
address = {London},
title = {Agency, {Security} and {Governance} of {Small} {States}: {A} {Global} {Perspective}},
isbn = {978-1-00-335601-1},
shorttitle = {Agency, {Security} and {Governance} of {Small} {States}},
abstract = {Agency, Security and Governance of Small States examines what seems to be a defining paradox of Small-State Studies: the simultaneous coexistence (and possible co-dependence) of vulnerability and opportunity related to small-state size.
This book analyses small states within the framework of this apparent paradox. Traditionally, Small-State Studies has focused on three guiding questions: what constitutes a ‘small state’? What explains small-state influence in global affairs? Are small states truly vulnerable to security threats given the expansion of multilateralism and regionalism throughout the world? This book contends that new questions should be asked which recognise the important shifts in twenty-first century security paradigms, to better understand how some states deploy their smallness as a resource for agency in supranational contexts. By varying historical, geographical, security, and governance contexts, the book embraces a most-different-cases approach. The historical perspective is often neglected in Small-State Studies but contributes to understanding how small states have often, over time, transformed perceived insecurity into agency. By focusing on different world regions, the authors enable the comparative analysis of collective actions, and the creation and implementation of institutions for ‘common sense purposes’ within a geographical region. Of particular contemporary importance, the book includes contributions which contend with hard-security issues alongside other soft-security challenges. The comparison of case studies confirms that hard-security vulnerability and soft-security opportunities seem to be two sides of the same coin, which reinforces the book’s focus on small-state paradoxes, and raises the question of whether smallness can be considered the defining characteristic of governance in these countries.
This book will have a broad appeal because of the different world regions it analyses. It will be of interest to postgraduate students, scholars, and researchers of international relations, security, sustainability, governance, development, and political economy, as well as Small-State Studies.
The Chapters 4, 8 and 11 of this book are freely available as downloadable Open Access PDFs at <https://www.taylorfrancis.com> under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license. The publication of Chapter 4 as Open Access has been made possible by the Institute of History at the University of Luxembourg. The publication of Chapter 8 as Open Access has been made possible by Western Sydney University. The publication of Chapter 11 as Open Access has been made possible by the University of Hamburg.},
publisher = {Routledge},
editor = {Kolnberger, Thomas and Koff, Harlan},
month = sep,
year = {2023},
doi = {10.4324/9781003356011},
}
@article{briguglio_labour_2015,
title = {Labour demand in the {EU} and returns to scale: {A} production function approach},
volume = {24},
issn = {0963-8199},
shorttitle = {Labour demand in the {EU} and returns to scale},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2014.1002414>},
doi = {10.1080/09638199.2014.1002414},
abstract = {The paper tests the hypothesis that small member states of the European Union (EU) experience economies of scale constraints. This study adopts a production function approach, utilising data from the 27 differently sized EU member countries. The results confirm the hypothesis and indicate that larger EU member countries incur lower costs per unit of output produced when compared to the smaller ones. This finding has important implications for small EU member states, including that smaller countries have to overcome their economies of scale constraint in order to attain and maintain international competitiveness. This disadvantage is particularly relevant for small states, because these states tend to be highly dependent on international trade, in which case international competitiveness is a major issue.},
number = {8},
urldate = {2024-04-17},
journal = {The Journal of International Trade \\& Economic Development},
author = {Briguglio, Lino P. and Vella, Melchior},
month = nov,
year = {2015},
note = {Publisher: Routledge
\\_eprint: <https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2014.1002414>},
keywords = {economies of scale, EU member states, labour demand, small country size},
pages = {1103--1116},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/YDN3ZCID/Briguglio and Vella - 2015 - Labour demand in the EU and returns to scale A pr.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{clement_review_1961,
title = {Review of {Economic} {Consequences} of the {Size} of {Nations}: {Proceedings} of a {Conference} {Held} by the {International} {Economic} {Association}},
volume = {333},
issn = {0002-7162},
shorttitle = {Review of {Economic} {Consequences} of the {Size} of {Nations}},
url = {<https://www.jstor.org/stable/1033467>},
urldate = {2024-04-17},
journal = {The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science},
author = {Clement, M. O.},
collaborator = {Robinson, E. A. G.},
year = {1961},
note = {Publisher: [Sage Publications, Inc., American Academy of Political and Social Science]},
pages = {167--168},
file = {JSTOR Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/ZZ4WHGCV/Clement - 1961 - Review of Economic Consequences of the Size of Nat.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{winters_when_2004-1,
title = {When comparative advantage is not enough: business costs in small remote economies},
volume = {3},
issn = {1475-3138, 1474-7456},
shorttitle = {When comparative advantage is not enough},
url = {<https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-trade-review/article/abs/when-comparative-advantage-is-not-enough-business-costs-in-small-remote-economies/BB9DF28E8A1F869BDEC121D13E980697>},
doi = {10.1017/S1474745604001922},
abstract = {This paper uses a newly collected dataset on business costs to investigate empirically whether small and remote economies are inherently uncompetitive. Although in theory these economies can overcome their small size by specialising and trading, this may not be enough to generate acceptable incomes because they face a combination of diseconomies of small scale and high transaction costs. We conclude that there are almost certainly some very small economies for which this is true. These economies are likely to become less attractive for commercial activities as globalization proceeds and their current trade preferences are eroded. The policy solution is not protection, however, but proactive policies from the international community.},
language = {en},
number = {3},
urldate = {2024-04-17},
journal = {World Trade Review},
author = {Winters, L. Alan and Martins, Pedro M. G.},
month = nov,
year = {2004},
pages = {347--383},
}
@misc{noauthor_size_nodate,
title = {The {Size} of {Nations} – {EH}.net},
url = {<https://eh.net/book_reviews/the-size-of-nations/>},
language = {en-US},
urldate = {2024-04-17},
}
@article{clement_e_1961,
title = {E. {A}. {G}. {ROBINSON} ({Ed}.). {Economic} {Consequences} of the {Size} of {Nations}: {Proceedings} of a {Conference} {Held} by the {International} {Economic} {Association}. {Pp}. xxii, 446. {New} {York} : {St}. {Martin}'s {Press}, 1960. \\$10.00},
volume = {333},
issn = {0002-7162},
shorttitle = {E. {A}. {G}. {ROBINSON} ({Ed}.). {Economic} {Consequences} of the {Size} of {Nations}},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1177/000271626133300131>},
doi = {10.1177/000271626133300131},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2024-04-17},
journal = {The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science},
author = {Clement, M.O.},
month = jan,
year = {1961},
note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc},
pages = {167--168},
}
@incollection{svennilson_concept_1960-1,
address = {London},
title = {The {Concept} of the {Nation} and {Its} {Relevance} to {Economic} {Analysis}},
isbn = {978-1-349-15210-0},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15210-0_1>},
abstract = {The nation is a geographical unit cut out as a strip from the world map. What is the reason for treating it as a unit in economic analysis? What kind of discontinuities are there that distinguish the national unit from other units, smaller or larger than the individual nation? Why and to what extent are these discontinuities relevant to economic analysis?},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-04-17},
booktitle = {Economic {Consequences} of the {Size} of {Nations}: {Proceedings} of a {Conference} held by the {International} {Economic} {Association}},
publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan UK},
author = {Svennilson, I.},
editor = {Robinson, E. A. G.},
year = {1960},
doi = {10.1007/978-1-349-15210-0_1},
pages = {1--13},
}
@misc{noauthor_open_nodate-1,
title = {Open {Knowledge} {Repository}},
url = {<https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/002829f4-dc71-5928-8b5d-4b7b00c0e7de>},
urldate = {2024-04-17},
}
@book{soto_measurement_2004,
series = {Policy {Research} {Working} {Papers}},
title = {On the {Measurement} of {Market}-{Oriented} {Reforms}},
url = {<http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/1813-9450-3371>},
abstract = {This paper presents policy- and outcome-based ways of measuring the progress of market-oriented reforms in both traditional areas of first-generation reform and the areas of institutional reform that have been emphasized lately. These policy areas are the domestic financial system; international financial markets; international trade; the labor market; the tax system; public infrastructure and public firms; the legal and regulatory framework; and governance. For each of them, first, we discuss the general principles underlying market-oriented reform; second, we present various indicators of the policy stance in the area in question; and third, we present various outcome indicators of the policy stance.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-04-17},
publisher = {The World Bank},
author = {Soto, Raimundo and Loayza, Norman V.},
month = aug,
year = {2004},
doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-3371},
file = {Soto and Loayza - 2004 - On the Measurement of Market-Oriented Reforms.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/KTUVX58W/Soto and Loayza - 2004 - On the Measurement of Market-Oriented Reforms.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{altenburg_new_2006-1,
title = {The '{New} {Minimalist} {Approach}' to {Private}-{Sector} {Development}: {A} {Critical} {Assessment}},
volume = {24},
shorttitle = {The '{New} {Minimalist} {Approach}' to {Private}-{Sector} {Development}},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-7679.2006.00331.x},
abstract = {Recent literature on private-sector development emphasises the need to establish a 'level playing field' and tends to disregard selective supportive interventions. The most commonly highlighted elements are administrative simplification and effective property rights policies, with business services largely left to private providers - what we call the 'new minimalist approach' (NMA). However, the NMA is based on certain unrealistic assumptions and is barely backed by empirical evidence. A range of complementary public policies is needed to create competitive sectors and overcome internal constraints, especially in small-scale economies. Copyright 2006 Overseas Development Institute.},
journal = {Development Policy Review},
author = {Altenburg, Tilman and Drachenfels, Christian},
month = feb,
year = {2006},
pages = {387--411},
}
@misc{noauthor_creating_nodate,
title = {Creating an {Enabling} {Environment} for {Private} {Sector} {Development} in {Sub}-{Saharan} {Africa}},
url = {<https://www.fao.org/sustainable-food-value-chains/library/details/en/c/267239/>},
urldate = {2024-04-17},
file = {Creating an Enabling Environment for Private Sector Development in Sub-Saharan Africa:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/9H6MSH9B/267239.html:text/html},
}
@inproceedings{stevens_self-sovereign_2018-1,
title = {Self-{Sovereign} {Identity} {Systems} for {Humanitarian} {Interventions} {A} {Case} {Study} on {Protective} {Cash} {Transfer} {Programs}},
url = {<https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Self-Sovereign-Identity-Systems-for-Humanitarian-A-Stevens/f8214975160857f1f020ff8dbc2db65f88fcac03>},
abstract = {Situation: Information management enables humanitarian organizations to make adequate interventions based on timely, appropriate and trustworthy information. A crucial type of information are identities, because they can be used to assess vulnerability and efficiently manage aid distribution. Vulnerability determines who receives aid first because resources are always limited. This information is increasingly being stored and processed in identity systems. Complication: Most identity systems are centralized and produce analogue proofs of identity such as passports or ID cards. These systems are susceptible to privacy and data breaches. Centralization leads to single-points-of-failure and could lead to fraudulent behavior resulting in people lacking formal proofs of identity. In general there is limited interoperability between identity systems and limited collaboration between the owners of these systems. Approach: To create an interoperable and shared digital identity system using a Design Science Research strategy and systems engineering approach. This system must be distributed, protect privacy and put the identity owner in control of his or her data. The foundation of the system consists of Humanitarian Information Management principles, Privacy-by-Design principles and Self-Sovereign Identity principles. This research creates a functional blockchain based system, that enables identities for the use-case of Cash Transfer Programs. Results: We present a validated set of ten design decisions that represent the trade-offs that have been made and prescribe a blueprint for a technical design. Next steps: Future research should be done on how such a system could be implemented and used. This would require a process design approach that has to be developed, Also, elaborate research into user experience and user interfaces should be conducted.},
urldate = {2024-04-17},
author = {Stevens, L.},
year = {2018},
annote = {[TLDR] This research creates a functional blockchain based system, that enables identities for the use-case of Cash Transfer Programs, that consists of Humanitarian Information Management principles, Privacy-by-Design principles and Self-Sovereign Identity principles.},
}
@misc{noauthor_material_2022,
title = {Material for the call to provide "{Support} to the implementation of the {European} {Digital} {Framework}" {\\textbar} {Shaping} {Europe}’s digital future},
url = {<https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/material-call-provide-support-implementation-european-digital-framework>},
abstract = {The material available include presentations, pitches and information collected from the two Webinars dedicated to the call. Using the call's link, you will also have access to the FAQ section for additional information and clarifications.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-04-17},
month = mar,
year = {2022},
}
@misc{authority_aruba_nodate,
title = {Aruba {Makes} {Steady} {Progress} {In} {Launching} {New} {Digital} {Travel} {Credential}},
url = {<https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/aruba-makes-steady-progress-in-launching-new-digital-travel-credential-301989815.html>},
abstract = {/PRNewswire/ -- The Aruba Tourism Authority (ATA), in partnership with the Office of Minister of Tourism and Public Health for Aruba, has announced the...},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-04-17},
author = {Authority, Aruba Tourism},
}
@misc{noauthor_identification_nodate-2,
title = {Identification for {Development}: {The} {Biometrics} {Revolution} - {Working} {Paper} 315},
shorttitle = {Identification for {Development}},
url = {<https://www.cgdev.org/publication/identification-development-biometrics-revolution-working-paper-315>},
abstract = {This paper surveys 160 cases where biometric identification has been used for economic, political, and social purposes in developing countries. One primary conclusion is that identification should be considered as a component of development policy, rather than being seen as just a cost on a program-by-program basis.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-04-17},
journal = {Center For Global Development},
}
@article{de_kloet_platformization_2019,
title = {The platformization of {Chinese} {Society}: infrastructure, governance, and practice},
volume = {12},
issn = {1754-4750},
shorttitle = {The platformization of {Chinese} {Society}},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1080/17544750.2019.1644008>},
doi = {10.1080/17544750.2019.1644008},
number = {3},
urldate = {2024-04-17},
journal = {Chinese Journal of Communication},
author = {de Kloet, Jeroen and Poell, Thomas and Guohua, Zeng and Yiu Fai, Chow},
month = jul,
year = {2019},
note = {Publisher: Routledge
\\_eprint: <https://doi.org/10.1080/17544750.2019.1644008>},
pages = {249--256},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/6Q6KHPFS/de Kloet et al. - 2019 - The platformization of Chinese Society infrastruc.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{poell_platformisation_2019,
title = {Platformisation},
volume = {8},
issn = {2197-6775},
url = {<https://policyreview.info/concepts/platformisation>},
abstract = {What is platformisation? This article contextualises, defines, and operationalises the concept. Drawing insights from different scholarly perspectives on platforms it develops a comprehensive approach to this process.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2024-04-17},
journal = {Internet Policy Review},
author = {Poell, Thomas and Nieborg, David and Dijck, José van},
month = nov,
year = {2019},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/E2EZGTFY/Poell et al. - 2019 - Platformisation.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{noauthor_converted_nodate,
title = {Converted file: {WORLD} {TRADE}},
url = {<https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/FE_Search/FE_S_S009-Html.aspx?Id=50501&BoxNumber=3&DocumentPartNumber=1&Language=E&HasEnglishRecord=True&HasFrenchRecord=True&HasSpanishRecord=True&Window=L&PreviewContext=DP&FullTextHash=371857150>},
urldate = {2024-04-17},
}
@misc{noauthor_small_nodate,
title = {{SMALL} {ECONOMIES}: {A} {LITERATURE} {REVIEW}},
url = {<https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/FE_Search/FE_S_S009-DP.aspx?language=E&CatalogueIdList=33315,110166,28740&CurrentCatalogueIdIndex=1&FullTextHash=&HasEnglishRecord=True&HasFrenchRecord=True&HasSpanishRecord=True#>},
urldate = {2024-04-17},
file = {4:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/NLVDRBWJ/FE_S_S009-DP.html:text/html},
}
@misc{validatedid_sl_time_2022,
title = {The time for the {eIDAS} {Bridge}},
url = {<https://www.validatedid.com/de/blog/post/the-time-for-the-eidas-bridge>},
abstract = {The eIDAS bridge project is an initiative by the European Commission (EC) within the ISA2 program where Validated ID participated as expert of matter in PKI and SSI.},
language = {de},
urldate = {2024-04-17},
author = {{ValidatedID S.L.}},
month = feb,
year = {2022},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/2AZUB53G/the-time-for-the-eidas-bridge.html:text/html},
}
@misc{wan_web3_2023,
title = {Web3: {The} {Next} {Internet} {Revolution}},
shorttitle = {Web3},
url = {<http://arxiv.org/abs/2304.06111>},
abstract = {Since the first appearance of the World Wide Web, people more rely on the Web for their cyber social activities. The second phase of World Wide Web, named Web 2.0, has been extensively attracting worldwide people that participate in building and enjoying the virtual world. Nowadays, the next internet revolution: Web3 is going to open new opportunities for traditional social models. The decentralization property of Web3 is capable of breaking the monopoly of the internet companies. Moreover, Web3 will lead a paradigm shift from the Web as a publishing medium to a medium of interaction and participation. This change will deeply transform the relations among users and platforms, forces and relations of production, and the global economy. Therefore, it is necessary that we technically, practically, and more broadly take an overview of Web3. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of Web3, with a focus on current technologies, challenges, opportunities, and outlook. This article first introduces several major technologies of Web3. Then, we illustrate the type of Web3 applications in detail. Blockchain and smart contracts ensure that decentralized organizations will be less trusted and more truthful than that centralized organizations. Decentralized finance will be global, and open with financial inclusiveness for unbanked people. This paper also discusses the relationship between the Metaverse and Web3, as well as the differences and similarities between Web 3.0 and Web3. Inspired by the Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, we further conduct a novel hierarchy of needs theory within Web3. Finally, several worthwhile future research directions of Web3 are discussed.},
urldate = {2024-04-17},
publisher = {arXiv},
author = {Wan, Shicheng and Lin, Hong and Gan, Wensheng and Chen, Jiahui and Yu, Philip S.},
month = mar,
year = {2023},
note = {arXiv:2304.06111 [cs]},
keywords = {Computer Science - Computers and Society, Computer Science - Networking and Internet Architecture},
annote = {Comment: Preprint. 5 figures, 2 tables},
file = {arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/RD8QWD8J/2304.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/B3CW7SAY/Wan et al. - 2023 - Web3 The Next Internet Revolution.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@incollection{preuschkat_self-sovereign_2021-2,
title = {Self-{Sovereign} {Identity}. {Decentralized} {Digital} {Identity} and {Verifiable} {Credentials}},
volume = {1},
publisher = {Manning},
author = {Preuschkat, Alexander and Reed, Drummond and Hardman, Daniel},
year = {2021},
note = {Section: Example Scenarios showing how SSI works},
pages = {40--57},
}
@incollection{preuschkat_eidas_2021,
title = {From {eIDAS} to {SSI} in the {European} union},
volume = {1},
number = {1},
booktitle = {Self-{Sovereign} {Identity}. {Decentralized} {Digital} {Identity} and {Verifiable} {Credentials}},
publisher = {Manning},
author = {Alamillo-Domingo, Ignacio},
editor = {Preuschkat, Alexander and Reed, Drummond},
year = {2021},
note = {Section: Why the internet is missing an identity layer — and why SSI can finally provide one},
pages = {394--407},
}
@incollection{preuschkat_eidas_2021-1,
title = {From {eIDAS} to {SSI} in the {European} union},
volume = {1},
number = {1},
booktitle = {Self-{Sovereign} {Identity}. {Decentralized} {Digital} {Identity} and {Verifiable} {Credentials}},
publisher = {Manning},
author = {Alamillo-Domingo, Ignacio},
editor = {Preuschkat, Alexander and Reed, Drummond},
year = {2021},
note = {Section: Why the internet is missing an identity layer — and why SSI can finally provide one},
pages = {394--407},
}
@book{preuschkat_self-sovereign_2021-3,
title = {Self-{Sovereign} {Identity}. {Decentralized} {Digital} {Identity} and {Verifiable} {Credentials}},
volume = {1},
number = {1},
publisher = {Manning},
editor = {Preuschkat, Alexander and Reed, Drummond},
year = {2021},
note = {Section: Why the internet is missing an identity layer — and why SSI can finally provide one},
}
@book{preuschkat_self-sovereign_2021-4,
title = {Self-{Sovereign} {Identity}. {Decentralized} {Digital} {Identity} and {Verifiable} {Credentials}},
volume = {1},
number = {1},
publisher = {Manning},
editor = {Preuschkat, Alexander and Reed, Drummond},
year = {2021},
note = {Section: Why the internet is missing an identity layer — and why SSI can finally provide one},
}
@incollection{preuschkat_why_2021,
title = {Why the internet is missing an identity layer — and why {SSI} can finally provide one},
volume = {1},
number = {1},
booktitle = {Self-{Sovereign} {Identity}. {Decentralized} {Digital} {Identity} and {Verifiable} {Credentials}},
publisher = {Manning},
author = {Preuschkat, Alexander and Reed, Drummond},
editor = {Preuschkat, Alexander and Reed, Drummond},
year = {2021},
pages = {3--20},
}
@article{biedermann_islands_2024,
title = {Islands unchained : the case of regulating virtual financial assets in {Malta}},
copyright = {info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess},
issn = {26168006},
shorttitle = {Islands unchained},
url = {<https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/121741>},
abstract = {This article connects island studies with the field of economic security focussing
on virtual asset regulation for commercial activity related to cryptocurrencies in small
jurisdictions. Malta is at the centre of this case study, given the heated debate, and criticisms,
when it enacted the virtual financial asset act (VFAA) in 2018. Instead of accepting small island
states as peripheral, risky and insecure “tax and crypto-asset havens”, the Maltese example
highlights the legitimacy and competitiveness of licensing schemes for virtual asset business.
A mixed method approach traces Maltese principles of virtual asset regulation in the proposal
for a Directive of Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) by the European Commission. The article
concludes by emphasising the adherence of the Maltese VFAA to the rule of law and securing
an emerging financial system. Avenues for future research include a comparative study of
multiple small jurisdictions to create a taxonomy.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-05-04},
author = {Biedermann, Ben and Moncada, Stefano},
year = {2024},
note = {Accepted: 2024-05-02T14:24:32Z
Publisher: University of Malta. Islands and Small States Institute},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/D4CQPIYV/Biedermann and Moncada - 2024 - Islands unchained the case of regulating virtual.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@book{ehrlich_idealwallet_2023,
title = {{IDealWALLET} {Specification} - {KASMIR} {DID} {Method} {Specification}},
abstract = {Most Decentralized Identifier (DIDs) target Distributed Ledgers Technologies (DLT) or require to be online to achieve a sufficient level of trust. This document serves the specification for the generation and interpretation of an offline capable DID method branded KASMIR DID.},
author = {Ehrlich, Tobias and Apeltauer, Petr and Biedermann, Ben},
month = sep,
year = {2023},
doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.33569.21601},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/99YY668J/Biedermann - 2023 - IDealWALLET Specification - KASMIR DID Method Spec.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@incollection{greenstein_8_2021,
title = {8. {Digital} {Infrastructure}},
copyright = {De Gruyter expressly reserves the right to use all content for commercial text and data mining within the meaning of Section 44b of the German Copyright Act.},
isbn = {978-0-226-80061-5},
url = {<https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7208/chicago/9780226800615-011/pdf>},
abstract = {8. Digital Infrastructure was published in Economic Analysis and Infrastructure Investment on page 409.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-05-13},
booktitle = {8. {Digital} {Infrastructure}},
publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
author = {Greenstein, Shane},
month = nov,
year = {2021},
doi = {10.7208/chicago/9780226800615-011},
pages = {409--452},
}
@book{kumar_digital_2021,
title = {The {Digital} {Infrastructure} {Divide} in the {Commonwealth}},
url = {<https://www.thecommonwealth-ilibrary.org/index.php/comsec/catalog/book/342>},
abstract = {This paper assesses infrastructure using various parameters including access, affordability and performance. It considers the hard/soft infrastructure divide, which includes literacy as a human capital investment in the digital economy. Furthermore, it assesses the gender digital divide in relation to digital infrastructure for sustainable and inclusive development. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of sound digital infrastructure for economic sustainability in Commonwealth member countries. It has also resulted in a major digital infrastructure divide that has affected economic activities across the Commonwealth.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-05-13},
publisher = {Commonwealth iLibrary},
author = {Kumar, Radika and Strazdins, Niels},
month = may,
year = {2021},
doi = {10.14217/ComSec.342},
note = {ISSN: 2520-291X},
keywords = {COVID-19, Commonwealth, digital economy, digital infrastructure, economic development},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/ZTWIQNUX/Kumar and Strazdins - 2021 - The Digital Infrastructure Divide in the Commonwea.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{european_parliament_regulation_2024,
title = {Regulation ({EU}) 2024/1183 amending {Regulation} ({EU}) {No} 910/2014 as regards establishing the {European} {Digital} {Identity} {Framework}},
url = {<https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1183/oj>},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-05-19},
author = {{European Parliament} and {European Council}},
month = apr,
year = {2024},
note = {Doc ID: 32024R1183
Doc Sector: 3
Doc Title: Regulation (EU) 2024/1183 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 April 2024 amending Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 as regards establishing the European Digital Identity Framework
Doc Type: R
Usr\\_lan: en},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/K24TBUGN/oj.html:text/html},
}
@misc{german_federal_ministry_for_the_interior_and_community_bmi_2023,
title = {{BMI} startet {Konsultation} zur {EUdi}-{Brieftasche}},
url = {<https://www.personalausweisportal.de/SharedDocs/kurzmeldungen/Webs/PA/DE/2023/06_republica_letzter_Tag.html;jsessionid=1CF074C72ED85848F6AE26CDB3B969D2.live861?nn=14626780>},
abstract = {Das BMI hat ein offenes und partizipatives Konsultationsverfahren für die Bereitstellung einer EUdi-Brieftasche eröffnet und das Diskussionspapier auf der Gitlab-Instanz von Open CoDE veröffentlicht. Anmerkungen, Kommentare und eigene Vorschläge zu den auf Open CoDE diskutierten Punkten sind herzlich willkommen.},
language = {de},
urldate = {2024-05-19},
journal = {Personalausweisportal},
author = {{German Federal Ministry for the Interior and Community}},
month = jun,
year = {2023},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/4DYYMV6H/06_republica_letzter_Tag.html:text/html},
}
@misc{babel_bringing_2023,
title = {Bringing data minimization to digital wallets at scale with general-purpose zero-knowledge proofs},
url = {<http://arxiv.org/abs/2301.00823>},
doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2301.00823},
abstract = {Today, digital identity management for individuals is either inconvenient and error-prone or creates undesirable lock-in effects and violates privacy and security expectations. These shortcomings inhibit the digital transformation in general and seem particularly concerning in the context of novel applications such as access control for decentralized autonomous organizations and identification in the Metaverse. Decentralized or self-sovereign identity (SSI) aims to offer a solution to this dilemma by empowering individuals to manage their digital identity through machine-verifiable attestations stored in a "digital wallet" application on their edge devices. However, when presented to a relying party, these attestations typically reveal more attributes than required and allow tracking end users' activities. Several academic works and practical solutions exist to reduce or avoid such excessive information disclosure, from simple selective disclosure to data-minimizing anonymous credentials based on zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs). We first demonstrate that the SSI solutions that are currently built with anonymous credentials still lack essential features such as scalable revocation, certificate chaining, and integration with secure elements. We then argue that general-purpose ZKPs in the form of zk-SNARKs can appropriately address these pressing challenges. We describe our implementation and conduct performance tests on different edge devices to illustrate that the performance of zk-SNARK-based anonymous credentials is already practical. We also discuss further advantages that general-purpose ZKPs can easily provide for digital wallets, for instance, to create "designated verifier presentations" that facilitate new design options for digital identity infrastructures that previously were not accessible because of the threat of man-in-the-middle attacks.},
urldate = {2024-05-19},
publisher = {arXiv},
author = {Babel, Matthias and Sedlmeir, Johannes},
month = nov,
year = {2023},
note = {arXiv:2301.00823 [cs]},
keywords = {Computer Science - Cryptography and Security, 68P27, H.0, J.0},
file = {arXiv Fulltext PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/7URKEJSZ/Babel and Sedlmeir - 2023 - Bringing data minimization to digital wallets at s.pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/TGFF8R6I/2301.html:text/html},
}
@techreport{malta_digital_innovation_authority_mdia_mdia_2022,
title = {{MDIA} {Strategic} {Plan} 2023-2025},
url = {<https://www.mdia.gov.mt/news-events/mdia-strategic-plan-2023-2025/>},
abstract = {Download the MDIA's Strategic Plan 2023-202. Download Strategic Plan Strategic Plan ContentsFOREWORD4Hon. Silvio Schembri MP - Minister for the Economy,},
language = {en-GB},
urldate = {2024-05-20},
institution = {Malta Digital Innovation Authority},
author = {{Malta Digital Innovation Authority (MDIA)}},
month = nov,
year = {2022},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/5Y4ADVNH/mdia-strategic-plan-2023-2025.html:text/html},
}
@article{brekke_hacker-engineers_2021,
title = {Hacker-engineers and {Their} {Economies}: {The} {Political} {Economy} of {Decentralised} {Networks} and ‘{Cryptoeconomics}’},
volume = {26},
issn = {1356-3467},
shorttitle = {Hacker-engineers and {Their} {Economies}},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2020.1806223>},
doi = {10.1080/13563467.2020.1806223},
abstract = {Research by political economists typically highlights policymakers, regulators, economists and consultants as the makers of economies. This paper foregrounds a different actor entirely, what I call the ‘hacker-engineer’ as an important protagonist in the making of decentralised digital network economies that are forged through the emerging field of ‘cryptoeconomics’ and blockchain and other distributed ledger technologies. Responding to critical literature stating that blockchain and ‘cryptoeconomics’ merely extend neoliberal processes of economisation, the paper recovers the neglected hacker culture of cypherpunk and histories of peer-to-peer decentralised networks in order to foreground concerns that depart from the continuation of economics and economies as usual. Hacker-engineers are dedicated to decentralisation as a ‘disruptive’ response to network control and surveillance, and share a pragmatist sensibility that seeks to make decentralised networks ‘work’ in order to provide informational security and privacy. While further broadening the range of agents that provide the focus for political economy research into the production of economies, the paper also draws attention to the technical decisions of hacker-engineers that attempt to reconfigure the material infrastructures of digital economies.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2024-05-21},
journal = {New Political Economy},
author = {Brekke, Jaya Klara},
month = jul,
year = {2021},
note = {Publisher: Routledge
\\_eprint: <https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2020.1806223>},
keywords = {cryptoeconomics, decentralisation, digital economies, disruption, Hacker-engineer},
pages = {646--659},
file = {Accepted Version:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/KTMHZSTA/Brekke - 2021 - Hacker-engineers and Their Economies The Politica.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@book{noauthor_developing_2021,
title = {Developing {Metrics} and {Scoring} {Procedures} to {Support} {Mitigation} {Grant} {Program} {Decisionmaking}},
url = {<https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA377-1.html>},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-05-21},
publisher = {RAND Corporation},
year = {2021},
doi = {10.7249/RRA377-1},
file = {2021 - Developing Metrics and Scoring Procedures to Suppo.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/3HKP7PAS/2021 - Developing Metrics and Scoring Procedures to Suppo.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@techreport{mendelsohn_developing_2021,
title = {Developing {Metrics} and {Scoring} {Procedures} to {Support} {Mitigation} {Grant} {Program} {Decisionmaking}},
url = {<https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA377-1.html>},
abstract = {The Federal Emergency Management Agency commissioned development of metrics that can inform decisionmaking for awarding predisaster mitigation grants. The authors established three lines of effort (LoEs) for analysis: indirect benefits, applicant institutional capability, and community resilience. Each LoE produced a metric or framework that could support grant decisionmaking and program performance evaluation.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-05-21},
institution = {RAND Corporation},
author = {Mendelsohn, Joshua and Johnson, Grant and Klima, Kelly and Steratore, Rachel and Cohen, Samantha and Kirkwood, Geoffrey and Dixon, Lloyd and Hastings, Jaime L. and Steinberg, Paul S.},
month = mar,
year = {2021},
keywords = {Community Resilience, Emergency Preparedness, Emergency Services and Response, Infrastructure, Program Evaluation},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/AWBC4XSR/Mendelsohn et al. - 2021 - Developing Metrics and Scoring Procedures to Suppo.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{bloch_developing_2014,
title = {Developing a methodology to assess the impact of research grant funding: {A} mixed methods approach},
volume = {43},
issn = {0149-7189},
shorttitle = {Developing a methodology to assess the impact of research grant funding},
url = {<https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149718913001092>},
doi = {10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2013.12.005},
abstract = {This paper discusses the development of a mixed methods approach to analyse research funding. Research policy has taken on an increasingly prominent role in the broader political scene, where research is seen as a critical factor in maintaining and improving growth, welfare and international competitiveness. This has motivated growing emphasis on the impacts of science funding, and how funding can best be designed to promote socio-economic progress. Meeting these demands for impact assessment involves a number of complex issues that are difficult to fully address in a single study or in the design of a single methodology. However, they point to some general principles that can be explored in methodological design. We draw on a recent evaluation of the impacts of research grant funding, discussing both key issues in developing a methodology for the analysis and subsequent results. The case of research grant funding, involving a complex mix of direct and intermediate effects that contribute to the overall impact of funding on research performance, illustrates the value of a mixed methods approach to provide a more robust and complete analysis of policy impacts. Reflections on the strengths and weaknesses of the methodology are used to examine refinements for future work.},
urldate = {2024-05-21},
journal = {Evaluation and Program Planning},
author = {Bloch, Carter and Sørensen, Mads P. and Graversen, Ebbe K. and Schneider, Jesper W. and Schmidt, Evanthia Kalpazidou and Aagaard, Kaare and Mejlgaard, Niels},
month = apr,
year = {2014},
keywords = {Additionality, Grants, Impact analysis, Mixed methods, Research policy},
pages = {105--117},
file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/QA98DUDT/S0149718913001092.html:text/html},
}
@article{salawu_capital_2020,
title = {{CAPITAL} {GRANTS} {UTILIZATION} {IN} {THE} {NIGERIAN} {EDUCATIONAL} {SECTOR}: {DATA} {ENVELOPMENT} {ANALYSIS}},
volume = {6},
shorttitle = {{CAPITAL} {GRANTS} {UTILIZATION} {IN} {THE} {NIGERIAN} {EDUCATIONAL} {SECTOR}},
abstract = {The study investigated the efficiency of capital fund utilization among the federal educational institutions as Decision Making Units (DMUs) in the education sector in Nigeria. Secondary data were sourced Abuja. Data were analyzed using Data Envelopment Analysis Model (DEA). The results of the average efficiency scores from both Banker, Charnes and Cooper (BCC) and Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes Model (CCR) on the DMUs showed that the sector was marginally inefficient. The summary of the overall results therefore revealed that the DMUs under education sector performed averagely well in the utilization of capital grants allocations with the application of both CCR and BCC models. The study recommended that a central monitoring team be set up jointly by the Federal Ministry of Finance and Accountant-General's office to ensure full utilization of capital fund releases to the DMUs. Only the continuous assessment and periodic appraisal of the capital grants utilization by the central authority can guarantee full efficiency and flatten the curve of inefficiency in the utilization of capital grant releases among the federal educational institutions in Nigeria.},
author = {Salawu, Mary and Odewole, Philip},
month = sep,
year = {2020},
pages = {2020},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/ZYWAKMEM/Salawu and Odewole - 2020 - CAPITAL GRANTS UTILIZATION IN THE NIGERIAN EDUCATI.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{selebaj_effects_2021,
title = {Effects of grants from {EU} funds on business performance of non-financial corporations in {Croatia}},
volume = {45},
issn = {2459-8860},
url = {<https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/375748>},
doi = {10.3326/pse.45.2.1},
abstract = {This paper quantifies the impact of grants from EU funds on non-financial corporations performance in Croatia. For the purposes of the research, three different data sources were used, which were merged into a single enterprise level database. Enterp...},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2024-05-21},
journal = {Public Sector Economics},
author = {Šelebaj, Domagoj and Bule, Matej},
month = jun,
year = {2021},
note = {Publisher: Institut za javne financije},
pages = {177--207},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/ECZ9CMKA/Šelebaj and Bule - 2021 - Effects of grants from EU funds on business perfor.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{sharon_when_2018-1,
title = {When digital health meets digital capitalism, how many common goods are at stake?},
volume = {5},
issn = {2053-9517},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951718819032>},
doi = {10.1177/2053951718819032},
abstract = {In recent years, all major consumer technology corporations have moved into the domain of health research. This ‘Googlization of health research’ (‘GHR’) begs the question of how the common good will be served in this research. As critical data scholars contend, such phenomena must be situated within the political economy of digital capitalism in order to foreground the question of public interest and the common good. Here, trends like GHR are framed within a double, incommensurable logic, where private gain and economic value are pitted against public good and societal value. While helpful for highlighting the exploitative potential of digital capitalism, this framing is limiting, insofar as it acknowledges only one conception of the common good. This article uses the analytical framework of modes of justification developed by Boltanksi and Thévenot to identify a plurality of orders of worth and conceptualizations of the common good at work in GHR. Not just the ‘civic’ (doing good for society) and ‘market’ (enhancing wealth creation) orders, but also an ‘industrial’ (increasing efficiency), a ‘project’ (innovation and experimentation), and what I call a ‘vitalist’ (proliferating life) order. Using promotional material of GHR initiatives and preliminary interviews with participants in GHR projects, I ask what moral orientations guide different actors in GHR. Engaging seriously with these different conceptions of the common good is paramount. First, in order to critically evaluate them and explicate what is at stake in the move towards GHR, and ultimately, in order to develop viable governance solutions that ensure strong ‘civic’ components.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2024-05-25},
journal = {Big Data \\& Society},
author = {Sharon, Tamar},
month = jul,
year = {2018},
note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd},
pages = {2053951718819032},
file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/Y2J8EF3T/Sharon - 2018 - When digital health meets digital capitalism, how .pdf:application/pdf},
}
@incollection{monteiro_social_1996-1,
address = {Boston, MA},
title = {Social {Shaping} of {Information} {Infrastructure}: {On} {Being} {Specific} about the {Technology}},
isbn = {978-0-387-34872-8},
shorttitle = {Social {Shaping} of {Information} {Infrastructure}},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-34872-8_20>},
abstract = {In this paper, we discuss conceptualizations of the relationship between IT and organizational issues. To move beyond an “IT enables/constrains” position, we argue that it is necessary to take the specifics of an information system (IS) more seriously. A theoretical framework called actor-network theory from social studies of science and technology is presented as promising in this regard. With respect to new organizational forms, the class of ISs which needs closer scrutiny is information infrastructures (INIs). They have characteristics which distinguish them from other ISs, namely the role and pattern of diffusion of standards. These standards are neither ready-made nor neutral: they inscribe organizational behavior deeply within their “technical” details. Diffusion and adoption of standards depart from other kinds of ISs by requiring the coordination of the surrounding actors, institutional arrangements and work practices.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-05-25},
booktitle = {Information {Technology} and {Changes} in {Organizational} {Work}: {Proceedings} of the {IFIP} {WG8}.2 working conference on information technology and changes in organizational work, {December} 1995},
publisher = {Springer US},
author = {Monteiro, Eric and Hanseth, Ole},
editor = {Orlikowski, Wanda J. and Walsham, Geoff and Jones, Matthew R. and Degross, Janice I.},
year = {1996},
doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-34872-8_20},
keywords = {Heterogeneous Network, Information Infrastructure, Institutional Arrangement, Organizational Form, Structuration Theory},
pages = {325--343},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/D5CTRR5S/Monteiro and Hanseth - 1996 - Social Shaping of Information Infrastructure On B.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@incollection{taylor_subjectivity_2010,
series = {Key {Concepts}},
title = {Subjectivity and power},
isbn = {978-1-84465-234-1},
url = {<https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/michel-foucault/subjectivity-and-power/CEFDB341DED8D97D59195548585606B4>},
abstract = {One must remember that power is not an ensemble of mechanisms of negation, refusal, exclusion. But it produces effectively. It is likely that it produces right down to individuals themselves. Individuality, individual identity are the products of power.“Subjectivity” and its cognates are philosophical terms that describe a possibility for lived experience within a larger historical and political context. “The subject” (le sujet) is not simply a synonym for “person”; instead the term captures the possibility of being a certain kind of person, which, for the theorists who tend to use it, is typically a contingent historical possibility rather than a universal or essential truth about human nature. These terms are especially philosophically important for Michel Foucault, who, in his middle works Discipline and Punish and The History of Sexuality, Volume I, develops a theoretical-historical account of the emergence of the modern subject in the context of what he calls “disciplinary power”. This chapter draws on these texts to elaborate how Foucault believes such subjects come into being and what the implications are for us: the persons who, he argues, have inherited a system of power that both creates our possibilities and constrains our existence. I examine two related challenges to Foucault's account, and then conclude by drawing on contemporary discourses of weight and weight loss to show how his work can be applied to case studies beyond those Foucault himself discussed.In French, the key term Foucault uses to capture the emergence of subjectivities (or subject-positions: particular spaces for being a subject) is assujettissement.},
urldate = {2024-05-25},
booktitle = {Michel {Foucault}: {Key} {Concepts}},
publisher = {Acumen Publishing},
author = {Heyes, Cressida J.},
editor = {Taylor, Dianna},
year = {2010},
doi = {10.1017/UPO9781844654734.012},
pages = {159--172},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/CBM4ZH3J/CEFDB341DED8D97D59195548585606B4.html:text/html},
}
@book{weber_wirtschaft_2005,
address = {Tübingen},
edition = {1},
title = {Wirtschaft und {Gesellschaft}. {Herrschaft}},
isbn = {978-3-16-148694-4},
publisher = {Mohr Siebeck},
author = {Weber, Max},
editor = {Hanke, Edith and Kroll, Thomas},
year = {2005},
note = {Pages: XXX, 944},
}
@article{tarr_max_2008,
title = {Max {Weber}. {Wirtschaft} und {Gesellschaft}. {Herrschaft} [{Economy} and {Society}]. ({Edith} {Hanke}, {Ed}., in collaboration with {Thomas} {Kroll}). {Tübingen}: {Verlag} {J}. {C}. {B}. {Mohr} ({Paul} {Siebeck}), 2005. 944 pp. €344. {ISBN} 3-16-148694-3},
volume = {44},
copyright = {© 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
issn = {1520-6696},
shorttitle = {Max {Weber}. {Wirtschaft} und {Gesellschaft}. {Herrschaft} [{Economy} and {Society}]. ({Edith} {Hanke}, {Ed}., in collaboration with {Thomas} {Kroll}). {Tübingen}},
url = {<https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jhbs.20339>},
doi = {10.1002/jhbs.20339},
language = {en},
number = {4},
urldate = {2024-05-25},
journal = {Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences},
author = {Tarr, Zoltán},
year = {2008},
note = {\\_eprint: <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jhbs.20339>},
pages = {377--378},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/UJ9T2XEW/jhbs.html:text/html},
}
@misc{noauthor_grant_2022,
title = {Grant management maturity model {\\textbar} {Queensland} {Audit} {Office}},
url = {<https://www.qao.qld.gov.au/reports-resources/better-practice/grant-management-maturity-model>},
abstract = {Grants management practices must have effective internal controls to achieve maximum benefit from the grants awarded. These practices should ensure entities are accountable, transparent, and neutral in decision-making, while achieving value for money.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-05-25},
month = jul,
year = {2022},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/FM2Z987S/grant-management-maturity-model.html:text/html},
}
@misc{aswell_grant_2019,
title = {The {Grant} {Lifecycle}: {What} {It} {Is} and {How} to {Streamline} {It}},
shorttitle = {The {Grant} {Lifecycle}},
url = {<https://blog.submittable.com/grant-lifecycle/>},
abstract = {Learn all of the steps and phases in the grant lifecycle, from the perspective of both the grantee and the grantor.},
urldate = {2024-05-25},
journal = {Submittable Blog},
author = {Aswell, Sarah},
month = mar,
year = {2019},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/NC5WL39Z/grant-lifecycle.html:text/html},
}
@article{lerner_government_2000,
title = {The {Government} as {Venture} {Capitalist}: {The} {Long}-{Run} {Impact} of the {SBIR} {Program}},
volume = {3},
issn = {1096-5572},
shorttitle = {The {Government} as {Venture} {Capitalist}},
url = {<https://www.jstor.org/stable/43503172>},
abstract = {Government programs that finance small firms have attracted little empirical attention. This article examines the largest U.S. initiative, the Small Business Innovation Research program. Using a unique database, this article shows that SBIR awardees grew significantly faster than matched firms over a decade and were more likely to attract venture financing. The superior performance of awardees was confined to firms in regions with substantial venture capital activity and was particularly pronounced in high-technology industries. Multiple awards did not increase performance. These results suggest that awards played an important role in certifying firm quality, but also that distortions of the award process do occur.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2024-05-25},
journal = {The Journal of Private Equity},
author = {Lerner, Josh},
year = {2000},
note = {Publisher: Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC},
pages = {55--78},
}
@article{bean_boulevard_2010,
title = {Boulevard of broken dreams: why public efforts to boost entrepreneurship and venture capital have failed – and what to do about it},
volume = {52},
issn = {0007-6791},
shorttitle = {Boulevard of broken dreams},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1080/00076791003765131>},
doi = {10.1080/00076791003765131},
number = {4},
urldate = {2024-05-25},
journal = {Business History},
author = {Bean, Jonathan},
month = jul,
year = {2010},
note = {Publisher: Routledge
\\_eprint: <https://doi.org/10.1080/00076791003765131>},
pages = {688--689},
}
@article{howell_financing_2017,
title = {Financing {Innovation}: {Evidence} from {R}\\&{D} {Grants}},
volume = {107},
issn = {0002-8282},
shorttitle = {Financing {Innovation}},
url = {<https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20150808>},
doi = {10.1257/aer.20150808},
abstract = {Governments regularly subsidize new ventures to spur innovation. This paper conducts the first large-sample, quasi-experimental evaluation of R\\&D subsidies. I use data on ranked applicants to the US Department of Energy's SBIR grant program. An early-stage award approximately doubles the probability that a firm receives subsequent venture capital and has large, positive impacts on patenting and revenue. These effects are stronger for more financially constrained firms. Certification, where the award contains information about firm quality, likely does not explain the grant effect. Instead, the grants are useful because they fund technology prototyping.},
language = {en},
number = {4},
urldate = {2024-05-25},
journal = {American Economic Review},
author = {Howell, Sabrina T.},
month = apr,
year = {2017},
keywords = {Brokerage, Capital and Ownership Structure, Financial Risk and Risk Management, Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis, Investment Banking, Goodwill, Enterprise Policy, Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives, Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital, Technological Change: Government Policy, Ratings and Ratings Agencies, Financing Policy, Value of Firms, Venture Capital},
pages = {1136--1164},
file = {Submitted Version:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/X2M3TRJD/Howell - 2017 - Financing Innovation Evidence from R&\\;D Grants.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{gilbert_sustainable_2019,
title = {Sustainable {Transition} {From} {Donor} {Grant} {Financing}: {What} {Could} {It} {Look} {Like}?},
volume = {31},
issn = {1010-5395},
shorttitle = {Sustainable {Transition} {From} {Donor} {Grant} {Financing}},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539519870656>},
doi = {10.1177/1010539519870656},
abstract = {Donor transition is an important aspect of sustaining the impact of donor investments after financial support has ceased. This article compares, contrasts, and critiques the transition policies of the top health donors in the Asia Pacific, which includes Global Fund to fight AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, Gavi–the Vaccine Alliance, World Bank (International Development Association), and the United States US Agency for International Development to gain a deeper understanding of what a sustainable financial transition could look like. A literature review of the academic and gray literature was undertaken to ascertain these donors’ transition policies and to determine the success of these policies in ensuring sustainable and effective transition. It is proposed that sustainable transition requires a clearly articulated vision of long-term impact, explicit and transparent transition policies, clear time frames for transition, donor coordination, and evaluation of long-term impacts of donor withdrawal.},
language = {en},
number = {6},
urldate = {2024-05-25},
journal = {Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health},
author = {Gilbert, Katherine and Tenni, Brigitte and Lê, Gillian},
month = sep,
year = {2019},
note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc},
pages = {485--498},
}
@article{testa_improving_2019,
title = {Improving access to finance for young innovative enterprises with growth potential: {Evidence} of impact of {R}\\&{D} grant schemes on firms' outputs},
volume = {28},
issn = {0958-2029},
shorttitle = {Improving access to finance for young innovative enterprises with growth potential},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1093/reseval/rvz016>},
doi = {10.1093/reseval/rvz016},
abstract = {Responding to the lack of in-depth research into the effects of R\\&D grants for scale-ups, this article examines how they impact upon firms' employment, firm economic and innovative performance, and firm innovative activities. Drawing on both policy evaluations and empirical literature relating to R\\&D programmes and firms' outputs, it contributes by discussing and comparing different types of R\\&D programmes and analyzing the wider policy implications. Overall, positive outcomes are found on employment, total sales and share of innovative sales (effects which can persist for several years), and companies' innovation capacities. Moreover, the effects for R\\&D grants for scale-ups are larger than the effects of both generic R\\&D grants and R\\&D subsidies. In terms of policy implications, R\\&D grants stimulate and prepare companies for growth and targeted funding (technology focused) delivers better results for disruptive innovations, whereas generic grants for small and medium-sized enterprises are better suited for knowledge diffusion. Despite the positive effects of milestone-based selection mechanisms and phased funding, they are still under-used. Competitive R\\&D grants help companies to attract follow up (especially equity) funding. When coupled with complementary services (e.g. networking, advice), there is a longer lasting effect. Lastly, tax incentives and grants are complementary as regards to their impact on firm growth and innovation activities.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2024-05-25},
journal = {Research Evaluation},
author = {Testa, Giuseppina and Szkuta, Katarzyna and Cunningham, Paul N},
month = oct,
year = {2019},
pages = {355--369},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/FX78KQ4S/Testa et al. - 2019 - Improving access to finance for young innovative e.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{european_commission_grants_2023,
title = {Grants {Definition}},
url = {<https://international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu/funding-and-technical-assistance/looking-funding/grants_en>},
abstract = {We grant financial donations to development organisations leading projects or operations that are in line with our external action objectives.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-05-25},
author = {{European Commission}},
month = mar,
year = {2023},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/WXEI6RAW/grants_en.html:text/html},
}
@misc{noauthor_2024-05-27_porters_eth_belgrade_nodate,
title = {2024-05-27\\_PORTERS\\_ETH\\_BELGRADE},
url = {<https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1OJI1Y2j9KpH5kwV4oUlNhjyoR8hPJdcpdFOfZFDoNl8/edit?usp=drive_web&ouid=104826710572441776605&usp=embed_facebook>},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-05-27},
journal = {Google Docs},
}
@misc{ballandies_taxonomy_2023,
title = {A {Taxonomy} for {Blockchain}-based {Decentralized} {Physical} {Infrastructure} {Networks} ({DePIN})},
url = {<http://arxiv.org/abs/2309.16707>},
doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2309.16707},
abstract = {As digitalization and technological advancements continue to shape the infrastructure landscape, the emergence of blockchain-based decentralized physical infrastructure networks (DePINs) has gained prominence. However, a systematic categorization of DePIN components and their interrelationships is still missing. To address this gap, we conduct a literature review and analysis of existing frameworks and derived a taxonomy of DePIN systems from a conceptual architecture. Our taxonomy encompasses three key dimensions: distributed ledger technology, cryptoeconomic design and physicial infrastructure network. Within each dimension, we identify and define relevant components and attributes, establishing a clear hierarchical structure. Moreover, we illustrate the relationships and dependencies among the identified components, highlighting the interplay between governance models, hardware architectures, networking protocols, token mechanisms, and distributed ledger technologies. This taxonomy provides a foundation for understanding and classifying diverse DePIN networks, serving as a basis for future research and facilitating knowledge exchange, fostering collaboration and standardization within the emerging field of decentralized physical infrastructure networks.},
urldate = {2024-05-27},
publisher = {arXiv},
author = {Ballandies, Mark C. and Wang, Hongyang and Law, Andrew Chung Chee and Yang, Joshua C. and Gösken, Christophe and Andrew, Michael},
month = oct,
year = {2023},
note = {arXiv:2309.16707 [cs]},
keywords = {Computer Science - Computers and Society, Computer Science - Networking and Internet Architecture, Computer Science - Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing},
file = {arXiv Fulltext PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/72SX5QKN/Ballandies et al. - 2023 - A Taxonomy for Blockchain-based Decentralized Phys.pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/D3SYM5V9/2309.html:text/html},
}
@misc{hines_centralized_2015,
title = {Centralized versus {Decentralized} {Infrastructure} {Networks}},
url = {<http://arxiv.org/abs/1510.08792>},
doi = {10.48550/arXiv.1510.08792},
abstract = {While many large infrastructure networks, such as power, water, and natural gas systems, have similar physical properties governing flows, these systems tend to have distinctly different sizes and topological structures. This paper seeks to understand how these different size-scales and topological features can emerge from relatively simple design principles. Specifically, we seek to describe the conditions under which it is optimal to build decentralized network infrastructures, such as a microgrid, rather than centralized ones, such as a large high-voltage power system. While our method is simple it is useful in explaining why sometimes, but not always, it is economical to build large, interconnected networks and in other cases it is preferable to use smaller, distributed systems. The results indicate that there is not a single set of infrastructure cost conditions under which optimally-designed networks will have highly centralized architectures. Instead, as costs increase we find that average network sizes increase gradually according to a power-law. When we consider the reliability costs, however, we do observe a transition point at which optimally designed networks become more centralized with larger geographic scope. As the losses associated with node and edge failures become more costly, this transition becomes more sudden.},
urldate = {2024-05-27},
publisher = {arXiv},
author = {Hines, Paul D. H. and Blumsack, Seth and Schläpfer, Markus},
month = oct,
year = {2015},
note = {arXiv:1510.08792 [physics]},
keywords = {Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Systems and Control, Physics - Physics and Society},
file = {arXiv Fulltext PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/J3PJ4MGR/Hines et al. - 2015 - Centralized versus Decentralized Infrastructure Ne.pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/S7HH3BYA/1510.html:text/html},
}
@misc{von_der_assen_performance_2024,
title = {Performance {Analysis} of {Decentralized} {Physical} {Infrastructure} {Networks} and {Centralized} {Clouds}},
url = {<http://arxiv.org/abs/2404.08306>},
doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2404.08306},
abstract = {The advent of Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks (DePIN) represents a shift in the digital infrastructure of today's Internet. While Centralized Service Providers (CSP) monopolize cloud computing, DePINs aim to enhance data sovereignty and confidentiality and increase resilience against a single point of failure. Due to the novelty of the emerging field of DePIN, this work focuses on the potential of DePINs to disrupt traditional centralized architectures by taking advantage of the Internet of Things (IoT) devices and crypto-economic design in combination with blockchains. This combination yields Acurast, a more distributed, resilient, and user-centric physical infrastructure deployment. Through comparative analysis with centralized systems, particularly in serverless computing contexts, this work seeks to lay the first steps in scientifically evaluating DePINs and quantitatively comparing them in terms of efficiency and effectiveness in real-world applications. The findings suggest DePINs' potential to (i) reduce trust assumptions and physically decentralized infrastructure, (ii) increase efficiency and performance simultaneously while improving the computation's (iii) confidentiality and verifiability.},
urldate = {2024-05-27},
publisher = {arXiv},
author = {von der Assen, Jan and Killer, Christian and De Carli, Alessandro and Stiller, Burkhard},
month = apr,
year = {2024},
note = {arXiv:2404.08306 [cs]},
keywords = {Computer Science - Cryptography and Security, Computer Science - Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing},
file = {arXiv Fulltext PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/5CL358MF/von der Assen et al. - 2024 - Performance Analysis of Decentralized Physical Inf.pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/ZF5ISE3U/2404.html:text/html},
}
@book{hines_when_2017,
title = {When are {Decentralized} {Infrastructure} {Networks} {Preferable} to {Centralized} {Ones}?},
isbn = {978-0-9981331-0-2},
url = {<http://hdl.handle.net/10125/41549>},
abstract = {Many infrastructure networks, such as power, water, and natural gas systems, have similar properties governing flows. However, these systems have distinctly different sizes and topological structures. This paper seeks to understand how these different features can emerge from relatively simple design principles. Specifically, we work to understand the conditions under which it is optimal to build small decentralized network infrastructures, such as a microgrid, rather than centralized ones, such as a large high-voltage power system. While our method is simple it is useful in explaining why sometimes, but not always, it is economical to build large, interconnected networks and in other cases it is preferable to use smaller, distributed systems. The results indicate that there is not a single set of infrastructure cost conditions that cause a transition from centralized networks being optimal, to decentralized architectures. Instead, as capital costs increase network sizes decrease gradually, according to a power-law. And, as the value of reliability increases, network sizes increase abruptly---there is a threshold at which large, highly interconnected networks are preferable to decentralized ones.},
language = {eng},
urldate = {2024-05-27},
author = {Hines, Paul and Blumsack, Seth and Schlaepfer, Markus},
month = jan,
year = {2017},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/TYBNPTRF/Hines et al. - 2017 - When are Decentralized Infrastructure Networks Pre.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{helmrich_centralization_2021,
title = {Centralization and decentralization for resilient infrastructure and complexity},
volume = {1},
issn = {2634-4505},
url = {<https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2634-4505/ac0a4f>},
doi = {10.1088/2634-4505/ac0a4f},
abstract = {The capacities of our infrastructure systems to respond to volatile, uncertain, and increasingly complex environments are increasingly recognized as vital for resilience. Pervasive across infrastructure literature and discourse are the concepts of centralized, decentralized, and distributed systems, and there appears to be growing interest in how these configurations support or hinder adaptive and transformative capacities towards resilience. There does not appear to be a concerted effort to align how these concepts are used, and what different configurations mean for infrastructure systems. This is problematic because how infrastructure are structured and governed directly affects their capabilities to respond to increasing complexity. We review framings of centralization, decentralization, and distributed (referred to collectively as de/centralization) across infrastructure sectors, revealing incommensurate usage leading to polysemous framings. De/centralized networks are often characterized by proximity to resources, capacity of distribution, volume of product, and number of connections. De/centralization of governance within infrastructure sectors is characterized by the number of actors who hold decision-making power. Notably, governance structures are often overlooked in infrastructure de/centralization literature. Next, we describe how de/centralization concepts are applied to emerging resilient infrastructure theory, identifying conditions under which they support resilience principles. While centralized systems are dominant in practice and decentralized systems are promoted in resilience literature, all three configurations—centralized, decentralized, and distributed—were found to align with resilience capacities in various contexts of stability and instability. Going forward, we recommend a multi-dimensional framing of de/centralization through a network-governance perspective where capabilities to shift between stability and instability are paramount and information is a critical mediator.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2024-05-27},
journal = {Environmental Research: Infrastructure and Sustainability},
author = {Helmrich, Alysha and Markolf, Samuel and Li, Rui and Carvalhaes, Thomaz and Kim, Yeowon and Bondank, Emily and Natarajan, Mukunth and Ahmad, Nasir and Chester, Mikhail},
month = jul,
year = {2021},
note = {Publisher: IOP Publishing},
pages = {021001},
file = {IOP Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/W6ZBS7SY/Helmrich et al. - 2021 - Centralization and decentralization for resilient .pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{mccurdy_infura_2022,
title = {Infura {Collecting} {MetaMask} {Users}' {IP}, {Ethereum} {Addresses} {After} {Privacy} {Policy} {Update}},
url = {<https://decrypt.co/115486/infura-collect-metamask-users-ip-ethereum-addresses-after-privacy-policy-update>},
abstract = {New updates to ConsenSys' API tool Infura have sparked controversy in the crypto community as it will begin collecting users’ IP addresses.},
language = {en-US},
urldate = {2024-05-27},
journal = {Decrypt},
author = {McCurdy, Decrypt / Will},
month = nov,
year = {2022},
note = {Section: News},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/UMB4CL7R/infura-collect-metamask-users-ip-ethereum-addresses-after-privacy-policy-update.html:text/html},
}
@misc{noauthor_consensys_nodate,
title = {{ConsenSys} says it collects {IP} addresses of {MetaMask} users via {Infura}},
url = {<https://www.theblock.co/post/189717/consensys-says-it-collects-ip-addresses-of-metamask-users-via-infura>},
abstract = {ConsenSys has updated its privacy policy, stating that it collects IP addresses and wallet addresses of some MetaMask users.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-05-27},
journal = {The Block},
note = {Section: Crypto Infrastructure},
}
@misc{noauthor_remote_nodate,
title = {{REMOTE} {PROCEDURE} {CALL} - {ProQuest}},
url = {<https://www.proquest.com/docview/303093578/fulltextPDF?parentSessionId=jw6TJ0kxpD3EFxW8aIhRm6NwEOoCRa%2BMdvA4qlmUpV4%3D&pq-origsite=primo&accountid=27934&sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses>},
abstract = {Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-05-27},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/Y48WGCCT/fulltextPDF.html:text/html},
}
@phdthesis{nelson_remote_1981,
address = {USA},
type = {phd},
title = {Remote procedure call},
abstract = {Remote procedure call is the synchronous language-level transfer of control between programs in disjoint address spaces whose primary communication medium is a narrow channel. The thesis of this dissertation is that remote procedure call (RPC) is a satisfactory and efficient programming language primitive for constructing distributed systems. A survey of existing remote procedure mechanisms shows that past RPC efforts are weak in addressing the five crucial issues: uniform call semantics, binding and configuration, strong typechecking, parameter functionality, and concurrency and exception control. The body of the dissertation elaborates these issues and defines a set of corresponding essential properties for RPC mechanisms. These properties must be satisfied by any RPC mechanism that is fully and uniformly integrated into a programming language for a homogeneous distributed system. Uniform integration is necessary to meet the dissertation's fundamental goal of syntactic and semantic transparency for local and remote procedures. Transparency is important so that programmers need not concern themselves with the physical distribution of their programs. In addition to these essential language properties, a number of pleasant properties are introduced that ease the work of distributed programming. These pleasant properties are good performance, sound remote interface design, atomic transactions, respect for autonomy, type translation, and remote debugging. With the essential and pleasant properties broadly explored, the detailed design of an RPC mechanism that satisfies all of the essential properties and the performance property is presented. Two design approaches are used: The first assumes full programming language support and involves changes to the language's compiler and binder. The second involves no language changes, but uses a separate translator--a source-to-source RPC compiler--to implement the same functionality. Design decisions crucial to the efficiency of the mechanism are made using a set of RPC performance lessons. These lessons are based on the empirical performance evaluation of a sequence of five working RPC mechanisms, each one faster than its predecessor. Some expected results about the costs of parameter copying, process switching, and runtime type manipulation are confirmed; a surprising result about the price of protocol layering is presented as well. These performance lessons, applied in concert, reduce the roundtrip time for a remote procedure call by a remarkable factor of 35. For moderate speed personal computers communicating over an Ethernet, for example, a simple remote call takes 800 microseconds; on a higher speed personal computer, the same remote call takes 149 microseconds. In both cases the remote call takes about 20 times longer than the same local call. This represents a substantial performance improvement over other operational RPC mechanisms.},
school = {Carnegie Mellon University},
author = {Nelson, Bruce Jay},
year = {1981},
note = {AAI8204168},
}
@book{noauthor_xerox_nodate,
title = {Xerox 9700 electronic printing system communications interface option:},
shorttitle = {Xerox 9700 electronic printing system communications interface option},
url = {<http://archive.org/details/TNM_Xerox_9700_electronic_printing_system_communi_20171030_0168>},
abstract = {Xerox 9700 electronic printing system communications interface option},
language = {english},
urldate = {2024-05-27},
keywords = {xerox},
}
@inproceedings{kim_etherdiffer_2023,
address = {New York, NY, USA},
series = {{ESEC}/{FSE} 2023},
title = {{EtherDiffer}: {Differential} {Testing} on {RPC} {Services} of {Ethereum} {Nodes}},
isbn = {9798400703270},
shorttitle = {{EtherDiffer}},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1145/3611643.3616251>},
doi = {10.1145/3611643.3616251},
abstract = {Blockchain is a distributed ledger that records transactions among users on top of a peer-to-peer network. Among all, Ethereum is the most popular general-purpose platform and its support of smart contracts led to a new form of applications called decentralized applications (DApps). A typical DApp has an off-chain frontend and on-chain backend architecture, and the frontend often needs interactions with the backend network, e.g., to acquire chain data or make transactions. Therefore, Ethereum nodes implement the official RPC specification and expose a uniform set of RPC methods to the frontend. However, the specification is not sufficient in two points: (1) lack of clarification for non-deterministic event handling, and (2) lack of specification for invalid arguments. To effectively disclose any deviations caused by the insufficiency, this paper introduces EtherDiffer that automatically performs differential testing on four major node implementations in terms of their RPC services. EtherDiffer first generates a non-deterministic chain by multi-concurrent transactions and propagation delay. Then, it applies our key techniques called property-based generation and type-preserving mutation to generate both semantically-valid and semantically-invalid-yet-executable test cases. EtherDiffer executes the test cases on target nodes and reports any deviations in error handling or return values. The evaluation showed the effectiveness of our test case generation techniques with the success ratios of 98.8\\% and 95.4\\%, respectively. Also, EtherDiffer detected 48 different classes of deviations including 11 implementation bugs such as crash and denial-of-service bugs. We reported 44 of the detected classes to the specification and node developers and received acknowledgements as well as bug patches. Lastly, it significantly outperformed the official node testing tool in every technical aspect. We believe that our research findings can contribute to more stable DApp ecosystem by reducing the inconsistencies among nodes.},
urldate = {2024-05-27},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 31st {ACM} {Joint} {European} {Software} {Engineering} {Conference} and {Symposium} on the {Foundations} of {Software} {Engineering}},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
author = {Kim, Shinhae and Hwang, Sungjae},
month = nov,
year = {2023},
keywords = {blockchain, differential testing, ethereum nodes, rpc services},
pages = {1333--1344},
}
@inproceedings{li_as_2021,
title = {As {Strong} {As} {Its} {Weakest} {Link}: {How} to {Break} {Blockchain} {DApps} at {RPC} {Service}.},
shorttitle = {As {Strong} {As} {Its} {Weakest} {Link}},
url = {<http://www4.comp.polyu.edu.hk/~csxluo/DoERS.pdf>},
urldate = {2024-05-27},
booktitle = {{NDSS}},
author = {Li, Kai and Chen, Jiaqi and Liu, Xianghong and Tang, Yuzhe Richard and Wang, XiaoFeng and Luo, Xiapu},
year = {2021},
file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/CZU2USK8/Li et al. - 2021 - As Strong As Its Weakest Link How to Break Blockc.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{hofmann_security_2021,
title = {Security {Implications} of {Consortium} {Blockchains}: {The} {Case} of {Ethereum} {Networks}},
volume = {12},
shorttitle = {Security {Implications} of {Consortium} {Blockchains}},
url = {<https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/jipitec12&i=542>},
language = {eng},
number = {4},
urldate = {2024-05-27},
journal = {Journal of Intellectual Property, Information Technology and Electronic Commerce Law},
author = {Hofmann, Adrian and Gwinner, Fabian and Windkelmann, Axel and Janiesch, Christian},
year = {2021},
pages = {[i]--359},
}
@inproceedings{biryukov_transaction_2019,
title = {Transaction {Clustering} {Using} {Network} {Traffic} {Analysis} for {Bitcoin} and {Derived} {Blockchains}},
url = {<https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8845213>},
doi = {10.1109/INFCOMW.2019.8845213},
abstract = {Bitcoin is a decentralized digital currency introduced in 2008 and launched in 2009. Bitcoin provides a way to transact without any trusted intermediary, but its privacy guarantees are questionable, and multiple deanonymization attacks have been proposed. Cryptocurrency privacy research has been mostly focused on blockchain analysis, i.e., extracting information from the transaction graph. We focus on another vector for privacy attacks: network analysis. We describe the message propagation mechanics in Bitcoin and propose a novel technique for transaction clustering based on network traffic analysis. We show that timings of transaction messages leak information about their origin, which can be exploited by a well connected adversarial node. We implement and evaluate our method in the Bitcoin testnet with a high level of accuracy, deanonymizing our own transactions issued from a desktop wallet (Bitcoin Core) and from a mobile (Mycelium) wallet. Compared to existing approaches, we leverage the propagation information from multiple peers, which allows us to overcome an anti-deanonymization technique (“diffusion”) used in Bitcoin.},
urldate = {2024-05-28},
booktitle = {{IEEE} {INFOCOM} 2019 - {IEEE} {Conference} on {Computer} {Communications} {Workshops} ({INFOCOM} {WKSHPS})},
author = {Biryukov, Alex and Tikhomirov, Sergei},
month = apr,
year = {2019},
keywords = {privacy, Privacy, Bitcoin, Blockchain, blockchain, Clustering algorithms, cryptocurrency, IP networks, Peer-to-peer computing},
pages = {204--209},
file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/8MMR4Y54/8845213.html:text/html},
}
@inproceedings{biryukov_transaction_2019-1,
address = {Paris, France},
title = {Transaction {Clustering} {Using} {Network} {Traffic} {Analysis} for {Bitcoin} and {Derived} {Blockchains}},
copyright = {<https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-029>},
isbn = {978-1-72811-878-9},
url = {<https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8845213/>},
doi = {10.1109/INFCOMW.2019.8845213},
urldate = {2024-05-28},
booktitle = {{IEEE} {INFOCOM} 2019 - {IEEE} {Conference} on {Computer} {Communications} {Workshops} ({INFOCOM} {WKSHPS})},
publisher = {IEEE},
author = {Biryukov, Alex and Tikhomirov, Sergei},
month = apr,
year = {2019},
pages = {204--209},
}
@article{hofmann_security_2021-1,
title = {Security {Implications} of {Consortium} {Blockchains}: {The} {Case} of {Ethereum} {Networks}},
volume = {12},
shorttitle = {Security {Implications} of {Consortium} {Blockchains}},
url = {<https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jipitec12&id=541&div=&collection=>},
journal = {Journal of Intellectual Property, Information Technology and Electronic Commerce Law},
author = {Hofmann, Adrian and Gwinner, Fabian and Windkelmann, Axel and Janiesch, Christian},
year = {2021},
pages = {347},
}
@inproceedings{birrell_implementing_1983,
address = {New York, NY, USA},
series = {{SOSP} '83},
title = {Implementing {Remote} procedure calls},
isbn = {978-0-89791-115-3},
url = {<https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/800217.806609>},
doi = {10.1145/800217.806609},
abstract = {Remote procedure calls (RPC) are a useful paradigm for providing communication across a network between programs written in a high level language. This paper describes a package, written as part of the Cedar project, providing a remote procedure call facility. The paper describes the options that face a designer of such a package, and the decisions we made. We describe the overall structure of our RPC mechanism, our facilities for binding RPC clients, the transport level communication protocol, and some performance measurements. We include descriptions of some optimisations we used to achieve high performance and to minimize the load on server machines that have many clients. Our primary aim in building an RPC package was to make the building of distributed systems easier. Previous protocols were sufficiently hard to use that only members of a select group of communication experts were willing to undertake the construction of distributed systems. We hoped to overcome this by providing a communication paradigm as close as possible to the familiar facilities of our high level languages. To achieve this aim, we concentrated on making remote calls efficient, and on making the semantics of remote calls as close as possible to those of local calls.},
urldate = {2024-05-27},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the ninth {ACM} symposium on {Operating} systems principles},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
author = {Birrell, Andrew D. and Nelson, Bruce Jay},
month = oct,
year = {1983},
pages = {3},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/TSCZ8Z4E/Birrell and Nelson - 1983 - Implementing Remote procedure calls.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{tay_survey_1990,
title = {A survey of remote procedure calls},
volume = {24},
issn = {0163-5980},
url = {<https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/382244.382832>},
doi = {10.1145/382244.382832},
abstract = {The Remote Procedure Call (RPC) is a popular paradigm for inter-process communication (IPC) between processes in different computers across the network. It is widely used in various Distributed Systems. Although it is conceptually simple and straightforward to implement, there are a lot of different and subtle issues involved which result different RPC implementations. In this paper, various distinctive RPC implementations are surveyed, analyzed and compared: Xerox Courier RPC, Xerox Cedar RPC, Sun ONC/RPC, Apollo NCA/RPC, Cambridge Mayflower Project RPC, MIT Athena Project RPC, Stanford Modula/V RPC, and Rajdoot RPC are presented. The design objectives, features provided, call semantics, orphan treatment, binding, transport protocols supported, security/authentication, data representation and application programming interface of these RPCs are examined.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2024-05-28},
journal = {ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review},
author = {Tay, B. H. and Ananda, A. L.},
month = jul,
year = {1990},
pages = {68--79},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/ZAFVR5YJ/Tay and Ananda - 1990 - A survey of remote procedure calls.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{helmrich_centralization_2021-1,
title = {Centralization and decentralization for resilient infrastructure and complexity},
volume = {1},
issn = {2634-4505},
url = {<https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2634-4505/ac0a4f>},
doi = {10.1088/2634-4505/ac0a4f},
abstract = {The capacities of our infrastructure systems to respond to volatile, uncertain, and increasingly complex environments are increasingly recognized as vital for resilience. Pervasive across infrastructure literature and discourse are the concepts of centralized, decentralized, and distributed systems, and there appears to be growing interest in how these configurations support or hinder adaptive and transformative capacities towards resilience. There does not appear to be a concerted effort to align how these concepts are used, and what different configurations mean for infrastructure systems. This is problematic because how infrastructure are structured and governed directly affects their capabilities to respond to increasing complexity. We review framings of centralization, decentralization, and distributed (referred to collectively as de/centralization) across infrastructure sectors, revealing incommensurate usage leading to polysemous framings. De/centralized networks are often characterized by proximity to resources, capacity of distribution, volume of product, and number of connections. De/centralization of governance within infrastructure sectors is characterized by the number of actors who hold decision-making power. Notably, governance structures are often overlooked in infrastructure de/centralization literature. Next, we describe how de/centralization concepts are applied to emerging resilient infrastructure theory, identifying conditions under which they support resilience principles. While centralized systems are dominant in practice and decentralized systems are promoted in resilience literature, all three configurations—centralized, decentralized, and distributed—were found to align with resilience capacities in various contexts of stability and instability. Going forward, we recommend a multi-dimensional framing of de/centralization through a network-governance perspective where capabilities to shift between stability and instability are paramount and information is a critical mediator.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2024-05-28},
journal = {Environmental Research: Infrastructure and Sustainability},
author = {Helmrich, Alysha and Markolf, Samuel and Li, Rui and Carvalhaes, Thomaz and Kim, Yeowon and Bondank, Emily and Natarajan, Mukunth and Ahmad, Nasir and Chester, Mikhail},
month = jul,
year = {2021},
note = {Publisher: IOP Publishing},
pages = {021001},
file = {IOP Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/9DYARVIK/Helmrich et al. - 2021 - Centralization and decentralization for resilient .pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{ratanpara_depin_2024,
title = {{DePIN}: {REIMAGINING} {PHYSICAL} {INFRASTRUCTURE} {WITH} {DECENTRALIZED} {MODEL}},
shorttitle = {{DePIN}},
url = {<https://www.academia.edu/download/114019461/DePIN.pdf>},
urldate = {2024-05-28},
author = {Ratanpara, Jasmin},
year = {2024},
file = {Available Version (via Google Scholar):/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/4ZS29GI4/Ratanpara - 2024 - DePIN REIMAGINING PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE WITH DE.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{ballandies_taxonomy_2023-1,
title = {A {Taxonomy} for {Blockchain}-based {Decentralized} {Physical} {Infrastructure} {Networks} ({DePIN})},
url = {<http://arxiv.org/abs/2309.16707>},
abstract = {As digitalization and technological advancements continue to shape the infrastructure landscape, the emergence of blockchain-based decentralized physical infrastructure networks (DePINs) has gained prominence. However, a systematic categorization of DePIN components and their interrelationships is still missing. To address this gap, we conduct a literature review and analysis of existing frameworks and derived a taxonomy of DePIN systems from a conceptual architecture. Our taxonomy encompasses three key dimensions: distributed ledger technology, cryptoeconomic design and physicial infrastructure network. Within each dimension, we identify and define relevant components and attributes, establishing a clear hierarchical structure. Moreover, we illustrate the relationships and dependencies among the identified components, highlighting the interplay between governance models, hardware architectures, networking protocols, token mechanisms, and distributed ledger technologies. This taxonomy provides a foundation for understanding and classifying diverse DePIN networks, serving as a basis for future research and facilitating knowledge exchange, fostering collaboration and standardization within the emerging field of decentralized physical infrastructure networks.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-05-28},
publisher = {arXiv},
author = {Ballandies, Mark C. and Wang, Hongyang and Law, Andrew Chung Chee and Yang, Joshua C. and Gösken, Christophe and Andrew, Michael},
month = oct,
year = {2023},
note = {arXiv:2309.16707 [cs]},
keywords = {Computer Science - Computers and Society, Computer Science - Networking and Internet Architecture, Computer Science - Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing},
file = {Ballandies et al. - 2023 - A Taxonomy for Blockchain-based Decentralized Phys.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/WXG9JUYJ/Ballandies et al. - 2023 - A Taxonomy for Blockchain-based Decentralized Phys.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@inproceedings{hines_when_2017-1,
title = {When are {Decentralized} {Infrastructure} {Networks} {Preferable} to {Centralized} {Ones}?},
url = {<http://hdl.handle.net/10125/41549>},
doi = {10.24251/HICSS.2017.392},
abstract = {Many infrastructure networks, such as power, water, and natural gas systems, have similar properties governing flows. However, these systems have distinctly different sizes and topological structures. This paper seeks to understand how these different features can emerge from relatively simple design principles. Specifically, we work to understand the conditions under which it is optimal to build small decentralized network infrastructures, such as a microgrid, rather than centralized ones, such as a large high-voltage power system. While our method is simple it is useful in explaining why sometimes, but not always, it is economical to build large, interconnected networks and in other cases it is preferable to use smaller, distributed systems. The results indicate that there is not a single set of infrastructure cost conditions that cause a transition from centralized networks being optimal, to decentralized architectures. Instead, as capital costs increase network sizes decrease gradually, according to a power-law. And, as the value of reliability increases, network sizes increase abruptly—there is a threshold at which large, highly interconnected networks are preferable to decentralized ones.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-05-28},
author = {Hines, Paul and Blumsack, Seth and Schlaepfer, Markus},
year = {2017},
file = {Hines et al. - 2017 - When are Decentralized Infrastructure Networks Pre.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/87TWZXRX/Hines et al. - 2017 - When are Decentralized Infrastructure Networks Pre.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@inproceedings{luo_last_2022,
title = {Last {Mile} of {Blockchains}: {RPC} and {Node}-as-a-service},
shorttitle = {Last {Mile} of {Blockchains}},
url = {<https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10063391>},
doi = {10.1109/TPS-ISA56441.2022.00044},
abstract = {While much research focuses on different methods to secure blockchain, information on the chain needs to be accessed by end-users to be useful. This position paper surveys different ways that end-users may access blockchains. We observe that between the two extremes of running a full node and fully utilizing a trusted third-party service, many solutions regarding light nodes are emerging. We analyze these solutions based on three basic properties of web communication: integrity, availability and privacy. We conclude that currently, the best way to access a blockchain while maintaining these three properties is still to run a full node. We consider it essential that future blockchain accessibility services should be built while considering these three expectations.},
urldate = {2024-05-28},
booktitle = {2022 {IEEE} 4th {International} {Conference} on {Trust}, {Privacy} and {Security} in {Intelligent} {Systems}, and {Applications} ({TPS}-{ISA})},
author = {Luo, Zhongtang and Murukutla, Rohan and Kate, Aniket},
month = dec,
year = {2022},
keywords = {Security, Privacy, Blockchains, Intelligent systems},
pages = {305--311},
file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/CZSQFN5W/10063391.html:text/html;Submitted Version:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/2JGS3ZIL/Luo et al. - 2022 - Last Mile of Blockchains RPC and Node-as-a-servic.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{olshansky_relay_2024,
title = {Relay {Mining}: {Incentivizing} {Full} {Non}-{Validating} {Nodes} {Servicing} {All} {RPC} {Types}},
shorttitle = {Relay {Mining}},
url = {<http://arxiv.org/abs/2305.10672>},
doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2305.10672},
abstract = {Relay Mining presents a scalable solution employing probabilistic mechanisms, crypto-economic incentives, and new cryptographic primitives to estimate and prove the volume of Remote Procedure Calls (RPCs) made from a client to a server. Distributed ledgers are designed to secure permissionless state transitions (writes), highlighting a gap for incentivizing full non-validating nodes to service non-transactional (read) RPCs. This leads applications to have a dependency on altruistic or centralized off-chain Node RPC Providers. We present a solution that enables multiple RPC providers to service requests from independent applications on a permissionless network. We leverage digital signatures, commit-and-reveal schemes, and Sparse Merkle Sum Tries (SMSTs) to prove the amount of work done. This is enabled through the introduction of a novel ClosestMerkleProof proof-of-inclusion scheme. A native cryptocurrency on a distributed ledger is used to rate limit applications and disincentivize over-usage. Building upon established research in token bucket algorithms and distributed rate-limiting penalty models, our approach harnesses a feedback loop control mechanism to adjust the difficulty of mining relay rewards, dynamically scaling with network usage growth. By leveraging crypto-economic incentives, we reduce coordination overhead costs and introduce a mechanism for providing RPC services that are both geopolitically and geographically distributed. We use common formulations from rate limiting research to demonstrate how this solution in the Web3 ecosystem translates to distributed verifiable multi-tenant rate limiting in Web2.},
urldate = {2024-05-28},
publisher = {arXiv},
author = {Olshansky, Daniel and Colmeiro, Ramiro Rodríguez},
month = apr,
year = {2024},
note = {arXiv:2305.10672 [cs, eess]},
keywords = {Computer Science - Cryptography and Security, Computer Science - Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Systems and Control},
annote = {Comment: 18 pages, 4 tables, 5 figures, 2 appendices with 8 figures},
file = {arXiv Fulltext PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/6BMUFTH7/Olshansky and Colmeiro - 2024 - Relay Mining Incentivizing Full Non-Validating No.pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/C2TUHDTM/2305.html:text/html},
}
@inproceedings{luo_last_2022-1,
title = {Last {Mile} of {Blockchains}: {RPC} and {Node}-as-a-service},
shorttitle = {Last {Mile} of {Blockchains}},
url = {<https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10063391>},
doi = {10.1109/TPS-ISA56441.2022.00044},
abstract = {While much research focuses on different methods to secure blockchain, information on the chain needs to be accessed by end-users to be useful. This position paper surveys different ways that end-users may access blockchains. We observe that between the two extremes of running a full node and fully utilizing a trusted third-party service, many solutions regarding light nodes are emerging. We analyze these solutions based on three basic properties of web communication: integrity, availability and privacy. We conclude that currently, the best way to access a blockchain while maintaining these three properties is still to run a full node. We consider it essential that future blockchain accessibility services should be built while considering these three expectations.},
urldate = {2024-05-28},
booktitle = {2022 {IEEE} 4th {International} {Conference} on {Trust}, {Privacy} and {Security} in {Intelligent} {Systems}, and {Applications} ({TPS}-{ISA})},
author = {Luo, Zhongtang and Murukutla, Rohan and Kate, Aniket},
month = dec,
year = {2022},
keywords = {Security, Privacy, Blockchains, Intelligent systems},
pages = {305--311},
file = {IEEE Xplore Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/67ECEIC2/Luo et al. - 2022 - Last Mile of Blockchains RPC and Node-as-a-servic.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{noauthor_decentralised_nodate,
title = {Decentralised {RPC} {\\textbar} {Web3} {Infrastructure} {\\textbar} {POKT} {Network}},
url = {<https://pokt.network/>},
abstract = {Web3's decentralised RPC. With POKT Network, app can build on top of cost-effective, scalable, and resilient Web3 infrastructure that is DePIN.},
urldate = {2024-05-28},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/92K3UVYB/www.pokt.network.html:text/html},
}
@phdthesis{ballandies_fundamentals_2022,
type = {Doctoral {Thesis}},
title = {Fundamentals of {Cryptoeconomics}: {On} the design, construction, and impact of blockchain-based systems and incentives},
copyright = {<http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/>},
shorttitle = {Fundamentals of {Cryptoeconomics}},
url = {<https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/585402>},
abstract = {In recent years, distributed ledger technology and the emerging cryptoeconomic systems (CESs) utilizing this technology have brought about new opportunities to solve great challenges that humanity faces. By improving system properties such as trust or transparency, this technology advances various application domains ranging from supply chains and energy markets to information-sharing scenarios such as in e-health or applications based on the Internet-of-Things. However, due to the large design space of CESs and their emergent properties, it is challenging to make predictions about the impact of design decisions on future system behavior at the time of design. This complicates the development of functional CESs. Especially since few insights into the effects of such decisions have been rigorously investigated in controlled experimental studies. For example, limited knowledge has been collected on the impact of cryptoeconomic incentives on emergent system properties such as (collective) user behavior. This thesis structures the design space of CESs with a conceptual architecture and taxonomy that indicates possible CES configurations. Moreover, the configuration of real systems in this structure is illustrated by a classification that represents the design decisions made in viable systems. In addition, by introducing and applying a novel machine learning-based methodology, a design guide is created that reduces design complexity by clustering system configurations into key design decisions, from which practitioners or researchers can choose to instantiate a system. Furthermore, this work introduces a value-sensitive design methodology for the construction of CESs that ensures both the implementation of an ethical system through the explicit consideration of stakeholder values and the construction of a viable system through the iterative assessment and validation of the constructed system throughout the instantiation process. This methodology is applied to identify design principles of two value-sensitive CESs and to implement them in software artifacts. These are then utilized to investigate the impact of cryptoeconomic incentives in the form of blockchian-based tokens on human behavior. The first software artifact facilitates the creation, collection, and governance of blockchain-based tokens. Among others, the artifact's construction process contributes to design knowledge about the governance and design of tokens in CESs. The second software artifact leverages the first to incentivize the provision of information in an information-sharing community with blockchain-based tokens. This artifact is applied in a 2x2 factorial design experiment with 132 participants. The identified effects of tokens on human behavior confirm findings from the literature and advances knowledge collected thus far by identifying an interaction effect on emerging system properties when tokens are applied simultaneously. These findings inform the construction and theoretical modeling of CESs that utilize tokens. This dissertation thus contributes to three fundamental aspects of cryptoeconomic research: a) to the design of CESs, a taxonomy, conceptual architecture, and a design guide that structure, illustrate, and reduce the complexity of the CES configuration space; b) to the construction of CESs a value-sensitive design science research methodology that facilitates the instantiation of ethical and viable systems; and c) to the impact of CESs, the findings of a controlled experimental studies illustrating the effect of (multiple) token incentives on human behavior. In a nutshell, this thesis informs and supports both practitioners and researchers in the design, construction, and impact assessment of cryptoeconomic systems.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-05-28},
school = {ETH Zurich},
author = {Ballandies, Mark Christopher},
year = {2022},
doi = {10.3929/ethz-b-000585402},
note = {Accepted: 2022-12-07T08:31:21Z},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/AKDEB5UB/Ballandies - 2022 - Fundamentals of Cryptoeconomics On the design, co.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{hofmann_security_2021-2,
title = {Security {Implications} of {Consortium} {Blockchains}: {The} {Case} of {Ethereum} {Networks}},
volume = {12},
shorttitle = {Security {Implications} of {Consortium} {Blockchains}},
url = {<https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/jipitec12&i=541>},
language = {eng},
number = {4},
urldate = {2024-05-28},
journal = {Journal of Intellectual Property, Information Technology and Electronic Commerce Law},
author = {Hofmann, Adrian and Gwinner, Fabian and Windkelmann, Axel and Janiesch, Christian},
year = {2021},
pages = {[i]--359},
}
@article{howell_financing_2017-1,
title = {Financing {Innovation}: {Evidence} from {R}\\&{D} {Grants}},
volume = {107},
issn = {0002-8282},
shorttitle = {Financing {Innovation}},
url = {<https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20150808>},
doi = {10.1257/aer.20150808},
abstract = {Governments regularly subsidize new ventures to spur innovation. This paper conducts the first large-sample, quasi-experimental evaluation of R\\&D subsidies. I use data on ranked applicants to the US Department of Energy's SBIR grant program. An early-stage award approximately doubles the probability that a firm receives subsequent venture capital and has large, positive impacts on patenting and revenue. These effects are stronger for more financially constrained firms. Certification, where the award contains information about firm quality, likely does not explain the grant effect. Instead, the grants are useful because they fund technology prototyping.},
language = {en},
number = {4},
urldate = {2024-05-29},
journal = {American Economic Review},
author = {Howell, Sabrina T.},
month = apr,
year = {2017},
keywords = {Brokerage, Capital and Ownership Structure, Financial Risk and Risk Management, Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis, Investment Banking, Goodwill, Enterprise Policy, Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives, Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital, Technological Change: Government Policy, Ratings and Ratings Agencies, Financing Policy, Value of Firms, Venture Capital},
pages = {1136--1164},
file = {Submitted Version:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/XRBH2DBH/Howell - 2017 - Financing Innovation Evidence from R&\\;D Grants.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{noauthor_sustainable_nodate,
title = {Sustainable {Transition} {From} {Donor} {Grant} {Financing}: {What} {Could} {It} {Look} {Like}? - {Katherine} {Gilbert}, {Brigitte} {Tenni}, {Gillian} {Lê}, 2019},
url = {<https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1010539519870656>},
urldate = {2024-05-29},
}
@misc{noauthor_interaction_nodate,
title = {The interaction of debt financing, cash grants and the optimal investment policy under uncertainty - {ScienceDirect}},
url = {<https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S037722171831110X>},
urldate = {2024-05-29},
}
@misc{noauthor_financing_nodate,
title = {Financing practices and preferences for micro and small firms {\\textbar} {Emerald} {Insight}},
url = {<https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/14626001311298420/full/html>},
urldate = {2024-05-29},
}
@article{scarlata_deal_2010,
title = {Deal {Structuring} in {Philanthropic} {Venture} {Capital} {Investments}: {Financing} {Instrument}, {Valuation} and {Covenants}},
volume = {95},
issn = {1573-0697},
shorttitle = {Deal {Structuring} in {Philanthropic} {Venture} {Capital} {Investments}},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0851-8>},
doi = {10.1007/s10551-011-0851-8},
abstract = {Philanthropic venture capital (PhVC) is a financing option available for social enterprises that, like traditional venture capital, provides capital and value-added services to portfolio organizations. Differently from venture capital, PhVC has an ethical dimension as it aims at maximizing the social return on the investment. This article examines the deal structuring phase of PhVC investments in terms of instrument used (from equity to grant), valuation, and covenants included in the contractual agreement. By content analyzing a set of semi-structured interviews and thereafter surveying the entire population of PhVC funds that are active in Europe and in the United States, findings indicate that the non-distribution constraint holding for non-profit social enterprises is an effective tool to align the interests of both investor and investee. This makes the investor behaving as a steward rather than as a principal. Conversely, while backing non-profit social ventures, philanthropic venture capitalists structure their deal similarly as traditional venture capital, as the absence of the non-distribution constraint makes such investments subject to moral hazard risk both in terms of perks and stealing and social impact focus.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2024-05-29},
journal = {Journal of Business Ethics},
author = {Scarlata, Mariarosa and Alemany, Luisa},
month = sep,
year = {2010},
keywords = {trust, covenants, social entrepreneurship, socially responsible investment, stewardship, venture capital, venture philanthropy},
pages = {121--145},
}
@article{bean_boulevard_2010-1,
title = {Boulevard of broken dreams: why public efforts to boost entrepreneurship and venture capital have failed - and what to do about it},
volume = {52},
shorttitle = {Boulevard of broken dreams},
doi = {10.1080/00076791003765131},
journal = {Business History},
author = {Bean, Jonathan},
month = jul,
year = {2010},
pages = {688--689},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/SRNE9SFK/Bean - 2010 - Boulevard of broken dreams why public efforts to .pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{bean_boulevard_2010-2,
title = {Boulevard of broken dreams: why public efforts to boost entrepreneurship and venture capital have failed – and what to do about it},
volume = {52},
issn = {0007-6791},
shorttitle = {Boulevard of broken dreams},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1080/00076791003765131>},
doi = {10.1080/00076791003765131},
number = {4},
urldate = {2024-05-29},
journal = {Business History},
author = {Bean, Jonathan},
month = jul,
year = {2010},
note = {Publisher: Routledge
\\_eprint: <https://doi.org/10.1080/00076791003765131>},
pages = {688--689},
}
@article{lerner_government_2000-1,
title = {The {Government} as {Venture} {Capitalist}: {The} {Long}-{Run} {Impact} of the {SBIR} {Program}},
volume = {3},
issn = {1096-5572},
shorttitle = {The {Government} as {Venture} {Capitalist}},
url = {<https://www.jstor.org/stable/43503172>},
abstract = {Government programs that finance small firms have attracted little empirical attention. This article examines the largest U.S. initiative, the Small Business Innovation Research program. Using a unique database, this article shows that SBIR awardees grew significantly faster than matched firms over a decade and were more likely to attract venture financing. The superior performance of awardees was confined to firms in regions with substantial venture capital activity and was particularly pronounced in high-technology industries. Multiple awards did not increase performance. These results suggest that awards played an important role in certifying firm quality, but also that distortions of the award process do occur.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2024-05-29},
journal = {The Journal of Private Equity},
author = {Lerner, Josh},
year = {2000},
note = {Publisher: Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC},
pages = {55--78},
}
@article{neema_research_2021,
title = {Research {Funding}—{Why}, {When}, and {How}?},
volume = {12},
issn = {2229-5178},
url = {<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7982031/>},
doi = {10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_684_20},
abstract = {Research funding is defined as a grant obtained for conducting scientific research generally through a competitive process. To apply for grants and securing research funding is an essential part of conducting research. In this article, we will discuss why should one apply for research grants, what are the avenues for getting research grants, and how to go about it in a step-wise manner. We will also discuss how to write research grants and what to be done after funding is received.},
number = {1},
urldate = {2024-05-29},
journal = {Indian Dermatology Online Journal},
author = {Neema, Shekhar and Chandrashekar, Laxmisha},
month = jan,
year = {2021},
pmid = {33768035},
pmcid = {PMC7982031},
pages = {134--138},
file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/BD5A9WG6/Neema and Chandrashekar - 2021 - Research Funding—Why, When, and How.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{noauthor_grants_2023,
title = {Grants},
url = {<https://web.archive.org/web/20230307131022/https://international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu/funding-and-technical-assistance/looking-funding/grants_en>},
urldate = {2024-05-29},
month = mar,
year = {2023},
}
@phdthesis{muizniece_small_2021,
title = {Small {States} and {Knowledge} {Governance}: the {Case} of {Latvia}},
shorttitle = {Small {States} and {Knowledge} {Governance}},
abstract = {Movement towards an increasingly knowledge-intensive economy and society has put the governance of knowledge at the centre of policy debate for at least the last three decades. Facilitating the production, diffusion, and appropriation of knowledge is a key priority in policymaking, and universities have played increasingly important roles in these processes. They have become more and more relevant to the debate through institutional changes made when research was integrated with teaching and through a shift from research universities to an entrepreneurial universities that translate the knowledge created into economic benefits.
Many catching-up countries have gone through this transformation during the last decades. Latvia, a small post-Soviet country, went through this process very rapidly after regaining its independence in 1991. EU funding became a major source of funding for research and innovation policies, including for the institutional transformation of universities. However, statistics and research show that Latvia and other Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries have had limited success in capitalizing on their science base since regaining independence.
To investigate the causes of this and propose policy recommendations, this thesis uses a “knowledge governance” approach as a framework. Because of significant attention from policy makers on directing funds to research and development and the commercialisation of research, this thesis combines a knowledge governance approach with research on “triple-helix” relations and the “entrepreneurial university” to address the transformations taking place at universities—to what degree universities have transformed since Latvia regained its independence, what governance mechanisms have been used to facilitate universities becoming “entrepreneurial,” and how the country’s size-related constraints and other contextual factors have affected the implementation of policy instruments aimed at facilitating this transformation. It also aims to investigate if and how the chosen policy measures have addressed local needs and capabilities and if the chosen policy mix is justified and addresses the emerging science and innovation policy trends.
Latvia provides an interesting case, as it is a country where path-dependency and need for rapid changes have caused significant challenges in the realm of knowledge governance but where capabilities are significantly limited due to it being both a small and a catching-up country. This thesis aims to contribute to a wider understanding of knowledge governance by addressing a gap in the literature on knowledge governance related challenges in a small state context. The challenges described above are echoed in most other CEE countries. The findings of this thesis could be useful for other catching-up economies, especially the small states among them.
To allow an in-depth exploration of organisations and processes, seek causal relationships among them, and provide an explanation of occurring issues, the single case-study method was chosen. Latvia is a typical case in different contexts. First, it is a typical case among CEE countries that are EU member states–despite favourable conditions for improving innovation performance (influx of EU funding, focus on this policy area), with a few exceptions, most of them have struggled to improve their innovation performance.
The thesis shows that a wide array of knowledge governance mechanisms typically used elsewhere have also been implemented in Latvia since the country regained its independence. The choice of mechanisms has been heavily affected by external factors and supra-national policies, largely due to Latvia joining the EU. However, despite the prioritisation of university–industry linkages and the funding allocated to this area, universities in Latvia have failed to significantly increase collaboration with and revenue from the private sector. The thesis shows that universities and university–industry linkages in Latvia have been affected by path-dependency and such contextual factors arising from size of the country and its catching-up context like limited policy and administrative capacity, a small domestic market, and a mismatch between supply and demand, among others. The inter-related dynamics between these factors make it very difficult to implement the same range of instruments that advanced economies frequently use to facilitate university–industry linkages. The case of Latvia highlights the need to evaluate and perhaps reconsider the role that universities can play in the economy of a small and catching-up country. This indicates that a more nuanced and context-sensitive conceptual understanding of the possibility of entrepreneurial universities needs to be developed, especially because wide dissemination of knowledge is crucial for the strategies needed for the recent shift towards solving grand challenges and implementing mission-oriented policies.},
author = {Muižniece, Lauma and Tehnikaülikool, Tallinna},
month = aug,
year = {2021},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/N84LGRHY/Muižniece and Tehnikaülikool - 2021 - Small States and Knowledge Governance the Case of.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{kattel_baltic_2013,
title = {The {Baltic} {Republics} and the {Crisis} of 2008–2011},
volume = {65},
issn = {0966-8136},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2013.779456>},
doi = {10.1080/09668136.2013.779456},
abstract = {This essay explores how the Baltic republics responded to the crisis of 2008–2011. We argue that while there are significant differences in how the Baltic economies responded to the crisis, these responses not only remain within the neo-liberal policy paradigm characteristic of the region from the early 1990s, but that the crisis radicalised Baltic economies and particularly their fiscal stance. We show that there are a number of unique features in all three Baltic republics' political economies that made such a radicalisation possible. However, these unique features make it almost impossible for the Baltic experience to be replicable anywhere else in Europe.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2024-06-02},
journal = {Europe-Asia Studies},
author = {Kattel, Rainer and Raudla, Ringa},
month = may,
year = {2013},
note = {Publisher: Routledge
\\_eprint: <https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2013.779456>},
pages = {426--449},
file = {Submitted Version:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/C7WRMAQL/Kattel and Raudla - 2013 - The Baltic Republics and the Crisis of 2008–2011.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{noauthor_dmc_nodate,
title = {{DMC}},
url = {<https://www.dmclabs.com/>},
urldate = {2024-06-02},
file = {DMC:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/5ZKRTAE9/www.dmclabs.com.html:text/html},
}
@misc{noauthor_dominica_nodate,
title = {Dominica {DID} is {Now} {Open} for {Application} on {HTX}},
url = {<https://www.htx.com/support/24926111246715/>},
abstract = {HTX serves its 10 million+ users worldwide with secure and stable trading services. Here at HTX, you can buy Bitcoin, Ethereum, Dogecoin, SHIB, and over 500 quality cryptocurrencies anywhere, anytime.},
language = {en-us},
urldate = {2024-06-02},
journal = {HTX},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/2EJ997CA/24926111246715.html:text/html},
}
@misc{parliament_of_malta_identity_2013,
chapter = {258},
title = {Identity {Card} and other {Identity} {Documents} {Act}},
url = {<https://legislation.mt/eli/cap/258/eng/pdf>},
urldate = {2024-06-02},
author = {{Parliament of Malta}},
month = jul,
year = {2013},
pages = {1--9},
file = {LEĠIŻLAZZJONI MALTA:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/JBVIF5DL/pdf.html:text/html},
}
@article{pacheco_digital_2020,
title = {Digital business service transformation of {Caribbean} economies : a path to sustainability},
copyright = {info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess},
shorttitle = {Digital business service transformation of {Caribbean} economies},
url = {<https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/63482>},
abstract = {The convergence of economic globalisation and the rise of automation has shifted the
economic drivers of many countries away from manufacturing to knowledge-intensive service
industries. Caribbean states however, continue to lag their counterparts in other emerging
economies, many of whom have embraced the opportunities provided by digital technologies to
engage in the global economy. Thus far, attempts to spur innovation and diversify beyond the
traditional sectors of tourism and primary commodities that drive most Caribbean economies have
met with only modest success. Many of these efforts have been stymied by the institutional,
location and capacity constraints characteristic of small island states. This paper analyses the
opportunities offered by Information and Communications Technology (ICT) to overcome the
limitations of thin resource endowments by revolutionizing existing business models and altering
how economic value is created. It identifies several challenges that policy makers will have to
overcome and provides recommendations for implementing a developmental model that applies
ICT to transform the non-tourism service sector.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-06-02},
author = {Pacheco, Barney G. and Pacheco, Marvin H.},
year = {2020},
note = {Accepted: 2020-11-09T07:28:40Z
Publisher: University of Malta. Islands and Small States Institute},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/DYP9FP2K/Pacheco and Pacheco - 2020 - Digital business service transformation of Caribbe.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{sou_career_2022,
title = {Career development in {Macao}: a perspective representing small states and territories*},
volume = {50},
issn = {0306-9885},
shorttitle = {Career development in {Macao}},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2021.2009768>},
doi = {10.1080/03069885.2021.2009768},
abstract = {Approximately one-third of countries in the world are regarded as small states. There are also subnational jurisdictions, or small territories, that share similar characteristics of small states. Their small size renders them vulnerable to changes in the global economy, and this, in turn, has an impact on trade, business, and employment. In this paper, we review the characteristics of small states and territories with reference to Macao and the influences on people’s career development. Career paths in small states and territories tend to be characterised by the need for greater flexibility and readiness for adaptation. For this reason, career development practitioners in those settings are recommended to embed the notion of career adaptability within the services and training they provide.},
number = {6},
urldate = {2024-06-02},
journal = {British Journal of Guidance \\& Counselling},
author = {Sou, Elvo K. L. and Yuen, Mantak and Chen, Gaowei},
month = nov,
year = {2022},
note = {Publisher: Routledge
\\_eprint: <https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2021.2009768>},
keywords = {small states, career adaptability, Career development, Chinese, Macao},
pages = {985--996},
}
@misc{noauthor_gizlazzjoni_nodate,
title = {{LEĠIŻLAZZJONI} {MALTA}},
url = {<https://legislation.mt/eli/cap/327/eng>},
urldate = {2024-06-02},
}
@phdthesis{muizniece_small_2021-1,
title = {Small {States} and {Knowledge} {Governance}: the {Case} of {Latvia}},
shorttitle = {Small {States} and {Knowledge} {Governance}},
abstract = {Movement towards an increasingly knowledge-intensive economy and society has put the governance of knowledge at the centre of policy debate for at least the last three decades. Facilitating the production, diffusion, and appropriation of knowledge is a key priority in policymaking, and universities have played increasingly important roles in these processes. They have become more and more relevant to the debate through institutional changes made when research was integrated with teaching and through a shift from research universities to an entrepreneurial universities that translate the knowledge created into economic benefits.
Many catching-up countries have gone through this transformation during the last decades. Latvia, a small post-Soviet country, went through this process very rapidly after regaining its independence in 1991. EU funding became a major source of funding for research and innovation policies, including for the institutional transformation of universities. However, statistics and research show that Latvia and other Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries have had limited success in capitalizing on their science base since regaining independence.
To investigate the causes of this and propose policy recommendations, this thesis uses a “knowledge governance” approach as a framework. Because of significant attention from policy makers on directing funds to research and development and the commercialisation of research, this thesis combines a knowledge governance approach with research on “triple-helix” relations and the “entrepreneurial university” to address the transformations taking place at universities—to what degree universities have transformed since Latvia regained its independence, what governance mechanisms have been used to facilitate universities becoming “entrepreneurial,” and how the country’s size-related constraints and other contextual factors have affected the implementation of policy instruments aimed at facilitating this transformation. It also aims to investigate if and how the chosen policy measures have addressed local needs and capabilities and if the chosen policy mix is justified and addresses the emerging science and innovation policy trends.
Latvia provides an interesting case, as it is a country where path-dependency and need for rapid changes have caused significant challenges in the realm of knowledge governance but where capabilities are significantly limited due to it being both a small and a catching-up country. This thesis aims to contribute to a wider understanding of knowledge governance by addressing a gap in the literature on knowledge governance related challenges in a small state context. The challenges described above are echoed in most other CEE countries. The findings of this thesis could be useful for other catching-up economies, especially the small states among them.
To allow an in-depth exploration of organisations and processes, seek causal relationships among them, and provide an explanation of occurring issues, the single case-study method was chosen. Latvia is a typical case in different contexts. First, it is a typical case among CEE countries that are EU member states–despite favourable conditions for improving innovation performance (influx of EU funding, focus on this policy area), with a few exceptions, most of them have struggled to improve their innovation performance.
The thesis shows that a wide array of knowledge governance mechanisms typically used elsewhere have also been implemented in Latvia since the country regained its independence. The choice of mechanisms has been heavily affected by external factors and supra-national policies, largely due to Latvia joining the EU. However, despite the prioritisation of university–industry linkages and the funding allocated to this area, universities in Latvia have failed to significantly increase collaboration with and revenue from the private sector. The thesis shows that universities and university–industry linkages in Latvia have been affected by path-dependency and such contextual factors arising from size of the country and its catching-up context like limited policy and administrative capacity, a small domestic market, and a mismatch between supply and demand, among others. The inter-related dynamics between these factors make it very difficult to implement the same range of instruments that advanced economies frequently use to facilitate university–industry linkages. The case of Latvia highlights the need to evaluate and perhaps reconsider the role that universities can play in the economy of a small and catching-up country. This indicates that a more nuanced and context-sensitive conceptual understanding of the possibility of entrepreneurial universities needs to be developed, especially because wide dissemination of knowledge is crucial for the strategies needed for the recent shift towards solving grand challenges and implementing mission-oriented policies.},
author = {Muižniece, Lauma and Tehnikaülikool, Tallinna},
month = aug,
year = {2021},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/D76IFRJ4/Muižniece and Tehnikaülikool - 2021 - Small States and Knowledge Governance the Case of.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@incollection{overton_migration_2018,
address = {Cham},
title = {Migration, {Education} and {Marginality}: {Networks} and {Strategies} in the {Pacific} {Islands}},
isbn = {978-3-319-59002-8},
shorttitle = {Migration, {Education} and {Marginality}},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59002-8_15>},
abstract = {The Pacific Islands region covers a vast area of the globe yet it is often regarded as being marginalized in the global economy due to the small size, relative isolation and apparently limited resources of Pacific economies. This chapter examines processes of ‘de-marginalization’ that are being pursued by Pacific Island states and kinship networks. These relate to connections that are forged and strengthened with metropolitan economies that allow Pacific people to move, gain education and work elsewhere. In this we see the critical role of diasporic kinship networks operating often separate from and around the margins of state systems.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-06-02},
booktitle = {Nature, {Tourism} and {Ethnicity} as {Drivers} of ({De}){Marginalization}: {Insights} to {Marginality} from {Perspective} of {Sustainability} and {Development}},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
author = {Overton, John and Murray, Warwick E.},
editor = {Pelc, Stanko and Koderman, Miha},
year = {2018},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-59002-8_15},
pages = {215--233},
}
@article{eriksen_implications_2020,
title = {Implications of runaway globalisation in the {Seychelles}},
copyright = {info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess},
url = {<https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/56495>},
abstract = {At a time of rampant globalisation, large-scale operations are favoured over smallscale production in the main domains of the economy. This has political effects: domination by the big over the small is sought in both old and new ways; and cultural effects that influence from outside – such as Netflix, tourism and travel abroad – are intensified in the globally integrated information society. This in turn affects the media, language and self-identity, as well as being decisive for strategies in diplomacy, human security, planning and domestic politics. This article analyses the situation of the Seychelles in the 21st century: a small state, dependent on inputs from the outside world, and victim of a new form of colonialism. The country may still have potential to ‘punch above its weight’ and to hold its own, in spite of the disembedded, abstract economy of scale dominating this integrated, networked, accelerated, globalised world. For this to happen, a recognition and analysis of current changes are needed.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-06-02},
author = {Eriksen, Thomas Hylland},
month = may,
year = {2020},
note = {Accepted: 2020-05-21T10:18:20Z
Publisher: University of Malta. Islands and Small States Institute},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/DNLBIGDW/Eriksen - 2020 - Implications of runaway globalisation in the Seych.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{sarmento_cape_2024,
title = {Cape {Verde}: {Islands} of {Vulnerability} or {Resilience}? {A} {Transition} from a {MIRAB} {Model} into a {TOURAB} {One}?},
volume = {5},
copyright = {<http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/>},
issn = {2673-5768},
shorttitle = {Cape {Verde}},
url = {<https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5768/5/1/6>},
doi = {10.3390/tourhosp5010006},
abstract = {Small island developing states (SIDSs) traditionally face a set of challenges like the weak and highly fragile economic configuration, environmental issues, and a traditional dependence on a few economic activities forcing them to open the economy to the exterior. Therefore, their development model, like in Cape Verde, depends on migration, remittances, dependence on aid, tourism, and state employment. The current research offers an insight into the nature of Cape Verde’s economy as a SIDS economy and the degree to which the country has been relying on tourism receipts, external remittances from migrations, aid programs, and government services. Understanding Cape Verde’s development model is important to clarify the challenges the country faces and its development needs to gather a long-term resilience and to understand if it is changing from a MIRAB (Migrations, Remittances, Aid, and Bureaucracy) model into another one.},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2024-06-02},
journal = {Tourism and Hospitality},
author = {Sarmento, Eduardo Moraes and da Silva, Ana Lorga},
month = mar,
year = {2024},
note = {Number: 1
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
keywords = {Cape Verde, MIRAB model, SITE model, small island developing states, TOURAB model, tourism},
pages = {80--94},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/SNT96RLD/Sarmento and da Silva - 2024 - Cape Verde Islands of Vulnerability or Resilience.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@phdthesis{caruana_constructive_2019,
type = {phd},
title = {Constructive alignment approach for assessing essential cultural soft skills in the tourism sector through {ICT}},
copyright = {cc\\_by\\_nc\\_sa},
url = {<https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/25975/>},
abstract = {The focus of this study was to investigate whether Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) may assist the acquisition and assessment of essential soft skills in tourism higher education. Intercultural Competence was identified as an essential skill for tourism due to the cultural diversity of visitors and country/region visited. Biggs and Tang’s (2011) notion of Constructive Alignment was used to define the outcomes, the learning activities, and the assessment tasks making up the learning intervention.
The interaction of the student participants with a blended learning environment provided the data required. Data was collected in two stages. In the first stage, through a focus group with the students, whereas in the second stage, interviews were used. Other stakeholders, academics, university IT services and employer representatives were interviewed separately to gain their views regarding the implementation of a blended learning environment.
The results indicate that both students and academics are insufficiently prepared to work within a blended learning environment, resulting in a rather negative attitude towards it. Academics also referred to the lack of training related to outcomes-based learning and constructive alignment. As a result, learning outcomes are viewed as an administrative control tool, rather than a way to facilitate student learning. This lack of confidence affects not only the participants’ use, but also their trust in the other parties involved, including peers.
However, engagement with the blended learning environment improved students’ trust, both in the blended learning environment itself and also in their peers, suggesting the need for a comprehensive training strategy.
Stakeholders must also be provided with the opportunities to network and exchange information. A framework that establishes confidence and improve trust is required. Intercultural competence may serve this role. It can help identify stakeholders’ attitudes towards one another, increase communication, empathise, and ultimately facilitate constructive interaction between them. Future research may look into applying intercultural competence into blended learning development and staff training in this sense and any other educational initiative where different stakeholders may be involved.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-06-02},
school = {University of Leeds},
author = {Caruana, Simon},
month = aug,
year = {2019},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/4EGA24CL/Caruana - 2019 - Constructive alignment approach for assessing esse.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@incollection{baldacchino_small_2020,
title = {Small states: challenges of political economy},
isbn = {978-1-78811-293-2},
shorttitle = {Small states},
url = {<https://www.elgaronline.com/display/edcoll/9781788112925/9781788112925.00011.xml>},
abstract = {Small states are not game controllers, and not even game changers, in the international economy; but they have tended to survive fairly well, even by deploying unorthodox policies. This chapter offers a synthesis of the arguments which highlight the (mainly economic) vulnerabilities and opportunities faced by states because they are small. It does so mainly by reviewing four, interlocking sets of policy issues which have serious implications on the nature of politics in small states. First is making a virtue out of smallness: scrambling to exploit one economic niche or opportunity, for as long as it lasts. Second is managing the mixed blessing of market concentration: given the small size of the economy and society, any successful economic sector can quickly achieve market dominance. Third is market failure: power and influence, economic as much as political, tends to be concentrated in the hands of single (hence, monopoly power) or a few (hence, oligopoly power) individuals, institutions or organizations. Fourth and last, is the disposition towards economies of scope: within the public administrations of small states, there are critical mass requirements and indivisibility constraints but without economies of scale.},
language = {en\\_US},
urldate = {2024-06-02},
booktitle = {Handbook on the {Politics} of {Small} {States}},
publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing},
author = {Baldacchino, Godfrey},
month = mar,
year = {2020},
note = {Section: Handbook on the Politics of Small States},
pages = {70--82},
}
@misc{sporny_did_2024,
title = {{DID} {Specification} {Registries}},
url = {<https://w3c.github.io/did-spec-registries/>},
urldate = {2024-06-23},
author = {Sporny, Manuel and Steele, Orie},
month = jun,
year = {2024},
file = {DID Specification Registries:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/IZ4B4BU8/did-spec-registries.html:text/html},
}
@techreport{buhr_what_2003,
type = {Working {Paper}},
title = {What is infrastructure?},
copyright = {<http://www.econstor.eu/dspace/Nutzungsbedingungen>},
url = {<https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/83199>},
abstract = {After having pointed out the diverse uses of the term infrastructure in the literature on the market-economy, the different categories of infrastructure will be described. The argument in this context is that the classification of infrastructure suggested by Jochimsen has proved useful: institutional, personal, and material infrastructure. On this basis a concept for the definition of infrastructure will be developed. The hitherto taken approach to understanding infrastructure, especially material infrastructure, mainly referring to the attributes of infrastructure, will be rejected. Rather it will be attempted to characterize infrastructure by its essential functions. We then may discuss the development-theoretic implications of infrastructure. Finally, infrastructure policy will be introduced in relation to institutional, material and personal infrastructure.},
language = {eng},
number = {107-03},
urldate = {2024-06-28},
institution = {Volkswirtschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge},
author = {Buhr, Walter},
year = {2003},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/BJI4XX52/Buhr - 2003 - What is infrastructure.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@book{jackson_at_1995,
address = {Durham, NC},
title = {At {Home} in the {World}},
isbn = {978-0-8223-2538-3},
abstract = {Ours is a century of uprootedness, with fewer and fewer people living out their lives where they are born. At such a time, in such a world, what does it mean to be "at home?" Perhaps among a nomadic people, for whom dwelling is not synonymous with being housed and settled, the search for an answer to this question might lead to a new way of thinking about home and homelessness, exile and belonging. At Home in the World is the story of just such a search. Intermittently over a period of three years Michael Jackson lived, worked, and traveled extensively in Central Australia. This book chronicles his experience among the Warlpiri of the Tanami Desert.Something of a nomad himself, having lived in New Zealand, Sierra Leone, England, France, Australia, and the United States, Jackson is deft at capturing the ambiguities of home as a lived experience among the Warlpiri. Blending narrative ethnography, empirical research, philosophy, and poetry, he focuses on the existential meaning of being at home in the world. Here home becomes a metaphor for the intimate relationship between the part of the world a person calls "self" and the part of the world called "other." To speak of "at-homeness," Jackson suggests, implies that people everywhere try to strike a balance between closure and openness, between acting and being acted upon, between acquiescing in the given and choosing their own fate. His book is an exhilarating journey into this existential struggle, responsive at every turn to the political questions of equity and justice that such a struggle entails.A moving depiction of an aboriginal culture at once at home and in exile, and a personal meditation on the practice of ethnography and the meaning of home in our increasingly rootless age, At Home in the World is a timely reflection on how, in defining home, we continue to define ourselves.},
publisher = {Duke University Press},
author = {Jackson, Michael},
year = {1995},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/EJVLHLCU/at-home-in-the-world.html:text/html},
}
@misc{fett_eudi-wallet_2024,
title = {{EUdi}-{Wallet}. {eIDAS} 2.0 {Architecture} {Concept}},
url = {<https://gitlab.opencode.de/bmi/eudi-wallet/eidas-2.0-architekturkonzept>},
abstract = {GitLab Enterprise Edition},
urldate = {2024-07-01},
publisher = {Bundesministerium des Inneren und für Heimat},
author = {Fett, Daniel and Bastian, Paul},
month = apr,
year = {2024},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/8DFDZSRK/eidas-2.html:text/html},
}
@article{mukumbang_retroductive_2023,
title = {Retroductive {Theorizing}: {A} {Contribution} of {Critical} {Realism} to {Mixed} {Methods} {Research}},
volume = {17},
issn = {1558-6898},
shorttitle = {Retroductive {Theorizing}},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1177/15586898211049847>},
doi = {10.1177/15586898211049847},
abstract = {Mixed methods studies in social sciences are predominantly employed to explore broad, complex, and multifaceted issues and to evaluate policies and interventions. The integration of qualitative and quantitative methods in social sciences most often follows the Peircean pragmatic approach—abductive hypothesis formation followed by deductive and inductive testing/confirmation—with limited theorizing properties. This paper contributes to the field of mixed methods research in social sciences by explicating a two-way interaction process between mixed methods data and [social] theory in a pluralistic inferencing approach espoused by critical realism—retroductive theorizing. The paper further illustrates how through retroductive theorizing, critical realism offers a more epistemologically and ontologically grounded alternative for integrating qualitative and quantitative methods compared to pragmatism.},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2024-07-06},
journal = {Journal of Mixed Methods Research},
author = {Mukumbang, Ferdinand C.},
month = jan,
year = {2023},
note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications},
pages = {93--114},
file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/RS6WA7C5/Mukumbang - 2023 - Retroductive Theorizing A Contribution of Critica.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{charmaz_sage_2019,
title = {The {SAGE} {Handbook} of {Current} {Developments} in {Grounded} {Theory}},
url = {<https://www.torrossa.com/en/resources/an/5018733>},
abstract = {Purchase online the PDF of The SAGE Handbook of Current Developments in Grounded Theory, Charmaz, Kathy,Bryant, Antony - SAGE Publications Ltd - E-book},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-07-06},
author = {Charmaz, Kathy and Bryant, Antony},
year = {2019},
note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd},
pages = {1--714},
}
@book{sutton_building_2008,
title = {Building good governance and economic resilience in small states},
copyright = {info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess},
isbn = {978-99909-49-24-7},
url = {<https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/61621>},
abstract = {The issue of" good governance" has been at the centre of the development debate for more than ten years. It is still a contested term with a high normative content. Nevertheless there is a broad measure of agreement on what might be termed essential elements such as open, transparent and accountable government; efficient, effective and responsive administration; respect for human rights and the rule of law. Recently, good governance has been associated with economic resilience building, particularly for small states, which are very highly exposed to external shocks. This chapter argues that one of the characteristics of small states is that everything is interconnected in ways it is not in larger countries. This interconnectedness must be at the heart of policy to improve resilience and in turn demands a very broad brush policy approach to service the very special needs of small states.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-07-08},
publisher = {University of Malta. Islands and Small States Institute \\& The Commonwealth Secretariat},
author = {Sutton, Paul},
year = {2008},
note = {Accepted: 2020-10-13T06:22:17Z
Journal Abbreviation: Small states and the pillars of economic resilience},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/SFJZAJTJ/Sutton - 2008 - Building good governance and economic resilience i.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{kolling_tuvalus_2024,
title = {Tuvalu's {Future} {Now} {Plan}: a gaming approach to ecological displacement?},
shorttitle = {Tuvalu's {Future} {Now} {Plan}},
abstract = {The “sinking islands of the Pacific” have repeatedly served as an iconic site for global climate crisis discourse. Often, this has led to the spread of counter-productive “othering” narratives, which stimulated climate voyeurism as well as climate tourism (Farbotko 2010). During the COP26, Tuvalu (re-)claimed this narrative and released a video in which the country´s foreign minister appealed to the international community, while standing knee-deep in water. In the meantime, the Tuvalu government formulated the Future Now project, which includes the re-settlement of its government and 11,000 inhabitants to a twin-state in the so-called metaverse.
Tuvalu effectively displaces the ‘climate refugee’ discourse constructed by wealthy nations of the Global North through creating a narrative about its future in the digital, borderless space. But how does democracy function in the digital space? What defines wealth and quality of life? And which technological infrastructures are needed to keep cultural identity alive and thriving? Honouring Tuvalu’s move into the cloud as a strategy of resistance, this paper will explore cultural narratives that project living in virtual life worlds as normalised part of the human future, such the film The Matrix (1999) and the novel Ready Player One (2011), but also those provided by recent theories on video games and gaming culture. It will in particular consider in which ways the creation of a virtual Tuvalu might be fragile to or an extension of coloniality or be seen as a an iteration of techno-imperialism.},
author = {Kölling, Angela},
month = apr,
year = {2024},
doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.18907.99364},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/CQHVMKKD/Kölling - 2024 - Tuvalu's Future Now Plan a gaming approach to eco.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@book{united_nations_development_programme_small_2024,
title = {Small {Island} {Digital} {States}: {How} {Digital} {Can} {Catalyse} {SIDS} {Development}},
isbn = {978-92-1-358967-0},
shorttitle = {Small {Island} {Digital} {States}},
url = {<https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/books/9789213589670>},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-07-11},
publisher = {United Nations},
author = {{United Nations Development Programme}},
month = apr,
year = {2024},
doi = {10.18356/9789213589670},
file = {United Nations Development Programme - 2024 - Small Island Digital States How Digital Can Catal.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/XWLJMI7N/United Nations Development Programme - 2024 - Small Island Digital States How Digital Can Catal.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{noauthor_digital_2022,
title = {Digital economy in {Small} {Island} {Developing} {States} ({SIDS})},
url = {<https://tft.unctad.org/projects/current-projects/digital-economy-in-small-island-developing-states/>},
abstract = {TrainForTrade blended learning strategy to boost the digital economy in Small Island Developing States of Africa, the Caribbean and Asia and the Pacific},
language = {en-US},
urldate = {2024-07-11},
journal = {TrainforTrade},
month = nov,
year = {2022},
note = {Section: Current Projects},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/97QUXPLP/digital-economy-in-small-island-developing-states.html:text/html},
}
@misc{noauthor_about_nodate-1,
title = {About {SeyID} - {SeyIDPortal}},
url = {<https://www.seyid.gov.sc/AboutSeyID>},
urldate = {2024-07-11},
}
@misc{dabrowska_wisekey_2024,
title = {{WISeKey} launches {SeyID} {Digital} {Identity} platform in {Seychelles} {\\textbar} {IoT} {Now} {News} \\& {Reports}},
url = {<https://www.iot-now.com/2024/04/23/144119-wisekey-launches-seyid-digital-identity-platform-in-seychelles/>},
abstract = {WISeKey has announced it has the project to deliver a new Digital Identity platform, “SeyID”, by the government of Seychelles. SeyID will be linked with},
language = {en-US},
urldate = {2024-07-11},
journal = {IoT Now News - How to run an IoT enabled business},
author = {Dabrowska, Magda},
month = apr,
year = {2024},
}
@misc{noauthor_e-identity_nodate,
title = {e-identity},
url = {<https://mdt.gov.tt/digital-solutions-services/e-identity/>},
abstract = {e-identity and Interoperability Infrastructure Digital Government e-ID A GoRTT issued unique digital identifier for each person that will become a common point of reference as part of an ecosystem for accessing all GoRTT services, digital signing, accessing financial, education and health services as well as Private Sector services. Benefits to Citizens: Deduplication of effort in […]},
language = {en-US},
urldate = {2024-07-11},
journal = {Ministry of Digital Transformation},
}
@misc{noauthor_emerging_nodate,
title = {Emerging countries lack digital identity services, report finds},
url = {<https://govinsider.asia/intl-en/article/emerging-countries-lack-digital-identity-services-report-finds>},
abstract = {Governments can take the lead to build up a competitive market, such as in Estonia and UK.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-07-11},
}
@misc{noauthor_unctad_2023,
title = {{UNCTAD} supports small island nations to harness digital {ID} for inclusion {\\textbar} {UNCTAD}},
url = {<https://unctad.org/news/unctad-supports-small-island-nations-harness-digital-id-inclusion>},
abstract = {Trinidad and Tobago, a Caribbean country with over 1.5 million people, is about to launch its national digital identity system. The government-owned system, known as e-ID, will provide Trinidadians and Tobagonians with unique digital identifiers to enable digital signing and expand access to financial, education, health and private-sector services. But there’s still much to do to ensure a digital ID for everyone in the country.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-07-11},
month = sep,
year = {2023},
}
@misc{noauthor_past_nodate,
title = {Past {Projects}},
url = {<https://tft.unctad.org/tft_projects/past-projects/>},
abstract = {Past Projects},
language = {en-US},
urldate = {2024-07-11},
journal = {TrainforTrade},
}
@misc{noauthor_trainfortrade_2024,
title = {{TRAINFORTRADE} {News} {Page}},
url = {<https://tft.unctad.org/>},
abstract = {TFT PORT MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME: In order to increase trade flows and foster economic development, the programme creates port networks bringing together public, private and international entities. The aim is to share knowledge and expertise between port operators and strengthen talent management and human resources development in port communities.},
language = {en-US},
urldate = {2024-07-11},
journal = {TrainforTrade},
month = jul,
year = {2024},
}
@misc{noauthor_digital_2022-1,
title = {Digital identity key to digital development, reaching {UN} goals among small island developing states {\\textbar} {Biometric} {Update}},
url = {<https://www.biometricupdate.com/202208/digital-identity-key-to-digital-development-reaching-un-goals-among-small-island-developing-states>},
abstract = {UNCTAD has created a blended learning strategy to boost the digital economy in Small Island Developing States as part of its TrainForTrade program.},
language = {en-US},
urldate = {2024-07-11},
month = aug,
year = {2022},
}
@misc{railway-news_biometrics_2024,
title = {Biometrics {Holds} the {Key} to {Smarter} {Digital} {Travel}},
url = {<https://airportindustry-news.com/biometrics-holds-the-key-to-smarter-digital-travel/>},
abstract = {SITA’s Biometrics White Paper, ‘Face the Future’ presents how biometrics can create a smoother and safer air transport experience.},
language = {en-gb},
urldate = {2024-07-11},
journal = {Airport Industry-News},
author = {Railway-News},
month = apr,
year = {2024},
}
@misc{noauthor_delivering_nodate,
title = {Delivering a {Powerful} {Climate} {Message} to the {World} {\\textbar} {Accenture}},
url = {<https://www.accenture.com/sk-sk/case-studies/technology/tuvalu>},
abstract = {Preserving Tuvalu — the world's first completely digitized nation — in the metaverse. Read more.},
language = {sk-SK},
urldate = {2024-07-11},
}
@misc{noauthor_medical_nodate,
title = {The {Medical} {Tourism} {Index} and {Behavioral} {Responses} of {Medical} {Travelers}: {A} {Mixed}-{Method} {Study} - {Hossein} {Olya}, {Torkan} {Hashemi} {Nia}, 2021},
url = {<https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0047287520915278>},
urldate = {2024-07-13},
file = {The Medical Tourism Index and Behavioral Responses of Medical Travelers\\: A Mixed-Method Study - Hossein Olya, Torkan Hashemi Nia, 2021:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/85W9S5PL/0047287520915278.html:text/html},
}
@article{reckien_what_2018,
title = {What is in an index? {Construction} method, data metric, and weighting scheme determine the outcome of composite social vulnerability indices in {New} {York} {City}},
volume = {18},
issn = {1436-378X},
shorttitle = {What is in an index?},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-017-1273-7>},
doi = {10.1007/s10113-017-1273-7},
abstract = {Mapping social vulnerability is a prominent way to identify regions in which the lack of capacity to cope with the impacts of weather extremes is nested in the social setting, aiding climate change adaptation for vulnerable residents, neighborhoods, or localities. Calculating social vulnerability usually involves the construction of a composite index, for which several construction methods have been suggested. However, thorough investigation of results across methods or applied weighting of vulnerability factors is largely missing. This study investigates the outcome of the variable addition—both with and without weighting of single vulnerability factors—and the variable reduction approach/model on social vulnerability indices calculated for New York City. Weighting is based on scientific assessment reports on climate change impacts in New York City. Additionally, the study calculates the outcome on social vulnerability when using either area-based (person/km2) or population-based (\\%) input data. The study reveals remarkable differences between indices particularly when using different methods but also when using different metrics as input data. The variable addition model has deductive advantages, whereas the variable reduction model is useful when the strength of factors of social vulnerability is unknown. The use of area-based data seems preferable to population-based data when differences are taken as a measure of credibility and quality. Results are important for all forms of vulnerability mapping using index construction techniques.},
language = {en},
number = {5},
urldate = {2024-07-13},
journal = {Regional Environmental Change},
author = {Reckien, Diana},
month = jun,
year = {2018},
keywords = {Index/indices construction, New York City, Principal component analysis (PCA), Social vulnerability mapping, Variable addition/additive approach, Variable reduction approach},
pages = {1439--1451},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/C28QZZAC/Reckien - 2018 - What is in an index Construction method, data met.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{noauthor_construction_1993,
title = {Construction of a socio-economic index to facilitate analysis of health data in developing countries},
volume = {36},
issn = {0277-9536},
url = {<https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/027795369390127P>},
doi = {10.1016/0277-9536(93)90127-P},
abstract = {In order to plan, implement and monitor health interventions for the most deprived sector of the population, it is necessary to identify socioeconomic…},
language = {en-US},
number = {8},
urldate = {2024-07-13},
journal = {Social Science \\& Medicine},
month = apr,
year = {1993},
note = {Publisher: Pergamon},
pages = {1087--1097},
}
@techreport{undp_india_g20_2023,
title = {G20 {Digital} {Ministers} {Recognize} {Digital} {Public} {Infrastructure} as an {Accelerator} of the {SDGs}},
url = {<https://www.undp.org/india/press-releases/g20-digital-ministers-recognize-digital-public-infrastructure-accelerator-sdgs>},
author = {{UNDP India}},
month = aug,
year = {2023},
}
@article{sierzputowski_data_2019,
title = {The {Data} {Embassy} under {Public} {International} {Law}},
volume = {68},
number = {1},
journal = {International and Comparative Law Quarterly},
author = {Sierzputowski, Bartlomiej},
month = jan,
year = {2019},
pages = {222--239},
file = {68IntlCompLQ222.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/E7XUDRNV/68IntlCompLQ222.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{eaves_digital_nodate,
title = {Digital public infrastructure and public value:},
language = {en},
author = {Eaves, David and Mazzucato, Mariana and Vasconcellos, Beatriz},
file = {Eaves et al. - Digital public infrastructure and public value.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/HFFTY8AU/Eaves et al. - Digital public infrastructure and public value.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@book{gupta_digital_2017,
address = {Washington, DC},
title = {Digital revolutions in public finance},
isbn = {978-1-4843-1522-4},
abstract = {Digitization promises to reshape fiscal policy by transforming how governments collect, process, share, and act on information. More and higher-quality information can improve not only policy design for tax and spending, but also systems for their management, including tax administration and compliance, delivery of public services, administration of social programs, public financial management, and more. Countries must chart their own paths to effectively balance the potential benefits against the risks and challenges, including institutional and capacity constraints, privacy concerns, and new avenues for fraud and evasion. Support for this book and the conference on which it is based was provided by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation},
language = {en},
publisher = {International Monetary Fund},
editor = {Gupta, Sanjeev and Keen, Michael and Shah, Alpa and Verdier, Geneviève and {International Monetary Fund}},
year = {2017},
note = {OCLC: on1004253186},
keywords = {Finance, Public, Fiscal policy, Tax administration and procedure},
file = {9781484315224-9781484315224.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/GNBUSA6L/9781484315224-9781484315224.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@techreport{office_of_the_united_nations_secretary-generals_envoy_on_technology_oset_leveraging_2024,
title = {Leveraging {DPI} for {Safe} and {Inclusive} {Societies} - {Interim} {Report}},
url = {<https://safedpi.gitbook.io/safeguards/working-group-documents/reports>},
abstract = {This first Interim Report serves as a foundation for gathering multi-stakeholder feedback. The report is derived from an extensive consultative process and presents early findings on the opportunities presented by DPI and notes the urgent need for guardrails. It presents an actionable framework to guide implementation that purposely avoids potential pitfalls. The report also identifies next steps and timelines for developing the Universal Safeguards for DPI.},
author = {{Office of the United Nations Secretary-General's Envoy on Technology (OSET)} and {UNDP}},
month = apr,
year = {2024},
}
@techreport{monetary_authority_of_singapore_foundational_2021,
title = {Foundational {Digital} {Infrastructures} for {Inclusive} {Digital} {Economies}},
abstract = {The digital revolution is radically transforming
the way we live and work. Digital solutions have
helped to enhance the economic and social wellbeing
of millions of people around the world.
The next stage of the digital revolution is to
move beyond fragmented digital solutions
to digital infrastructures that will spur more
pervasive digitalisation across economies
and societies.
Digital infrastructures will enable interoperable
solutions and seamless services – to reach
more people and businesses, at lower cost
and greater convenience. Public foundational
digital infrastructures will be critical for inclusive
economic and social development.
Much like how physical infrastructure
spurred the advent of the industrial
economy, foundational public digital
infrastructures will accelerate the growth
of the digital economy.
This report sets out the four key pillars of a
foundational digital infrastructure: Digital
Identity, Authorisation and Consent, Payments
Interoperability, and Data Exchange. These are
the four essential ingredients to enable end-toend
digital transactions; they collectively meet
the foundational needs of a digital economy.
Take digital payments, for example. Only a
foundational digital infrastructure comprising
these four pillars will enable us to effectively
and efficiently tackle the big pain points in
digital payments, especially cross-border:
know-your-customer checks; verifying
accounts; sanctions screening; cheaper,
faster, and more secure payments.
The report starts with a survey of the available
literature on establishing digital infrastructures
and related policies, and goes on to provide an
in-depth analysis of the role of digital identity
in the development of digital infrastructure in
Brunei, Cambodia, Ghana and Kenya.
The four countries are in different stages of
digital infrastructure development and were
motivated by different considerations. Brunei
is launching a single portal to access a wide
variety of services, with a vision to digitally
transform the country. Cambodia is building
a digital infrastructure with digital identity at
the core, to let end-users share data across
different government ministries. Ghana has
just introduced a national identity card, which
marks the starting point for its journey towards
a universal national identity system. Kenya
has introduced a national identity database to
consolidate different data identity silos and is
now looking to build other public services on
this system.
This pioneering collaborative work was made
possible with the support of the Monetary
Authority of Brunei Darussalam, National Bank
of Cambodia, Bank of Ghana and the Central
Bank of Kenya as well as Mastercard.
We hope this report will help players in the
financial sector and broader technology
community to better understand the key
value drivers of a strong digital infrastructure,
and inspire them to explore the digital
infrastructure potential for cross-border use.
Ravi Menon, Managing Director, Monetary
Authority of Singapore
1},
institution = {Monetary Authority of Singapore},
author = {{Monetary Authority of Singapore}},
year = {2021},
file = {Monetary Authority of Singapore - 2021 - Foundational Digital Infrastructures for Inclusive.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/JZ97EI54/Monetary Authority of Singapore - 2021 - Foundational Digital Infrastructures for Inclusive.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@techreport{ifc_what_2020,
title = {What {COVID}-19 {Means} for {Digital} {Infrastructure} in {Emerging} {Markets}” {EM} compass},
url = {<https://www.ifc.org/en/insights-reports/2020/what-covid-19-means-for-digital-infrastructure-in-emerging-markets>},
number = {Note 83},
author = {{IFC}},
year = {2020},
}
@techreport{carstens_finternet_2024,
title = {Finternet: the financial system for the future},
url = {<https://www.bis.org/publ/work1178.htm>},
number = {No.1178},
urldate = {2024-07-03},
institution = {Bank of International Settlements},
author = {Carstens, Agustín and Nilekani, Nandan},
month = apr,
year = {2024},
}
@techreport{basel_committee_on_banking_suprevision_sound_2017,
title = {Sound {Practices}: {Implications} of fintech developments for banks and bank supervisors},
url = {<https://www.bis.org/bcbs/publ/d415.pdf>},
institution = {BIS},
author = {{Basel Committee on Banking Suprevision}},
month = aug,
year = {2017},
}
@techreport{asian_development_bank_building_2022,
title = {Building {Regulatory} and {Supervisory} {Technology} {Ecosystems}: {For} {Asia}’s {Financial} {Stability} and {Sustainable} {Development}},
url = {<http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/TCS220330-2>},
abstract = {This publication explores the use of regulatory technology (regtech) in finance. It discusses how to design an optimal architecture, alongside policy considerations for an integrated regtech and supervisory technology ecosystem.},
author = {{Asian Development Bank}},
month = aug,
year = {2022},
}
@misc{noauthor_book_nodate,
title = {Book reviews : {Clarke}, {John} and {Janet} {Newman} (1997) {The} {Managerial} {State}. {London}: {Sage}, 176 pp. £37.50 (hbk), {ISBN} 0-8039-7611-9; £12.99 (pbk), {ISBN} 0-8039-7612-7 - {Nicky} {Stanley}, 1998},
url = {<https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002087289804100311?journalCode=iswb>},
urldate = {2024-07-16},
file = {Book reviews \\: Clarke, John and Janet Newman (1997) The Managerial State. London\\: Sage, 176 pp. £37.50 (hbk), ISBN 0-8039-7611-9\\; £12.99 (pbk), ISBN 0-8039-7612-7 - Nicky Stanley, 1998:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/26JEG2MW/002087289804100311.html:text/html},
}
@book{clarke_managerial_1997,
title = {The {Managerial} {StatePower}, {Politics} and {Ideology} in the {Remaking} of {Social} {Welfare}},
isbn = {978-0-8039-7612-2},
url = {<https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/the-managerial-state/book205149>},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-07-16},
publisher = {SAGE},
author = {Clarke, John and Newman, Janet},
month = may,
year = {1997},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/3CK2RQXY/book205149.html:text/html},
}
@article{miethe_storm-impervious_2020,
title = {The storm-impervious financial sector: {Offshore} services likely booked abroad},
volume = {10},
copyright = {<http://www.econstor.eu/dspace/Nutzungsbedingungen>},
issn = {2568-7697},
shorttitle = {The storm-impervious financial sector},
url = {<https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/226716>},
doi = {10.18723/diw_dwr:2020-43-1},
abstract = {The high international capital positions of offshore financial centers (OFCs) have led to increasing research in the area. However, many unanswered questions remain, as OFC activities are secretive by nature and data is sparse. It is, for example, not even clear whether the financial industry actually physically operates on OFCs or if it artificially books services from other countries. Using a new research approach that examines the effects of extreme storm events such as Hurricane Irma on local conditions and financial service activities on small islands, this paper shows that offshore services are likely booked primarily from other countries. If this is the case, the current approach of regulating offshore financial services through regulation targeting the offshore financial center is inherently limited.},
language = {eng},
number = {43/45},
urldate = {2024-07-20},
journal = {DIW Weekly Report},
author = {Miethe, Jakob},
year = {2020},
note = {Publisher: Berlin: Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung (DIW)},
pages = {435--443},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/JXZC8QFT/Miethe - 2020 - The storm-impervious financial sector Offshore se.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{miethe_storm-impervious_2020-1,
title = {The {Storm}-{Impervious} {Financial} {Sector}: {Offshore} {Services} {Likely} {Booked} {Abroad}},
shorttitle = {The {Storm}-{Impervious} {Financial} {Sector}},
url = {<http://www.diw.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=diw_01.c.801053.de>},
doi = {10.18723/DIW_DWR:2020-43-1},
abstract = {The high international capital positions of offshore financial centers (OFCs) have led to increasing research in the area. However, many unanswered questions remain, as OFC activities are secretive by nature and data is sparse. It is, for example, not even clear whether the financial industry actually physically operates on OFCs or if it artificially books services from other countries. Using a new research approach that examines the effects of extreme storm events such as Hurricane Irma on local conditions and financial service activities on small islands, this paper shows that offshore services are likely booked primarily from other countries. If this is the case, the current approach of regulating offshore financial services through regulation targeting the offshore financial center is inherently limited.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-07-20},
journal = {DIW Weekly Report},
author = {Miethe, Jakob},
year = {2020},
note = {Publisher: DIW - Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung
Version Number: 2.0},
keywords = {Offshore finance, G15 International Financial Markets, H26 Tax Evasion, international capital flows, natural disasters, tax havens},
annote = {SeriesInformation
DIW Weekly Report},
file = {Miethe - 2020 - The Storm-Impervious Financial Sector Offshore Se.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/JSWI9H39/Miethe - 2020 - The Storm-Impervious Financial Sector Offshore Se.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{hanedar_stacking_2023,
title = {Stacking up the {Benefits}: {Lessons} from {India}’s {Digital} {Journey}},
volume = {2023},
issn = {1018-5941},
shorttitle = {Stacking up the {Benefits}},
url = {<https://elibrary.imf.org/openurl?genre=journal&issn=1018-5941&volume=2023&issue=078>},
doi = {10.5089/9798400240416.001},
language = {en},
number = {078},
urldate = {2024-07-15},
journal = {IMF Working Papers},
author = {Hanedar, Emine and Alonso, Cristian and Uña, Gerardo and Prihardini, Dinar and Bhojwani, Tanuj and Zhabska, Kateryna},
month = mar,
year = {2023},
pages = {1},
file = {Hanedar et al. - 2023 - Stacking up the Benefits Lessons from India’s Dig.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/7A5WI5Y3/Hanedar et al. - 2023 - Stacking up the Benefits Lessons from India’s Dig.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{hahm_finteching_2021,
title = {Finteching remittances in paradise: {A} path to sustainable development},
volume = {8},
copyright = {© 2021 The Authors. Asia \\& the Pacific Policy Studies published by Crawford School of Public Policy of the Australian National University and John Wiley \\& Sons Australia, Ltd..},
issn = {2050-2680},
shorttitle = {Finteching remittances in paradise},
url = {<https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/app5.341>},
doi = {10.1002/app5.341},
abstract = {The costs of sending remittances to Pacific small island developing states (SIDS) are among the highest in the world. Tackling this issue is crucial not only for economic and social development, but also for improving financial inclusion. This article analyses fintech adoption in remittance services, namely the adoption of alternative payment methods in transferring money by using the internet or mobile phones, in the Pacific. It introduces an original framework to assess the current landscape of fintech in the remittance sector and draws tailored policy recommendations. The framework is conceptualised through a ladder with five rungs: availability, accessibility, awareness, literacy and trust. Based on the ladder analysis, the authors observe the lack of basic digital infrastructure and digital platforms in many Pacific SIDS. Where the technological landscape is better developed, fintech services have established strong footholds, but there is a need for greater awareness to broaden its appeal and customer base. The benefits of fintech platforms are high, especially in the context of lower remittance costs which constitute an unduly large share of GDP in Pacific SIDS. The basic infrastructure needed to develop fintech services are equally important for the overall sustainable development of Pacific SIDS. The article observes fintech services in the Pacific are a means for financial inclusion of the unbanked, that can accelerate the economic and social development of the SIDS, and countries in the Pacific region are at different stages in their readiness for fintech adoption.},
language = {en},
number = {3},
urldate = {2024-07-20},
journal = {Asia \\& the Pacific Policy Studies},
author = {Hahm, Hongjoo and Subhanij, Tientip and Almeida, Rui},
year = {2021},
note = {\\_eprint: <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/app5.341>},
keywords = {small island developing states, fintech, Pacific, remittance transaction costs},
pages = {435--453},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/CHMG4DFB/Hahm et al. - 2021 - Finteching remittances in paradise A path to sust.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@incollection{abdelati_12_2006,
title = {12 {Palau}},
isbn = {978-1-58906-516-1},
url = {<https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9781589065161/ch012.xml>},
abstract = {Abstract The Republic of Palau is an archipelago of more than 560 islands. It has a total land area of 460 square kilometers stretching along 700 kilometers of sea from northeast to southwest. The center of government and economic activity is the northern volcanic island of Koror, which is connected by bridge to Babeldaob, a densely vegetated island that accounts for 78 percent of total land area but remains largely undeveloped. The capital is to move from Koror to Babeldaob. South of Koror and scattered over a large lagoon are the 300-odd raised coral limestone Rock Islands, mostly uninhabited, and world-renowned for marine-based tourism. The southernmost islands of Peleliu and Angaur were the site of fierce battles during the Second World War. Palau was administered by the United States after the war and until 1990 as part of the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Palau adopted its own constitution in 1981 after choosing not to join the Federated States of Micronesia in 1978. A Compact of Free Association with the United States was approved in 1986 but ratified only in 1993, following several referenda on whether the United States should be permitted to transport nuclear weapons through Palau’s territory. Under the Compact, the United States controls Palau’s security and defense for 50 years and has exclusive access to waterways and certain land, in exchange for economic aid, security, and right of entry for Palauans to the United States for residence or work (Box 12.1).},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-07-20},
booktitle = {Pacific {Island} {Economies}},
publisher = {International Monetary Fund},
author = {Abdelati, Wafa F.},
month = aug,
year = {2006},
note = {Section: Pacific Island Economies},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/J3PP2YVU/Abdelati - 12 Palau.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{benson_dominica_nodate,
title = {Dominica: {Natural} {Disasters} and {Economic} {Development} in a {Small} {Island} {State}},
language = {en},
author = {Benson, Charlotte and Clay, Edward and Michael, Franklyn V and Robertson, Alastair W},
file = {Benson et al. - Dominica Natural Disasters and Economic Developme.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/JFY7ETVA/Benson et al. - Dominica Natural Disasters and Economic Developme.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{w_hauser_infrastructure_2015,
title = {The {Infrastructure} of {Nature}’s {Island}: {Settlements}, {Networks} and {Economy} of {Two} {Plantations} in {Colonial} {Dominica}},
volume = {19},
issn = {1573-7748},
shorttitle = {The {Infrastructure} of {Nature}’s {Island}},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1007/s10761-015-0300-y>},
doi = {10.1007/s10761-015-0300-y},
abstract = {Scholars have tended to think about the plantation as a functional institution comprised of property geared towards agricultural production. This article looks at unique modes of settlement in Dominica and suggests that we might think about more subtle definitions of plantations that encompass the social and economic networks of their residents. I begin by describing how British observers envisioned Dominica as a colonial enterprise, poised to augment the sugar holdings of other overseas territories in their Caribbean empire. This had the effect of creating an archaeological horizon on the physical landscape of the island. I compare the settlement histories of two estates with a focus on the accretion of buildings associated with plantation agriculture. Finally I turn to the lives lived on those estates and how the material registers of everyday life speak to the durability of existing social networks and ways of doing things.},
language = {en},
number = {3},
urldate = {2024-07-20},
journal = {International Journal of Historical Archaeology},
author = {W. Hauser, Mark},
month = sep,
year = {2015},
keywords = {Infrastructure, Caribbean, Colonialism, Networks, Plantations},
pages = {601--622},
}
@book{klak_globalization_2000,
title = {Globalization and {Neoliberalism}: {The} {Caribbean} {Context}},
isbn = {978-0-585-08078-9},
shorttitle = {Globalization and {Neoliberalism}},
abstract = {How do recent trends toward globalization affect the Caribbean, a region whose suppliers, production, markets, and politics have been globalized for centuries? What is the status of neoliberal development policy in the Caribbean, where the rewards for belt tightening and economic opening have been slow in coming? How have Caribbean policymakers and citizens responded to and resisted the pressures to conform to the new rules of the global economy? By examining these questions through the lens of political economy, this volume explores the interaction among development, trade, foreign policy, the environment, tourism, gender relations, and migration. With its global implications, this book will be invaluable for students and scholars from all disciplines who are concerned with the impact of development and globalization.},
language = {en},
publisher = {Rowman \\& Littlefield Publishers},
author = {Klak, Thomas},
month = jan,
year = {2000},
note = {Google-Books-ID: mUI5AAAAQBAJ},
keywords = {Business \\& Economics / General},
}
@article{ridderstaat_tourism_2014,
title = {Tourism and {Long}-run {Economic} {Growth} in {Aruba}},
volume = {16},
issn = {1522-1970},
url = {<https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jtr.1941>},
doi = {10.1002/jtr.1941},
abstract = {This study examines the long-run relationship between tourism development and economic growth in a small island destination. Determining whether the nature of the relationship is unidirectional or bidirectional provides insightful information as to policies to be implemented. This information is crucial in a resource-poor environment, such as a small island destination. The study employs an econometric methodology consisting of unit root testing, co-integration analysis, vector error correction modeling and Granger causality testing. Results confirm the reciprocal hypothesis. The policy implication is that resource allocation supporting both the tourism and tourism-related industries could benefit both tourism development and economic growth. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley \\& Sons, Ltd.},
language = {en},
number = {5},
urldate = {2024-07-20},
journal = {International Journal of Tourism Research},
author = {Ridderstaat, Jorge and Croes, Robertico and Nijkamp, Peter},
year = {2014},
note = {\\_eprint: <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jtr.1941>},
keywords = {Aruba, co-integration, economic growth, Granger causality, tourism development},
pages = {472--487},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/455WPVJX/jtr.html:text/html},
}
@phdthesis{feliciano_aruba_2010,
type = {info:eu-repo/semantics/{masterThesis}},
title = {Aruba as an {International} {Financial} {Center}? {A} diversification strategy for the economy of {Aruba}},
shorttitle = {Aruba as an {International} {Financial} {Center}?},
url = {<http://essay.utwente.nl/60081/>},
abstract = {The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which Aruba meets the key factors of an international financial center (IFC). The attempt of diversifying Aruba’s economy by becoming an IFC is not a new one; in fact this has been an attempt of more than two decades.
However from early stages of this assignment it became clear that becoming an IFC in the traditional sense would not be a possible option for Aruba. The literature review made distinctions between IFCs and offshore financial centers (OFCs), indicating that Aruba’s efforts should be directed in the latter category.
Therefore this assignment’s objective is an effort to understand the shortcomings of Aruba’s current situation, by assessing it against key factors of OFCs. To fully comprehend the reasons for the shortcomings a deductive approach was taken. The first step was to identify key factors through a literature study, which resulted in the identification of five key factors. These were consequently assessed against Aruba’s current situation, resulting in the detection of Aruba’s shortcomings with regard to the key factors. To gain further insight into these shortcomings, a cause and effect analysis was executed. The analysis revealed common denominators present in Aruba’s current situation which result from several faulty mechanisms present that prevent Aruba from meeting all the key factors of an OFC today.
The analysis revealed common denominators which frequently presented themselves throughout the analysis of each shortcoming. The frequency in which these appear confirm their role in the shortcomings and represent problems that exist in Aruba’s current situation.
The common denominators identified were namely, government agencies that mainly focus on own objectives, shortage of qualified personnel on various fields, a lack of knowledge when it comes to future developments due to a lack of planning. In turn these point towards a combination of Aruba’s history and culture which resulted in the way things are done today. However, the scope of the assignment only permits and offers solutions regarding Aruba’s OFC. Therefore, remedies suggested focus on meeting the key factors of an OFC, instead of attempting to solve all problems in Aruba’s current situation. With its existing products and services in combination with stakeholders taking part of the existing process, Aruba already has a basis for its further development as an OFC. Therefore the first step would be to develop and execute a strategic plan, focusing on objectives considered to be important. These objectives include, increase the availability of professionals to fulfill the need on various fields, enhance the communication and collaboration between stakeholders to avoid the loss of information and other essential resources and transparency with regards to objectives to minimize trust issues between stakeholders. These objectives are considered essential in addressing the shortcomings identified in order to fulfill all the key factors of an OFC.
The limitations that presented themselves during the assignment were the lack of data concerning some aspects of the key factors in Aruba’s current situation. Therefore some of the aspects that initially formed part of the key factors could not be assessed. However the remaining aspects of the key factors give sufficient depth to represent Aruba’s shortcomings.
Overall the thesis offers remedies which can be utilized to improve Aruba’s current situation towards the key factors of OFCs. Additionally recommendations are made for the future development of Aruba’s OFC industry. These remedies and recommendations can be useful for the stakeholders involved, shedding light on their particular role in the industry’s further development.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-07-20},
author = {Feliciano, Cheryl S.},
month = aug,
year = {2010},
note = {Publisher: University of Twente},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/96YBAXWV/Feliciano - 2010 - Aruba as an International Financial Center A dive.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/4IC5ZY5H/60081.html:text/html},
}
@misc{european_commission_proposal_2023,
title = {Proposal for a {Regulation} of the {European} {Parliament} and the {European} {Council} on the establishment of a digital euro},
url = {<https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52023PC0369>},
urldate = {2024-07-20},
author = {{European Commission}},
month = jun,
year = {2023},
file = {EUR-Lex - 52023PC0369 - EN - EUR-Lex:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/66ZVLQUK/TXT.html:text/html},
}
@article{buhr_infrastructure_2009,
title = {Infrastructure of the market economy},
abstract = {Infrastructure is the economic growth theory of the market economy. The missing comprehensive approach to infrastructure corresponds to the practiced neglect of the long-term policy objective of economic growth in the economic order of the German social market economy since its creation after World War II. Starting from Jochimsen's distinction of material, institutional and personal infrastructure, infrastructure policy as an indirect approach to economic growth policy is suggested. The main reason for this approach is our lack of knowledge about the process and results of future economic growth. With respect to the three categories of infrastructure selected aspects are discussed. Concerning material infrastructure now a definition is presented that can be integrated into a general definition of infrastructure. Regarding institutional infrastructure, after the presentation of relevant terms (rule, order, institution, organization) the analysis of important implications of institutional economics and its integration into constitutional economics follows. As to personal infrastructure, a quantitative component (population) and a qualitative component (human capital) are consistently distinguished and their determinants systematically elaborated. The determinants of human capital are education and learning from experience, research and development as the production of new knowledge or technological progress (inventions, innovations and diffusion of innovations). All of these considerations can be brought together in a general definition of the infrastructure of a market economy so far missing. Basically, this definition refers to a number of specifically characterized individual economic agents interacting under secure living conditions according to certain rules in the presence and the future. The analysis of infrastructure in a growing economy essentially leads to the result that personal infrastructure, especially human capital, is most important for structuring future economic growth. In the growth process, material and institutional infrastructure depend on personal infrastructure which in turn is influenced by material infrastructure (producing existence goods and services) and institutional infrastructure (e.g., population and education policy). Thus we discover infrastructure of the market economy to constitute a system in the sense of systems theory. Personal infrastructure of today may determine economic growth in the medium, long, and very long term, whereas institutional and material infrastructure indicate, as a rule, to have shorter reference periods. Due to its character, material infrastructure must be controlled and permanently maintained within the medium term. What is needed is a comprehensive and balanced time-oriented infrastructure policy approach, observing the natural environment, to settle the growth problems of the market economy. This approach would result in a revision of the present economic order of the social market economy.},
author = {Buhr, Walter},
month = jan,
year = {2009},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/WBW4XLCQ/Buhr - 2009 - Infrastructure of the market economy.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{world_bank_group_list_2024,
title = {List of {Grants}},
url = {<https://finances.worldbank.org/Loans-and-Credits/List-of-Grants/6mbj-jvs3/about_data>},
urldate = {2024-07-20},
author = {{World Bank Group}},
month = jul,
year = {2024},
}
@article{cioffi_political_2006,
title = {The {Political} {Paradox} of {Finance} {Capitalism}: {Interests}, {Preferences}, and {Center}-{Left} {Party} {Politics} in {Corporate} {Governance} {Reform}},
volume = {34},
shorttitle = {The {Political} {Paradox} of {Finance} {Capitalism}},
doi = {10.1177/0032329206293642},
abstract = {A striking paradox underlies corporate governance reform during the past fifteen years: center-left political parties have pushed for pro-shareholder corporate governance reforms, while the historically pro-business right has generally resisted them to protect established forms of organized capitalism, concentrated corporate stock ownership, and managerialism. Case studies of Germany, France, Italy, and the United States reveal that center-left parties used corporate governance reform to attack the legitimacy of existing political economic elites, present themselves as pro-growth and pro-modernization, strike political alliances with segments of the financial sector, and appeal to middle-class voters. Conservative parties’ established alliances with managers constrained them from endorsing corporate governance reform.},
journal = {Politics \\& Society, v.34, 463-502 (2006)},
author = {Cioffi, John and Höpner, Martin},
month = dec,
year = {2006},
file = {Full Text:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/ZFZKVY8Q/Cioffi and Höpner - 2006 - The Political Paradox of Finance Capitalism Inter.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@incollection{blad_nation-state_2009,
title = {Nation-{State}},
author = {Blad, Cory},
month = jan,
year = {2009},
pages = {221--238},
}
@book{fagan_globalization_2009-1,
title = {Globalization and {Security}: {An} {Encyclopedia} [2 volumes]},
isbn = {978-0-275-99693-2},
shorttitle = {Globalization and {Security}},
abstract = {A unique set provides an up-to-date overview of the impact of globalization on international security by examining how the interrelationships of economics, politics, and culture determine levels of stability within regions around the world.Globalization and Security: An Encyclopedia addresses the need for an authoritative, but accessible analysis of the impact of globalization on security and its multifaceted aspects. Broad in scope, this two-volume set covers the economic and political aspects of globalization, as well as its social and cultural impacts. More importantly, it is the first work to focus explicitly on security, including human security broadly conceived, and the role that globalization plays in the world\\&\\#39;s new and ever-evolving security environment.While more books on globalization are becoming available, none focus on the impact of globalism on security-related issues as this set does. Drawing on the expertise of specialists from many disciplines and nations, Globalization and Security directly addresses the needs of one of the fastest-growing areas of study, the intersection of globalization and security worldwide.},
language = {en},
publisher = {Bloomsbury Publishing USA},
author = {Fagan, G. Honor and Munck, Ronaldo},
month = oct,
year = {2009},
note = {Google-Books-ID: 4EXPEAAAQBAJ},
keywords = {Political Science / Globalization, Political Science / International Relations / General, Political Science / Security (National \\& International)},
}
@misc{consensys_software_inc_uport_2013,
title = {{uPort}. {Decentralized} {Identity} for {All}},
url = {<https://web.archive.org/web/20130807215726/http://uport.me/>},
urldate = {2024-07-21},
author = {{Consensys Software Inc.}},
month = aug,
year = {2013},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/ZBY9ZAEY/uport.me.html:text/html},
}
@article{sanders_fight_2002,
title = {The fight against fiscal colonialism: {The} {OECD} and small jurisdictions},
volume = {91},
issn = {0035-8533},
shorttitle = {The fight against fiscal colonialism},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1080/0035853022000010317>},
doi = {10.1080/0035853022000010317},
abstract = {The twenty-first century unfolded to a strong belief in small states that the world was returning to a system of governance based on power and force rather than fairness and justice. This belief was re-enforced by the actions of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in launching its 'Harmful Tax Competition Initiative' in the late 1990s under which it targeted 41 small jurisdictions, mostly in the Caribbean and the Pacific, characterizing them as havens for 'tax cheats' and demanding that they comply with rules, unilaterally established by the OECD, to change their systems of taxation and tax administration or face sanctions from its thirty rich and powerful member states. For three years, between 1999 and 2001, thirty-five of the small jurisdictions resisted the OECD, describing the organization's tactics as dictatorial and bullying. The OECD eventually modified its Initiative but only after the intervention of the new US Republican administration of George W. Bush came to office in January 2001. The atrocities of September 11th in the United States subsequently caused the US Treasury Department to soften its opposition to the Initiative as it launched a world-wide seasrch for terrorist financing, most of which was found in OECD countries. In an atmosphere of profound bitterness, all of the small jurisdictions eventually complied with the OECD's demands on the condition that the OECD would establish a level playing field between its member states and non-OECD jurisdictions in cross border tax matters. It remains to be seen whether this commitment will be honoured. What is certain is that the principle of multilateralism was dealt a massive blow by the OECD's failure to consult meaningfully with smaller jurisdictions, and undesirable precedents may have been set not only for the future of international tax setting and compliance but for internationalism itself.},
number = {365},
urldate = {2024-07-21},
journal = {The Round Table},
author = {Sanders, Ronald},
month = jul,
year = {2002},
note = {Publisher: Routledge
\\_eprint: <https://doi.org/10.1080/0035853022000010317>},
keywords = {Caribbean Countries, Cross Border Tax Matters, Global Financial Services Sector, Harmful Tax Competition Initiative, Oecd, Small Jurisdictions},
pages = {325--348},
}
@article{ogle_funk_2020,
title = {‘{Funk} {Money}’: {The} {End} of {Empires}, {The} {Expansion} of {Tax} {Havens}, and {Decolonization} as an {Economic} and {Financial} {Event}*},
volume = {249},
issn = {0031-2746},
shorttitle = {‘{Funk} {Money}’},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtaa001>},
doi = {10.1093/pastj/gtaa001},
abstract = {This article explores the question of what happened to European assets in the process of decolonization. It argues that decolonization created a money panic of sorts that led white settlers, businessmen, and officials to seek to liquidate assets they owned and move funds out of the colonial world. Instead of being repatriated to metropolitan countries with high tax rates and exchange controls, money moved to tax havens. Decolonization thus provided an important share of early postwar tax haven business in a period when tax havens and offshore finance expanded during the 1950s and 1960s. In turn, the withdrawal of Euro-American investments from the decolonizing world set the stage for the politics of development and modernization in the coming decades. Ironically, the outflow of funds during decolonization and the subsequent return of some funds in restructured form as investments by multinational and other companies soon caused difficulties in newly independent developing countries. Companies soon found ways to rebook profits to have occurred in a tax haven rather than in the developing world, thus depriving low-income countries from tax revenue. The withdrawal of Euro-American investments from the colonial world during decolonization moreover had implications for the growth of portfolio investment, as funds removed from colonies were often invested through a tax haven onwards in US securities. All in all, decolonization was an economic and financial event that is only beginning to emerge in full detail.},
number = {1},
urldate = {2024-07-21},
journal = {Past \\& Present},
author = {Ogle, Vanessa},
month = nov,
year = {2020},
pages = {213--249},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/8U3RF6F8/5896119.html:text/html},
}
@article{briguglio_updating_2003,
title = {Updating the economic vulnerability index},
author = {Briguglio, Lino and Galea, Waldemar},
month = jan,
year = {2003},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/FM2CWFJN/Briguglio and Galea - 2003 - Updating the economic vulnerability index.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{noauthor_onchain_nodate,
title = {Onchain {Organizations} {\\textbar} {From} {DAOs} to {Network} {States}},
url = {<https://paragraph.xyz/@ooa/mapping-the-spectrum-of-onchain-organizations>},
urldate = {2024-07-23},
}
@article{liu_technology_2021,
title = {From {Technology} to {Society}: {An} {Overview} of {Blockchain}-{Based} {DAO}},
volume = {2},
issn = {2644-1268},
shorttitle = {From {Technology} to {Society}},
url = {<https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9403889>},
doi = {10.1109/OJCS.2021.3072661},
abstract = {Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) is believed to play a significant role in our future society governed in a decentralized way. In this article, we first explain the definitions and preliminaries of DAO. Then, we conduct a literature review of the existing studies of DAO published in the recent few years. Through the literature review, we find out that a comprehensive survey towards the state-of-the-art studies of DAO is still missing. To fill this gap, we perform such an overview by identifying and classifying the most valuable proposals and perspectives closely related to the combination of DAO and blockchain technologies. We anticipate that this survey can help researchers, engineers, and educators acknowledge the cutting-edge development of blockchain-related DAO technologies.},
urldate = {2024-07-25},
journal = {IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society},
author = {Liu, Lu and Zhou, Sicong and Huang, Huawei and Zheng, Zibin},
year = {2021},
note = {Conference Name: IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society},
keywords = {DAO, Security, Bitcoin, Blockchain, governance, Blockchains, Computer hacking, contracts, Databases, fault tolerant system, Fault tolerant systems, Organizations},
pages = {204--215},
file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/BK3EQRN3/9403889.html:text/html;IEEE Xplore Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/LR888FCW/Liu et al. - 2021 - From Technology to Society An Overview of Blockch.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{noauthor_pseudonymous_nodate,
title = {Pseudonymous {Decentralised} {Reputation} {System} {\\textbar} {IEEE} {Conference} {Publication} {\\textbar} {IEEE} {Xplore}},
url = {<https://ieeexplore-ieee-org.ejournals.um.edu.mt/document/10335003>},
urldate = {2024-08-01},
}
@inproceedings{nalini_pseudonymous_2023,
title = {Pseudonymous {Decentralised} {Reputation} {System}},
url = {<https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10335003>},
doi = {10.1109/ICSCC59169.2023.10335003},
abstract = {In this paper, we propose a novel pseudonymous decentralized reputation system that aims to establish trust within decentralized networks. The system allows users to maintain pseudonymous identities while ensuring their reputation scores are transparent, trustworthy, and resistant to manipulation. We review existing reputation systems and discuss their limitations. Our proposed system incorporates cryptographic techniques, a consensus algorithm, and distributed data storage to ensure data integrity, privacy, and scalability, specifically designed for the Decentralized Finance (DeFi) ecosystem. We present an implementation of our system, focusing on its application in DeFi platforms, and evaluate its performance against various attack vectors. Finally, we discuss the implications of our system on decentralized financial applications, such as lending and borrowing protocols, and future research directions. Lastly, we explore the broader implications of our decentralized reputation system for the DeFi ecosystem, identifying potential applications in areas such as decentralized exchanges, insurance, and asset management.},
urldate = {2024-08-01},
booktitle = {2023 9th {International} {Conference} on {Smart} {Computing} and {Communications} ({ICSCC})},
author = {Nalini, N and Kumar, Anshul and Sharma, Megha and Sil, Aniruddha and Khan, Womika},
month = aug,
year = {2023},
keywords = {blockchain, Ecosystems, Scalability, Decentralized Finance (DeFi), Finance, Industries, Insurance, Memory, pseudonymous decentralized reputation system, Resistance},
pages = {682--687},
file = {IEEE Xplore Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/YL8VQ4BU/Nalini et al. - 2023 - Pseudonymous Decentralised Reputation System.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{hasan_incorporating_2022,
title = {Incorporating {Registration}, {Reputation}, and {Incentivization} {Into} the {NFT} {Ecosystem}},
volume = {10},
issn = {2169-3536},
url = {<https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9832869>},
doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3192388},
abstract = {Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) have recently received immense popularity in the digital art industry. An NFT represents ownership of a unique item that is stored on the blockchain and cannot be changed, replaced, and copied. The current NFT ecosystem falls short in trust features and is prone to illegitimate users, threats, and vulnerabilities. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based solution for the NFT ecosystem that incorporates registration of the participating actors, involves a decentralized reputation system, provides incentives to its users through rewards, and penalizes misconduct. Our system design is built to ensure trust and credibility in the NFT ecosystem. The proposed solution leverages blockchain’s intrinsic security features such as transparency, tamper-proof logs, data integrity, accountability, and non-repudiation. We use the decentralized storage of the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) to store the NFTs’ metadata, whereas their hash is stored on the chain. We present algorithms along with their implementation, testing, and validation details. We demonstrate how our solution, as well as smart contract code, is secure enough against common security threats and attacks. We make our smart contract code publicly available on the GitHub repository.},
urldate = {2024-08-01},
journal = {IEEE Access},
author = {Hasan, Haya R. and Salah, Khaled and Battah, Ammar and Madine, Mohammad and Yaqoob, Ibrar and Jayaraman, Raja and Omar, Mohammed},
year = {2022},
note = {Conference Name: IEEE Access},
keywords = {Security, trust, security, blockchain, Ethereum, Ecosystems, smart contracts, Smart contracts, Codes, incentives, IPFS, Metadata, NFTM, NFTs, Nonfungible tokens, reputation, staking, Standards},
pages = {76416--76433},
file = {IEEE Xplore Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/7RTSBQRT/Hasan et al. - 2022 - Incorporating Registration, Reputation, and Incent.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{gogol_sok_2024,
title = {{SoK}: {Liquid} {Staking} {Tokens} ({LSTs})},
shorttitle = {{SoK}},
url = {<http://arxiv.org/abs/2404.00644>},
doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2404.00644},
abstract = {Liquid Staking Tokens (LSTs) function as tokenized representations of staked native assets while also accruing staking rewards. They emerged as a preferred method of staking within Proof of Stake (PoS) blockchains, owing to their ease of use and tradability. In this Systematization of Knowledge (SoK), we establish a general framework describing the design choices and protocols underlying liquid staking. We then employ the framework to systematically compare the top LST implementations, examining their node operator selection, validator operations, and staking rewards distribution models. We further discuss security concerns associated with liquid staking, its implications for PoS blockchain security, and Distributed Validator technology (DVT) as a potential solution. Finally, we empirically analyze LSTs' performance and find that the design choices and market events affect peg stability; particularly, LSTs with centralized governance and operations are more efficient in tracking staking rewards.},
urldate = {2024-08-01},
publisher = {arXiv},
author = {Gogol, Krzysztof and Velner, Yaron and Kraner, Benjamin and Tessone, Claudio},
month = mar,
year = {2024},
note = {arXiv:2404.00644 [cs]},
keywords = {Computer Science - Cryptography and Security},
file = {arXiv Fulltext PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/HSAGAFRK/Gogol et al. - 2024 - SoK Liquid Staking Tokens (LSTs).pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/CMVA2NT5/2404.html:text/html},
}
@incollection{calcaterra_reputation_2020,
address = {Singapore},
title = {Reputation {Protocol} for the {Internet} of {Trust}},
isbn = {9789811513503},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1350-3_8>},
abstract = {InternetInternet-based platform businesses outcompete traditional brick and mortar business on nearly all measures of comparison. Similarly, distributed ledger technology (DLT)Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)businesses depend on the InternetInternetand show a lot of promise in multiple business verticals. Yet, InternetInternet-based platform businesses and DLTDistributed Ledger Technology (DLT)businesses have not reached their full potential. Multiple studies, dataData, and anecdotal evidence suggest that one core factor that undermines their evolution is the worldwide decreasing trustTrustin the InternetInternetand under-developed trustTrustin decentralized technology solutions. Semada and the Semada Research Institute (SRI)Semada Research Institute (SRI)believe that a decentralized reputationReputationnetwork can reverse that trend to increase trustTrustin the InternetInternetand increase decentralized technology adoption. We call this solution the Semada InternetInternetof TrustTrust—a network that uniquely captures real world information, context, and value in cryptographic transactions generating transparently validated consensus on truth. Through the creation of unconscious and conscious trustTrustin decentralized networks adoption becomes a desirable outcome and increases. Semada is a unique blockchainBlockchainplatform well suited for the decentralized web. Semada’s core architecture continually resolves the blockchainBlockchaintrilemma by combining: (i) decentralization; (ii) scale, and; (iii) security. Semada’s version of proof-of-stake—a.k.a. the Anchor ProtocolProtocol—is a unique consensus algorithmAlgorithmthat enables block propagation through reputationReputationstaking and verification. Through its Sockpuppet ProtocolProtocol, Semada is resilient to deceptive fake InternetInternetidentities, so-called sockpuppet accounts, and 51\\% attacks. Through its Persona ProtocolProtocol, Semada facilitates digital sovereignty, self-sovereign identity, privacyPrivacy, security and decentralized reputationReputation. TrustTrustenabling reputationReputationcan only be earned over time on the Semada network. The Semada InternetInternetof TrustTrustcreates a framework of trustTrustthrough reputationReputationand incentive optimization that enables market conditions for unprecedented business models and market capitalization while reducing adverse selection and moral hazards for transacting parties. The network will provide information symmetry while reducing transaction costs for market participants. Businesses will leverage the platform to achieve efficiencies across verticals.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-08-01},
booktitle = {Legal {Tech} and the {New} {Sharing} {Economy}},
publisher = {Springer},
author = {Calcaterra, Craig and Kaal, Wulf A.},
editor = {Corrales Compagnucci, Marcelo and Forgó, Nikolaus and Kono, Toshiyuki and Teramoto, Shinto and Vermeulen, Erik P. M.},
year = {2020},
doi = {10.1007/978-981-15-1350-3_8},
pages = {155--179},
}
@inproceedings{zhang_case_2021,
address = {Singapore},
title = {A {Case} {Study} for {Blockchain} in {OTC}: “{BATN}”: {A} {Prototype} for {Bid} and {Ask} {Trading} {Network}},
isbn = {978-981-336-478-3},
shorttitle = {A {Case} {Study} for {Blockchain} in {OTC}},
doi = {10.1007/978-981-33-6478-3_6},
abstract = {With product iteration and emerging market demand, traditional organizations have to look for ways to exchange information and trade options/swaps under trust-less network. In this paper, we propose – “BATN”: a prototype for bid and ask trading network based on Blockchain. We propose a system in which a decentralized network of trading agencies, supervisor institutions and witness nodes can enable public bid/ask, automated risk evaluation, and transparent supervision through a trail of historic trading behavior and smart contracts. Our system decentralizes critical information about alliance governance, authentication and credit evaluation through a verifiable audit trail. We present BATN using Hyperchain through which a consortium of geographically dispersed organizations can operate business, sign e-contracts and report transactions anywhere and anytime. Our prototype makes sure the transaction per second on a decentralized network can meet trading volume in reality. This paper intends to improve business effectiveness for much larger fields through the working prototype and discusses the potential of blockchain for finance IT.},
language = {en},
booktitle = {Blockchain {Technology} and {Application}},
publisher = {Springer},
author = {Zhang, Qing and Gao, Jian and Qin, Qiqiang and Yin, Keting},
editor = {Xu, Ke and Zhu, Jianming and Song, Xianhua and Lu, Zeguang},
year = {2021},
pages = {82--94},
}
@article{deshpande_permissioned_2020,
title = {Permissioned blockchain based public procurement system},
volume = {1706},
copyright = {<http://iopscience.iop.org/info/page/text-and-data-mining>},
issn = {1742-6588, 1742-6596},
url = {<https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1706/1/012157>},
doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/1706/1/012157},
abstract = {Hundreds of public procurement projects are undertaken every day all over the country. The tenders for these projects are given to the winning contractor in an auction-like setting which have massive security issues. After a contractor wins a tender, the specifics of the progress of the work done are rarely properly monitored. The details of the finances spent on the project can be easily manipulated. To enable integrity, non-repudiation and immutability to the data requires the desirable technology to support the above requirements. Hence, the proposed system uses blockchain technology to provide transparency and trust to all parties involved in the network. The entire system consists of two modules such as the Tender Bidding system and Tender Monitoring system using a multi-organization blockchain network in the Hyperledger Fabric. The whole bidding process is improved by creating a decentralized descending auction system that will carry it out fairly and transparently. The Tender Monitoring system employs a custom endorsement policy to attain 100\\% consensus for attesting every transaction made regarding the progress of the project so that vital steps are ratified and recorded with evidence supporting their integrity. The main aspects of the system, its many components, deployment and drawbacks are viewed.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-08-01},
journal = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
author = {Deshpande, J J and Gowda, M and Dixit, M and Khubbar, M S and Jayasri, B S and Lokesh, S},
month = dec,
year = {2020},
pages = {012157},
file = {Deshpande et al. - 2020 - Permissioned blockchain based public procurement s.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/ZDAV64UD/Deshpande et al. - 2020 - Permissioned blockchain based public procurement s.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{deshpande_permissioned_2020-1,
title = {Permissioned blockchain based public procurement system},
volume = {1706},
copyright = {<http://iopscience.iop.org/info/page/text-and-data-mining>},
issn = {1742-6588, 1742-6596},
url = {<https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1706/1/012157>},
doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/1706/1/012157},
abstract = {Hundreds of public procurement projects are undertaken every day all over the country. The tenders for these projects are given to the winning contractor in an auction-like setting which have massive security issues. After a contractor wins a tender, the specifics of the progress of the work done are rarely properly monitored. The details of the finances spent on the project can be easily manipulated. To enable integrity, non-repudiation and immutability to the data requires the desirable technology to support the above requirements. Hence, the proposed system uses blockchain technology to provide transparency and trust to all parties involved in the network. The entire system consists of two modules such as the Tender Bidding system and Tender Monitoring system using a multi-organization blockchain network in the Hyperledger Fabric. The whole bidding process is improved by creating a decentralized descending auction system that will carry it out fairly and transparently. The Tender Monitoring system employs a custom endorsement policy to attain 100\\% consensus for attesting every transaction made regarding the progress of the project so that vital steps are ratified and recorded with evidence supporting their integrity. The main aspects of the system, its many components, deployment and drawbacks are viewed.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-08-01},
journal = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
author = {Deshpande, J J and Gowda, M and Dixit, M and Khubbar, M S and Jayasri, B S and Lokesh, S},
month = dec,
year = {2020},
pages = {012157},
file = {Deshpande et al. - 2020 - Permissioned blockchain based public procurement s.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/5RT6JMW4/Deshpande et al. - 2020 - Permissioned blockchain based public procurement s.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{deshpande_permissioned_2020-2,
title = {Permissioned blockchain based public procurement system},
volume = {1706},
issn = {1742-6596},
url = {<https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1706/1/012157>},
doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/1706/1/012157},
abstract = {Hundreds of public procurement projects are undertaken every day all over the country. The tenders for these projects are given to the winning contractor in an auction-like setting which have massive security issues. After a contractor wins a tender, the specifics of the progress of the work done are rarely properly monitored. The details of the finances spent on the project can be easily manipulated. To enable integrity, non-repudiation and immutability to the data requires the desirable technology to support the above requirements. Hence, the proposed system uses blockchain technology to provide transparency and trust to all parties involved in the network. The entire system consists of two modules such as the Tender Bidding system and Tender Monitoring system using a multi-organization blockchain network in the Hyperledger Fabric. The whole bidding process is improved by creating a decentralized descending auction system that will carry it out fairly and transparently. The Tender Monitoring system employs a custom endorsement policy to attain 100\\% consensus for attesting every transaction made regarding the progress of the project so that vital steps are ratified and recorded with evidence supporting their integrity. The main aspects of the system, its many components, deployment and drawbacks are viewed.},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2024-08-01},
journal = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
author = {Deshpande, J. J. and Gowda, M. and Dixit, M. and Khubbar, M. S. and Jayasri, B. S. and Lokesh, S.},
month = dec,
year = {2020},
note = {Publisher: IOP Publishing},
pages = {012157},
file = {IOP Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/6MW637K9/Deshpande et al. - 2020 - Permissioned blockchain based public procurement s.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{omar_automating_2021,
title = {Automating {Procurement} {Contracts} in the {Healthcare} {Supply} {Chain} {Using} {Blockchain} {Smart} {Contracts}},
volume = {9},
issn = {2169-3536},
url = {<https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9363880/?arnumber=9363880>},
doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3062471},
abstract = {Effectively managing the healthcare supply chain (HCSC) process is crucial for healthcare providers not only during pandemics such as COVID-19 but also in their normal operations. Despite significant advances in new technologies and treatment options providers still suffer from poor procurement, ordering, forecasting, and distribution practices. Group Purchasing Organizations (GPOs) are an important stakeholder in HCSC and benefit providers with cost savings, volume discounts, and vendor selection. However, the current GPO contract process is time-consuming and lacks efficiency. Hence, our proposed solution integrates blockchain technology and decentralized storage to promote transparency, streamlines communication with stakeholders, and minimize the procurement timeline while avoiding pricing discrepancies and inaccuracies. Our solution connects all the stakeholders such as manufacturer, GPO, distributor, and provider using Ethereum network. In this paper, we propose a blockchain solution using smart contracts to automate the GPO contract process. We propose a generic framework for contracting process in the HCSC with detailed algorithms depicting various interactions among HCSC stakeholders. The smart contract code was developed and tested using Remix IDE and the code is publicly shared via Github. We discuss various security risks and present detailed cost analysis of various transactions incurred by the stakeholders. Our analysis demonstrates that the proposed blockchain-based solution is economically feasible as only a minimal transaction fee is expended by the stakeholders in the distributed network.},
urldate = {2024-08-01},
journal = {IEEE Access},
author = {Omar, Ilhaam A. and Jayaraman, Raja and Debe, Mazin S. and Salah, Khaled and Yaqoob, Ibrar and Omar, Mohammed},
year = {2021},
note = {Conference Name: IEEE Access},
keywords = {Blockchain, Ethereum, Procurement, Vaccines, blockchain applications, Contracts, group purchasing organizations, healthcare supply chain, Medical services, security analysis, Stakeholders, Supply chains},
pages = {37397--37409},
file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/XETW66CW/9363880.html:text/html;IEEE Xplore Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/H7JGLACH/Omar et al. - 2021 - Automating Procurement Contracts in the Healthcare.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{perera_blockchain_2021,
title = {Blockchain: {The} {Next} {Stage} of {Digital} {Procurement} in {Construction}},
shorttitle = {Blockchain},
doi = {10.20935/AL119},
abstract = {Construction procurement is a process that enables clients to obtain goods and services for construction work. This process should be fair, transparent, competitive, and cost-effective in order to deliver value for money. However, construction procurement processes are complex, time-consuming and sometimes lead to disputes with significant expenses involving middlemen. Large volumes of data are generated in procurement activities, which are challenging to capture, store, process and transmit via traditional construction procurement methods, causing inefficiencies, errors, and reduced trust. Traditional procurement systems rely heavily on contracts that are adversarial and require third party administration, with lowest bid appointment practices jeopardising built asset quality. Several of these challenges of paper-based procurement can be mitigated by introducing digital technologies.
e-Procurement or digital procurement is a paramount function of present supply chains in any domain. Services covered by e-procurement include indent management, e-tendering, e-auctioning, supplier management, catalogue management, e-purchasing, and e-contract management. e-Procurement can be categorised into distinct eras. The first era, in the 1980s, used digital storage media and emails to transfer procurement-related documents. In the second era, which was web-based e-procurement in the 1990s, suppliers communicated directly with the client’s e-procurement portal. The third era involved cloud computing and system-to-system inter-communication in the 2000s. In the third era, standardised application processes enabled supplier’s systems to communicate directly with client’s systems, thereby eliminating human errors, increasing cost savings, accuracy, and performance. However, low trust on traditional systems on cloud environments is a challenge to fully employ digital technologies for procurement. Furthermore, there are currently no unified systems to support all construction procurement processes and data exchanges and connect the varied stakeholders in the procurement process including manufacturers, suppliers, contractors, clients, and others on one platform.
Building Information Modelling (BIM) improves the exchanging and managing of information and enhances communication and collaboration among stakeholders of a project. BIM is most frequently used in the design stage for clash detection, 3D modelling, constructability analysis and cost estimation, but has been unable to impact and solve issues related to procurement in the construction supply chains.
Blockchain technology is a disruptive technology that has impacted multiple industries and presents a great potential to solve issues in the construction industry, including the reduction of existing gaps in digitalisation of construction procurement. The following two sections discuss the concept of blockchain technology and its features. Subsequently, potential applications of blockchain in construction procurement are presented, followed by the conclusion of the paper.},
author = {Perera, Srinath and Nanayakkara, Samudaya and Weerasuriya, Thilini},
month = jan,
year = {2021},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/FPHX43UM/Perera et al. - 2021 - Blockchain The Next Stage of Digital Procurement .pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{technological_university_of_the_philippines_philippines_blockchain-based_2019,
title = {Blockchain-based {System} {Evaluation}: {The} {Effectiveness} of {Blockchain} on {E}-{Procurements}},
issn = {22783091},
shorttitle = {Blockchain-based {System} {Evaluation}},
url = {<http://www.warse.org/IJATCSE/static/pdf/file/ijatcse122852019.pdf>},
doi = {10.30534/ijatcse/2019/122852019},
abstract = {Electronic systems tend to simplify the tedious traditional scheme and basically focuses on the platform design and process organization. The integrity of the output of an automated system is not left behind but the possibility of internal manipulation is still high. This paper presents the current issues in company procurements and the solution in the form of blockchain technology. Several individuals and professionals were asked to evaluate a blockchain-based procurement system in comparison to the current electronic (e-procurement) system. A blockchain-based system has the capability to hold transactional data with complete decentralization and eliminate the growing number of fraud cases in companies and organizations. This paper mainly focuses on the effectiveness of a blockchain-based system in company procurements.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-08-01},
journal = {International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering},
author = {{Technological University of the Philippines, Philippines} and Thio-ac, August},
month = oct,
year = {2019},
pages = {2673--2676},
file = {Technological University of the Philippines, Philippines and Thio-ac - 2019 - Blockchain-based System Evaluation The Effectiven.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/8YHER5PF/Technological University of the Philippines, Philippines and Thio-ac - 2019 - Blockchain-based System Evaluation The Effectiven.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{deshpande_permissioned_2020-3,
title = {Permissioned blockchain based public procurement system},
volume = {1706},
issn = {1742-6596},
url = {<https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1706/1/012157>},
doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/1706/1/012157},
abstract = {Hundreds of public procurement projects are undertaken every day all over the country. The tenders for these projects are given to the winning contractor in an auction-like setting which have massive security issues. After a contractor wins a tender, the specifics of the progress of the work done are rarely properly monitored. The details of the finances spent on the project can be easily manipulated. To enable integrity, non-repudiation and immutability to the data requires the desirable technology to support the above requirements. Hence, the proposed system uses blockchain technology to provide transparency and trust to all parties involved in the network. The entire system consists of two modules such as the Tender Bidding system and Tender Monitoring system using a multi-organization blockchain network in the Hyperledger Fabric. The whole bidding process is improved by creating a decentralized descending auction system that will carry it out fairly and transparently. The Tender Monitoring system employs a custom endorsement policy to attain 100\\% consensus for attesting every transaction made regarding the progress of the project so that vital steps are ratified and recorded with evidence supporting their integrity. The main aspects of the system, its many components, deployment and drawbacks are viewed.},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2024-08-01},
journal = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
author = {Deshpande, J. J. and Gowda, M. and Dixit, M. and Khubbar, M. S. and Jayasri, B. S. and Lokesh, S.},
month = dec,
year = {2020},
note = {Publisher: IOP Publishing},
pages = {012157},
file = {IOP Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/9GF3QHD6/Deshpande et al. - 2020 - Permissioned blockchain based public procurement s.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{koutsoupakis_asset-backed_2020,
title = {Asset-{Backed} {Tokens} of {Guarantees} of {Origin} from {Renewable} {Energy} {Sources}},
issn = {1556-5068},
url = {<https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3674807>},
doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3674807},
abstract = {With a focus on the guarantees of origin certificates market, we describe the financial aspects of originating Asset-Backed Tokens in efectively mobilizing funds to sustainable infrastructure investments. As economic disintermediation challenges energy regulation, it is of great significance to propose a blockchain-based market design whereby savings kept in decentralized e-wallets can be directly linked to energy consumption from renewable sources via IOU cryptocurrencies while producers raise capital at lower cost. These ABTs resemble to perpetual zero-coupon bonds issued below par. Yet, they are convertible to liquid money due to an embedded American put (soft) option readily settle originator's energy bills at a discount compared to the economy's functional (traditional fiat) currency.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-08-01},
journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
author = {Koutsoupakis, Dimitrios},
year = {2020},
file = {Koutsoupakis - 2020 - Asset-Backed Tokens of Guarantees of Origin from R.pdf:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/JI93EU73/Koutsoupakis - 2020 - Asset-Backed Tokens of Guarantees of Origin from R.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{wuille_bip-32_2012,
title = {{BIP}-32. {Hierarchical} {Deterministic} {Wallets}},
url = {<https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki>},
abstract = {Bitcoin Improvement Proposals. Contribute to bitcoin/bips development by creating an account on GitHub.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-08-02},
author = {Wuille, Pieter},
month = feb,
year = {2012},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/2NZFTIKP/bip-0032.html:text/html},
}
@techreport{guillaumont_economic_2008,
type = {Working {Paper}},
title = {An economic vulnerability index: {Its} design and use for international development policy},
copyright = {<http://www.econstor.eu/dspace/Nutzungsbedingungen>},
shorttitle = {An economic vulnerability index},
url = {<https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/45132>},
abstract = {In response to the need expressed by the UN General Assembly, an economic vulnerability index (EVI) has been defined by the Committee for Development Policy. The present paper, which refers to this index, first examines how a structural economic vulnerability index can be designed for the low-income countries in particular. It recalls the conceptual and empirical grounds of the index, considers the structure of the present EVI, its sensitivity to methodological choices with respect to averaging, as well as related possible improvements, and briefly compares the levels and trends of EVI in various country groups, using a new database from a retrospective EVI. The paper examines how EVI can be used for international development policy, underlining two main purposes: first - the purpose for which EVI was initially designed - is the identification of the least developed countries (LDCs) that are allowed to receive some preferential treatment in aid and trade matters. EVI, in addition to income per capita and human capital, is one of the three complementary criteria a country needs to meet in order to be perceived as a LDC, and consequently it cannot be the sole criterion for countries wishing to avoid exiting the LDC list. And second, EVI is to be used, in addition to other traditional measures, as a criterion for aid allocation between developing countries. We argue that such an inclusion is legitimate for both reasons of effectiveness and equity. The two purposes are presented as complementary.},
language = {eng},
number = {2008/99},
urldate = {2024-08-02},
institution = {WIDER Research Paper},
author = {Guillaumont, Patrick},
year = {2008},
note = {ISBN: 9789292301538},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/Q5B3UF5P/Guillaumont - 2008 - An economic vulnerability index Its design and us.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@book{oecd_handbook_2008,
address = {Paris},
title = {Handbook on {Constructing} {Composite} {Indicators}: {Methodology} and {User} {Guide}},
shorttitle = {Handbook on {Constructing} {Composite} {Indicators}},
url = {<https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/handbook-on-constructing-composite-indicators-methodology-and-user-guide_9789264043466-en>},
abstract = {A guide for constructing and using composite indicators for policy makers, academics, the media and other interested parties. In particular, this handbook is concerned with indicators which compare and rank country performance.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-08-02},
publisher = {Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development},
author = {{OECD}},
year = {2008},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/NWG4M7R6/OECD - 2008 - Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators Met.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{mcbride_sailing_2019,
title = {Sailing {Towards} {Digitalization} {When} {It} {Doesn}’t {Make} {Cents}? {Analysing} the {Faroe} {Islands}’ {New} {Digital} {Governance} {Trajectory}},
volume = {14},
shorttitle = {Sailing {Towards} {Digitalization} {When} {It} {Doesn}’t {Make} {Cents}?},
url = {<https://islandstudiesjournal.org/article/84580>},
doi = {10.24043/isj.93},
abstract = {Talgildu Føroyar is a project-based temporary organization, funded from 2015 through 2020, tasked with spearheading the Faroe Islands’ digital governance movement. As a small, subnational island jurisdiction (SNIJ), the government of the Faroe Islands with its population of 50,000 believes that digitalization will lead to decreased government costs, a reduction in bureaucracy, a more efficient government, and empowered citizens. The objective of this paper is twofold: firstly, to provide an accurate narrative of how the digitalization of the Faroe Islands has unfolded and, secondly, to explore the different beliefs and motivations held by stakeholders that have driven the digitalization of the Faroe Islands. The research is inductive in nature and was conducted following a descriptive case studybased methodology drawing primarily from 23 semi-structured interviews conducted over a three-week field visit to the Faroe Islands and supported by secondary evidence sources such as government policy documents and internal government reports. The paper outlines the primary barriers facing digitalization in the Faroe Islands, and finds that while digitalization is unlikely to be cost effective, it does have the potential to provide other tangible benefits such as a revitalized ICT sector.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2024-08-08},
journal = {Island Studies Journal},
author = {McBride, Keegan},
month = nov,
year = {2019},
note = {Publisher: Beewolf Press Limited},
pages = {193--214},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/M9ZL5HUR/McBride - 2019 - Sailing Towards Digitalization When It Doesn’t Mak.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@techreport{briguglio_economic_2008,
type = {Working {Paper}},
title = {Economic vulnerability and resilience concepts and measurements},
copyright = {<http://www.econstor.eu/dspace/Nutzungsbedingungen>},
url = {<https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/45146>},
abstract = {In this paper, economic vulnerability is defined as the exposure of an economy to exogenous shocks, arising out of economic openness, while economic resilience is defined as the policy-induced ability of an economy to withstand or recover from the effects of such shocks. The paper briefly reviews the work already carried out on economic vulnerability and extends the research towards the development of a conceptual and methodological framework for the definition and measurement of economic resilience. Towards this end, the paper proposes an index of economic resilience gauging the adequacy of policy in four broad areas, namely macroeconomic stability, microeconomic market efficiency, good governance and social development.},
language = {eng},
number = {2008/55},
urldate = {2024-08-08},
institution = {WIDER Research Paper},
author = {Briguglio, Lino and Cordina, Gordon and Farrugia, Nadia and Vella, Stephanie},
year = {2008},
note = {ISBN: 9789292301033},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/UWZ6AIUP/Briguglio et al. - 2008 - Economic vulnerability and resilience concepts and.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{blockworks_inc_grantfarm_2024,
title = {Grantfarm: {Crypto} {Grants} {Directory}},
shorttitle = {Grantfarm},
url = {<https://blockworks.co/grants>},
abstract = {Projects launch grant programs to reward teams and individuals to build in their ecosystem. Blockworks is compiling a real-time directory list of all grants, RFPs, and Bug Bounties. Apply here for available crypto grant programs.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-08-09},
journal = {Blockworks},
author = {{Blockworks Inc.}},
month = aug,
year = {2024},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/RPLD58NF/grants.html:text/html},
}
@article{sugimori_toyota_1977,
title = {Toyota production system and {Kanban} system {Materialization} of just-in-time and respect-for-human system},
volume = {15},
issn = {0020-7543, 1366-588X},
url = {<https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00207547708943149>},
doi = {10.1080/00207547708943149},
language = {en},
number = {6},
urldate = {2024-08-09},
journal = {International Journal of Production Research},
author = {Sugimori, Y. and Kusunoki, K. and Cho, F. and Uchikawa, S.},
month = jan,
year = {1977},
pages = {553--564},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/ADS9ZSA2/Sugimori et al. - 1977 - Toyota production system and Kanban system Materia.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@incollection{potts_chapter_2019,
title = {Chapter 6: {Web3} and the creative industries: how blockchains are reshaping business models},
isbn = {978-1-78811-858-3},
shorttitle = {Chapter 6},
url = {<https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollchap/edcoll/9781788118576/9781788118576.00013.xml>},
abstract = {Web3, underpinned by blockchain technology, is an evolution of digital infrastructure, whereby protocol facilitates the direct exchange of value between users, removing the need for trusted intermediaries. Existing blockchain experiments seek to create artist-centric business models, dismantling agency-centred business models that brokered and organised connections between artists and their fans or buyers. By enabling the automation of the value components, including payments, licensing and intellectual property management, contracting and governance, digital content storage and access, blockchain technology also enables new ‘value-based economics’ in which artists set the terms of their market participation. In this chapter, we outline emerging models and discuss some implications for creative industries research. Blockchain technology is currently being experimentally adopted into creative industries in order to improve transparency along supply chains, to lower costs of distribution by creating more direct platforms to connect artists and fans, and to improve handling of intellectual property and licensing arrangements, metadata, royalties and payments. We discuss case studies from music (Ujo Music and dotblockchain), visual arts (dada.nyc), and story-telling (Cellarius).},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-08-09},
author = {Potts, Jason and Rennie, Ellie},
month = sep,
year = {2019},
note = {Section: A Research Agenda for Creative Industries},
}
@article{allen_exchange_2023,
title = {The exchange theory of web3 governance},
volume = {76},
issn = {1467-6435},
url = {<https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/kykl.12345>},
doi = {10.1111/kykl.12345},
abstract = {Blockchains have enabled innovation in distributed economic institutions, such as money (e.g., cryptocurrencies) and markets (e.g., decentralised exchanges), but also innovations in distributed gover...},
language = {en},
number = {4},
urldate = {2024-08-09},
journal = {Kyklos},
author = {Allen, Darcy W. E. and Berg, Chris and Lane, Aaron M. and MacDonald, Trent and Potts, Jason},
month = nov,
year = {2023},
note = {Publisher: John Wiley \\& Sons, Ltd},
pages = {659--675},
}
@article{allen_exchange_2023-1,
title = {The exchange theory of web3 governance},
volume = {76},
issn = {1467-6435},
url = {<https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/kykl.12345>},
doi = {10.1111/kykl.12345},
abstract = {Blockchains have enabled innovation in distributed economic institutions, such as money (e.g., cryptocurrencies) and markets (e.g., decentralised exchanges), but also innovations in distributed governance, such as decentralised autonomous organisations. These innovations have generated academic interest in studying web3 governance, but as yet there is no general theory of web3 governance. In this paper, we draw on the contrast between a ‘romantic view’ of governance (characterised by consensus through community voting) and the ‘exchange view’ of governance from public choice theory (characterised by an entrepreneurial process of bargaining and exchange of voters under uncertainty). Our analysis is the first to argue that the latter ‘exchange view’ of governance is best to understand the dynamics of governance innovation in web3, providing the foundations for a new general theory of governance in this frontier field. We apply the ‘exchange view’ of governance to three case studies (Curve, Lido and Metagov), exploring how these projects enable pseudonymous, composable and permissionless governance processes to reveal value. Our approach helps illuminate how this emergent polycentric governance process can generate robustness in decentralised systems.},
language = {en},
number = {4},
urldate = {2024-08-09},
journal = {Kyklos},
author = {Allen, Darcy W. E. and Berg, Chris and Lane, Aaron M. and MacDonald, Trent and Potts, Jason},
year = {2023},
note = {\\_eprint: <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/kykl.12345>},
pages = {659--675},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/W5XPRVBN/kykl.html:text/html},
}
@incollection{dupont_prelims_2024,
series = {Research in the {Sociology} of {Organizations}},
title = {Prelims},
volume = {89},
isbn = {978-1-83549-600-8 978-1-83549-601-5},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1108/S0733-558X20240000089020>},
urldate = {2024-08-09},
booktitle = {Defining {Web3}: {A} {Guide} to the {New} {Cultural} {Economy}},
publisher = {Emerald Publishing Limited},
editor = {DuPont, Quinn and Kavanagh, Donncha and Dylan-Ennis, Paul},
month = jan,
year = {2024},
doi = {10.1108/S0733-558X20240000089020},
pages = {i--xix},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/6X4YBGLU/DuPont et al. - 2024 - Prelims.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{noauthor_retro_nodate,
title = {Retro {Funding}},
url = {<https://retrofunding.optimism.io>},
abstract = {Applications are now open for Round 4: Onchain Builders},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-08-09},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/NGT7VVAY/retrofunding.optimism.io.html:text/html},
}
@misc{optimism_collective_op_nodate,
title = {{OP} {Mainnet} is {Ethereum}, scaled.},
url = {<https://app.optimism.io/retropgf>},
abstract = {OP Mainnet is a low-cost and lightning-fast layer 2 blockchain. Scale Ethereum and sustainably fund public goods.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-08-09},
author = {{Optimism Collective}},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/UW6IP59M/retropgf.html:text/html},
}
@misc{the_optimism_collective_850m_2024,
title = {{850M} {OP} {Dedicated} to the {Evolution} of {Retro} {Funding}},
url = {<https://optimism.mirror.xyz/nz5II2tucf3k8tJ76O6HWwvidLB6TLQXszmMnlnhxWU>},
abstract = {At its core, Retroactive Public Goods Funding (Retro Funding) embodies a vision of collaboration and collective success.},
urldate = {2024-08-09},
author = {{The Optimism Collective}},
month = mar,
year = {2024},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/9XA52LPR/nz5II2tucf3k8tJ76O6HWwvidLB6TLQXszmMnlnhxWU.html:text/html},
}
@misc{the_optimism_collective_what_2024,
title = {What is the {Optimism} {Collective}? {Get} a {Grant}},
url = {<https://community.optimism.io/docs/governance/get-a-grant.html>},
abstract = {There are two main types of grants that the Optimism Collective supports builders with: Retroactive Public Goods Funding (Retro Funding), which are retroactive grants based on the},
language = {en-US},
urldate = {2024-08-09},
journal = {Optimism Docs},
author = {{The Optimism Collective}},
month = jul,
year = {2024},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/ELW8RWUL/get-a-grant.html:text/html},
}
@article{labuschagne_qualitative_2003,
title = {Qualitative {Research} - {Airy} {Fairy} or {Fundamental}?},
volume = {8},
doi = {10.46743/2160-3715/2003.1901},
abstract = {For many scientists used to doing quantitative studies the whole concept of qualitative research is unclear, almost foreign, or 'airy fairy' - not ' real' research. Clinical scientists sometimes find it difficult to accept this research method where the generation of hypotheses often replaces the testing thereof, explanation replaces measurement, and understanding replaces generalisability. Since qualitative research is becoming a prominent tool in medical research, it will be worthwhile to have a closer look at what it is and how it works.},
journal = {The Qualitative Report},
author = {Labuschagne, Adri},
month = jan,
year = {2003},
pages = {100--103},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/S6P72SR3/Labuschagne - 2003 - Qualitative Research - Airy Fairy or Fundamental.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{wild_diary_2010,
title = {A diary study of information needs and document usage in the engineering domain},
volume = {31},
issn = {0142-694X},
url = {<https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142694X09000477>},
doi = {10.1016/j.destud.2009.06.002},
abstract = {Engineering design, despite its technical mechanical and mathematical foundations, is heavily informational. Many authors have used information as the focus of their research; in contrast, our study examined both information needs and document usage by engineers. After reviewing the design decisions behind the diary study; we report on the analysis of the data. We also used the data to generate new ‘document use’ scenarios, and ‘proof of concept’ test of a related software system. As with all research methods, diary studies have a number of strengths and weaknesses so we also provide some reflections on the use of diary studies as a method for examining the engineer's use of documents in the engineering domain.},
number = {1},
urldate = {2024-08-09},
journal = {Design Studies},
author = {Wild, Peter J. and McMahon, Chris and Darlington, Mansur and Liu, Shaofeng and Culley, Steve},
month = jan,
year = {2010},
keywords = {design studies, engineering design, information design, research methods},
pages = {46--73},
file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/JTY3KUQW/S0142694X09000477.html:text/html},
}
@article{adekunle_critical_2022,
title = {A {Critical} {Review} of {Maturity} {Model} {Development} in the {Digitisation} {Era}},
volume = {12},
copyright = {<http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/>},
issn = {2075-5309},
url = {<https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/12/6/858>},
doi = {10.3390/buildings12060858},
abstract = {Maturity models assess the prevailing capability level and proffer the necessary capabilities for effective adoption in a systematic roadmap. This is considered essential to achieve diffusion of the emerging technologies. The paper provides a guide to maturity model development in the digitisation era. This study adopted scientometrics and meta-synthesis to critically review and provide guidance on maturity model development. Firstly, bibliographic data was collected from the Scopus database and analysed using Scientometrics. Secondly, developed BIM maturity models were critically reviewed. The study identified areas of maturity model deployment and the industries of deployment. It also identified the present areas of deployment of maturity models. The second aspect critically reviewed selected BIM maturity models through stated parameters and outlined the necessary criteria for maturity model development. Maturity model is widely adopted to achieve optimisation and proper assessment in various industries. The study identified the industries where it is deployed and identified the areas of maturity model deployment in the digitisation era. In addition, it was observed that some existing BIM maturity models do not conform to the various requirements expected of a maturity model. The study is unique in the methods adopted to achieve its results. Also, it identified the areas of maturity model deployment. The study is helpful as it provides the criteria for maturity model development hereafter, while also helping BIM users choose among the existing BIM maturity models. The study is crucial for proper maturity model development in the digitisation era.},
language = {en},
number = {6},
urldate = {2024-08-09},
journal = {Buildings},
author = {Adekunle, Samuel Adeniyi and Aigbavboa, Clinton and Ejohwomu, Obuks and Ikuabe, Matthew and Ogunbayo, Babatunde},
month = jun,
year = {2022},
note = {Number: 6
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
keywords = {BIM, construction digitisation, maturity model development, metasynthesis, roadmap, scientometrics},
pages = {858},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/NCSN7CBL/Adekunle et al. - 2022 - A Critical Review of Maturity Model Development in.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@misc{arbitrum_dao_arbitrum_2023,
title = {Arbitrum {Short}-term incentive {Program}},
url = {<https://snapshot.org/#/arbitrumfoundation.eth/proposal/0x5e0057920df9a278918e4de4ee1e6de7e2415d2af985e40a6c7a1a4b47a4ce01>},
urldate = {2024-08-09},
journal = {Arbitrum DAO Proposal},
author = {{Arbitrum DAO}},
month = sep,
year = {2023},
file = {Arbitrum DAO Proposal\\: Arbitrum Short-term incentive Program:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/AP5854UZ/snapshot.org.html:text/html},
}
@misc{taiko_labs_announcing_2023,
title = {Announcing our first community grant program},
url = {<https://taiko.mirror.xyz/G7dmuoR42S4D55vT8bs_lAxPZP63kAgRu2IfqkJdf6U>},
urldate = {2024-08-09},
author = {{Taiko Labs}},
month = jul,
year = {2023},
file = {Announcing our first community grant program — Taiko Labs:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/274K945G/G7dmuoR42S4D55vT8bs_lAxPZP63kAgRu2IfqkJdf6U.html:text/html},
}
@misc{noauthor_announcing_nodate,
title = {Announcing {Taiko} {Grants} {Cycle} 2 — a \\${30M} program to support comm…},
url = {<https://taiko.mirror.xyz/7Xr2sbMEF8IDoNj03bJflb7z-ErmyCMTAb3L5ef2hfE>},
abstract = {Today we are very excited to announce the launch of Taiko Grants Cycle 2!},
urldate = {2024-08-09},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/BW7F6S45/7Xr2sbMEF8IDoNj03bJflb7z-ErmyCMTAb3L5ef2hfE.html:text/html},
}
@misc{bitdao_passed_2023,
title = {[{PASSED}] {MIP}-24: {Mantle} {EcoFund}},
shorttitle = {[{PASSED}] {MIP}-24},
url = {<https://forum.mantle.xyz/t/passed-mip-24-mantle-ecofund/4692>},
abstract = {The proposal is co-authored by Mantle Core Team and Mirana Ventures. Background Mantle is a high-performance Ethereum layer-2 network built with modular architecture; and aligned with BitDAO strategic interests via the \\$BIT token. Ecosystem funds have historically served as an important catalyst of growth for new emerging protocols and ecosystems, in particular, developer and dAPP adoption of a new protocol. This document proposes the first iteration of a Mantle EcoFund. Objectives Primary Obj...},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-08-09},
journal = {Mantle Forum},
author = {{BitDAO}},
month = feb,
year = {2023},
note = {Section: [Curated Archive] Mantle Ecosystem},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/IIK6B5WH/4692.html:text/html},
}
@article{lage_junior_variations_2010,
title = {Variations of the kanban system: {Literature} review and classification},
volume = {125},
issn = {0925-5273},
shorttitle = {Variations of the kanban system},
url = {<https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925527310000198>},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijpe.2010.01.009},
abstract = {This paper reviews the literature regarding variations of the kanban system, i.e. the aim is to study only the modified kanban systems. Thirty two different systems were studied and classified according to six categories: the publication year of the paper, the number of original characteristics conserved in the variation, the operational differences between each variation and the original kanban system, the advantages in relation to the original kanban, the disadvantages in relation to the original kanban, and the way those systems were tested. A brief summary of each adaptation is shown, integrating the scattered efforts undertaken by the authors with the aim of improving the kanban system and adjusting it to the new and/or distinct necessities of the production systems. Our analysis of the papers, using the proposed classification method, provides useful insights on the anatomy of the literature about variations of the kanban system. It was found that, among other topics, there is a great difference between the quantity of theoretical and practical proposals.},
number = {1},
urldate = {2024-08-09},
journal = {International Journal of Production Economics},
author = {Lage Junior, Muris and Godinho Filho, Moacir},
month = may,
year = {2010},
keywords = {Literature review, Kanban system, Variations},
pages = {13--21},
}
@misc{northshoreai_inc_web3_2024,
title = {Web3 {Grants}. {Highly} configurable, end-to-end management solution},
url = {<https://charmverse.io/solutions/grants/>},
abstract = {Efficiently manage web3 grants with CharmVerse. Seamlessly communicate with reviewers and applicants for successful grant applications.},
language = {en-US},
urldate = {2024-08-09},
journal = {CharmVerse {\\textbar} The Network for Onchain Communities},
author = {{NorthShore.ai Inc.}},
month = apr,
year = {2024},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/6LWSUX2A/grants.html:text/html},
}
@misc{arbitrum_dao_double-down_2024,
title = {Double-{Down} on {STIP} {Successes} ({STIP}-{Bridge})},
url = {<https://snapshot.org/#/arbitrumfoundation.eth/proposal/0x51df52b1596195d672c3120658b3d2aecee2a871f9c1a5ef7509298f98b9e825>},
urldate = {2024-08-10},
journal = {Arbitrum DAO Proposal},
author = {{Arbitrum DAO}},
month = mar,
year = {2024},
file = {Arbitrum DAO Proposal\\: Double-Down on STIP Successes (STIP-Bridge):/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/Q7WKPA4L/snapshot.org.html:text/html},
}
@incollection{engel_managing_2006,
title = {Managing {Risky} {Bids}},
abstract = {Governments as well as private firms face the risk that a contractor goes bankrupt before the completion of the work. In such an environment the possibility to declare bankruptcy makes bidders in a procurement auction bid more aggressively. This leads to the result that revenue equivalence breaks down and that multi-sourcing, rationing, and other means to soften competition may fare better than a standard auction. After analyzing different procurement formats, we investigate if the introduction of compulsory surety bonds mitigates the problem of risky bidding. Is-suers of the bond are specialized in screening the potential contractors. Hence, they will charge a risk-adjusted premium as a compensation for issuing the required surety bond which in turn reduces the incentives of financially weak contractors to bid too aggressively. We also discuss commonly used methods to avoid abnormally low tenders as well as the practise to support domestic contractors and demonstrate the pitfalls of these approaches. *},
author = {Engel, Andreas and Ganuza, Juan-José and Hauk, Esther and Wambach, Achim},
month = jan,
year = {2006},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/QTWAJPLU/Engel et al. - 2006 - Managing Risky Bids.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@book{noauthor_structure_1967,
title = {Structure of {Social} {Action} 2ed v1},
isbn = {978-0-02-924240-7},
url = {<https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Structure-of-Social-Action-2ed-v1/Talcott-Parsons/9780029242407>},
abstract = {From Simon \\& Schuster, Talcott Parsons' The Structure of Social Action is a study in social theory with special reference to a group of recent ...},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-08-19},
month = jan,
year = {1967},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/YPQGVIHX/9780029242407.html:text/html},
}
@article{giuffrida_supplier_2022,
title = {Supplier selection and contract enforcement: {Evidence} from performance bonding},
volume = {31},
issn = {1530-9134},
shorttitle = {Supplier selection and contract enforcement},
url = {<https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jems.12492>},
doi = {10.1111/jems.12492},
abstract = {We analyze an important but little-studied institution for balancing supply risk in the management of procurement operations: performance bonding. By adding the surety as a third party that guarantees contract fulfillment between supplier and buyer, performance bonding aims to streamline the purchasing process by influencing both contractor selection in the bidding phase and contract enforcement during project execution. Using the data on US government procurement from 2005 to 2015 and exploiting an exogenous variation in the threshold for its application to construction contracts, we find that performance bonding improves contract outcomes by 10.5\\% and 3.7\\% in terms of delays and extra costs, respectively. Net of bond premia, which by law are included in the award amounts, this effect translates into savings of about 4\\% in the budget for federal construction projects and 16\\% for mid-size projects. We provide suggestive evidence on the effectiveness of selection and monitoring by sureties as driving channels.},
language = {en},
number = {4},
urldate = {2024-08-19},
journal = {Journal of Economics \\& Management Strategy},
author = {Giuffrida, Leonardo M. and Rovigatti, Gabriele},
year = {2022},
note = {\\_eprint: <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jems.12492>},
pages = {980--1019},
file = {Full Text:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/D736EGH6/Giuffrida and Rovigatti - 2022 - Supplier selection and contract enforcement Evide.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/IGYSDWN8/jems.html:text/html},
}
@misc{augustin_reaching_2022,
address = {Rochester, NY},
type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}},
title = {Reaching for {Yield} in {Decentralized} {Financial} {Markets}},
url = {<https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4063228>},
doi = {10.2139/ssrn.4063228},
abstract = {Yield farms in decentralized finance dynamically compete for liquidity by offering high yields, advertised as salient headline rates. Farming these yields involves complex investment strategies with hidden downside risks. Capitalizing on the transparency of blockchain transactions data, we show that investors chase farms with high yields and that farms with the highest headline rates record the most negative risk-adjusted returns. Through randomized shocks to yield farmers' information display, we show that improved risk disclosure and lower perceived product complexity reduces yield chasing, thereby improving investor performance. Our evidence is consistent with salience theory that may underpin reaching for yield behavior.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-08-19},
author = {Augustin, Patrick and Chen-Zhang, Roy and Shin, Donghwa},
month = mar,
year = {2022},
keywords = {complexity, decentralized finance, derivatives, reaching for yield, salience},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/WBLN2E2D/Augustin et al. - 2022 - Reaching for Yield in Decentralized Financial Mark.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{gurel_swot_2017,
title = {{SWOT} {ANALYSIS}: {A} {THEORETICAL} {REVIEW}},
volume = {10},
shorttitle = {{SWOT} {ANALYSIS}},
doi = {10.17719/jisr.2017.1832},
abstract = {This study is a literature review on SWOT, qualitative and descriptive in nature. The study will examine SWOT Analysis in a historical, theoretical, time frame perspective, as an effective situation analysis technique which plays an important role in the fields of marketing, public relations, advertising and in any fields of requiring strategic planning. SWOT Analysis is an analysis method used to evaluate the ‘strengths’, ‘weaknesses’, ‘opportunities’ and ‘threats’ involved in an organization, a plan, a project, a person or a business activity. In this qualitative and descriptive study, firstly the position of SWOT Analysis in the strategic management process is explained, secondly the components of SWOT Analysis is examined. The study includes an international sports wear brand’s SWOT Analysis; historical origins of SWOT, advantages-disadvantages and the limitations of SWOT is also reviewed.
Keywords: SWOT Matrix, TOWS Analysis, TOWS Matrix, Planning, Strategic Planning.},
journal = {Journal of International Social Research},
author = {Gürel, Emet},
month = aug,
year = {2017},
pages = {994--1006},
}
@misc{biedermann_defining_2024,
title = {Defining and {Measuring} {Grant} {Maturity} for {Web3} {Grants}},
url = {<https://paragraph.xyz/@gmi/defining-and-measuring-grant-maturity-for-web3-grants>},
abstract = {Our MissionOur research aims to enhance the transparency and effectiveness of Web3 grant programs by providing a robust tool for self-assessment and ...},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-08-22},
author = {Biedermann, Ben and Gibrel, Fahima},
month = aug,
year = {2024},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/E5PARF5H/defining-and-measuring-grant-maturity-for-web3-grants.html:text/html},
}
@inproceedings{mcgettigan_best_2005,
title = {{BEST} {VALUE} {PROCUREMENT}: {WHEN} {LOWEST} {PRICE} {ISN}'{T} {GOOD} {ENOUGH}},
shorttitle = {{BEST} {VALUE} {PROCUREMENT}},
url = {<https://www.accesswater.org/publications/proceedings/-292021/best-value-procurement--when-lowest-price-isn-t-good-enough>},
abstract = {An innovative approach for securing equipment pricing for multiple, multi-phased construction packages was development and implemented in accordance...},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-08-23},
publisher = {Water Environment Federation},
author = {McGettigan, J. and Andgren, N. and Kerley, R. and Dobbs, D.},
month = jan,
year = {2005},
note = {ISSN: 1938-6478},
pages = {1047--1056},
}
@article{dimitri_best_2013,
title = {“{Best} value for money” in procurement},
volume = {13},
issn = {1535-0118},
url = {<https://doi.org/10.1108/JOPP-13-02-2013-B001>},
doi = {10.1108/JOPP-13-02-2013-B001},
abstract = {A gradual change on how to evaluate successful procurement, in both the private and the public sector has occurred in recent years. Indeed, in so far as economic efficiency is concerned from a price-only criterion for measuring success, decisions have shifted to a multi-criteria approach where various dimensions of quality, as well as price, are considered. The most common way to express such a shift is to say that procurement should deliver “best value for money” (BVM). That is, to award the contract, both monetary and non-monetary components of an offer are to be considered. Whether in competitive bidding or negotiations, BVM is typically formalized by a scoring formula, namely a rule for assigning dimensionless numbers to different elements of an offer, often expressed in different units of measurement. The contract would then be awarded according to the total score obtained by a bid. The main goal of this paper is to present a critical overview of some main themes related to the notion of BVM, discussing few typical forms of scoring rules as a way to formalize the procurer's preferences.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2024-08-23},
journal = {Journal of Public Procurement},
author = {Dimitri, Nicola},
month = jan,
year = {2013},
note = {Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited},
pages = {149--175},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/IRURV7GG/html.html:text/html},
}
@article{kashiwagi_best_2011,
title = {Best {Value} {Procurement}/{Performance} {Information} {Procurement} {System} {Development}},
volume = {3},
copyright = {Copyright (c) 2011 Dean Kashiwagi, PhD, Fulbright Scholar, PE},
issn = {2169-0464},
url = {<http://journal.cibw117.org/index.php/japiv/article/view/104>},
doi = {10.37265/japiv.v3i1.104},
abstract = {Best Value Procurement/Performance Information Procurement System (BVP/PIPS) has been developed by Dean Kashiwagi and the Performance Based Studies Research Group (PBSRG) from 1991 - 2010. BVP/PIPS is a licensed technology from Arizona State University that includes a deductive logic called Information Measurement Theory (IMT), an industry structure model which shapes the PIPS functions, and a process and structure that transfers risk and control to expert vendors. The BVP/PIPS has gone through numerous stages: the performance information centered PIPS (1994-2001); the PIPS testing phase (2001-2005); and the implementation stage (2005-2009); and the theoretical refinement and standardization of BVP/PIPS technology (2010). BVP/PIPS was introduced into the Netherlands in 2005 by a large general contractor Heijmans, the Rijkeswaterstaat, and aggressively proliferated by Scenter and others. BVP/PIPS usage in the Netherlands is modified to fit within the European procurement law. However, the main advantage of PIPS is the IMT based philosophy of minimized management, direction, and control of expert vendors.},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2024-08-23},
journal = {Journal for the Advancement of Performance Information and Value},
author = {Kashiwagi, Dean},
month = jun,
year = {2011},
note = {Number: 1},
keywords = {past performance information},
pages = {12--12},
}
@book{ambrose_basics_2010,
title = {Basics {Design} 08: {Design} {Thinking}},
isbn = {978-2-940411-17-7},
shorttitle = {Basics {Design} 08},
abstract = {Basics Design: Design Thinking is an introduction to the process of generating creative ideas and concepts used by designers in order to start the process that leads to a finished piece of work. This focus on ideas and methods favours a useable approach to design as a problem-solving activity. This is supported by practical work examples and case studies from leading contemporary design studios, accompanied by concise descriptions, technical expansions and diagrammatic visualisations. Basics Design: Design Thinking teaches the generation of ideas as a practical skill, vital to the creation of successful design.},
language = {en},
publisher = {AVA Publishing},
author = {Ambrose, Gavin and Harris, Paul},
month = jan,
year = {2010},
note = {Google-Books-ID: 9klpFfZDnWgC},
keywords = {Architecture / Design, Drafting, Drawing \\& Presentation, Art / General, Computers / Software Development \\& Engineering / Computer Graphics, Design / Graphic Arts / General, House \\& Home / House Plans},
}
@article{wolniak_design_2017,
title = {The {Design} {Thinking} method and its stages},
volume = {Vol. 6, iss. 6},
issn = {2391-9361},
url = {<http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/baztech/element/bwmeta1.element.baztech-81d700a1-e4ea-4257-87cf-d0b790873bc8>},
language = {EN},
urldate = {2024-08-23},
journal = {Systemy Wspomagania w Inżynierii Produkcji},
author = {Wolniak, R.},
year = {2017},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/CSZ8SFUH/Wolniak - 2017 - The Design Thinking method and its stages.pdf:application/pdf},
}
@article{beck_governance_2018,
title = {Governance in the {Blockchain} {Economy}: {A} {Framework} and {Research} {Agenda}},
volume = {19},
issn = {1536-9323},
shorttitle = {Governance in the {Blockchain} {Economy}},
url = {<https://aisel.aisnet.org/jais/vol19/iss10/1>},
number = {10},
journal = {Journal of the Association for Information Systems},
author = {Beck, Roman and Müller-Bloch, Christoph and King, John},
month = oct,
year = {2018},
file = {"Governance in the Blockchain Economy\\: A Framework and Research Agenda" by Roman Beck, Christoph Müller-Bloch et al.:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/M5Y2GBI5/1.html:text/html},
}
@article{wahyuningsih_scrutinizing_2021,
title = {Scrutinizing the potential use of {Discord} application as a digital platform amidst emergency remote learning},
volume = {1},
doi = {10.22515/jemin.v1i1.3448},
abstract = {A common challenge encountered by educators to engage in an emergency remote learning is the selection of an effective digital platform to assist teaching and learning activities. Drawing on this issue, this study offers a practical solution by scrutinizing the potential use of android-based application named Discord as a digital platform to conduct online teaching and learning. To this end, a group of elementary school teachers and students enrolled in Islamic religious and moral education courses was involved as participants in a descriptive qualitative research by employing interview, observation, and documentation as instruments to collect the required data. The results demonstrated that Discord android-based application was proven to be an alternative for elementary school educators as a digital learning platform during the emergency remote learning in the age of Covid-19 pandemic. The results of observation further showed that online teaching-learning activities using Discord application could successfully create communicative digital learning environment which was interesting and enjoyable for the students. Despite the potential advantages, a number of challenges were also discussed in this study. The results of this study contribute as a practical insight for teachers and students in assisting online learning activities as Discord application helps them experience a new nuance of distance learning.},
journal = {Journal of Educational Management and Instruction (JEMIN)},
author = {Wahyuningsih, Endang and Baidi, Baidi},
month = apr,
year = {2021},
pages = {9--18},
}
@book{kozinets_netnography_2015,
title = {Netnography: {Redefined}},
shorttitle = {Netnography},
url = {<https://www.academia.edu/14369681/Netnography_Redefined>},
abstract = {Netnography Redefined completely redefines and reconceptualizes the practice of netnography. These are the first two chapters of the book. In chapter four, netnography is (re) defined as a specific set of related data collection, analysis, ethical},
urldate = {2024-08-23},
author = {Kozinets, Robert},
year = {2015},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/7FVTW3RX/Netnography_Redefined.html:text/html},
}
@misc{noauthor_embracing_nodate,
title = {Embracing discord? {The} rhetorical consequences of gaming platforms as classrooms},
shorttitle = {Embracing discord?},
url = {<http://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/7W5XX1Pl/>},
language = {uk-UA},
urldate = {2024-08-23},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/NH4IMXNE/7W5XX1Pl.html:text/html},
}
@article{johnson_embracing_2022,
title = {Embracing discord? {The} rhetorical consequences of gaming platforms as classrooms},
volume = {65},
issn = {8755-4615},
shorttitle = {Embracing discord?},
url = {<https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S8755461522000378>},
doi = {10.1016/j.compcom.2022.102729},
abstract = {Gaming culture and platforms are becoming more popular for educational use, a trend that has been amplified during the massive migration to online education and conferencing across institutions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Among these repurposed tools, one of the most popular is an unassuming social platform originally associated with guild meetings and gaming communities: Discord. Using a combination of software studies and design thinking, and drawing upon the authors’ experience designing and participating in Discord communities for academic purposes including conferences and classroom usage, this work examines the rhetorical disruption this games-designated platform potentially presents to institutional spaces and expectations. These disruptions and rhetorical disconnects manifest throughout the platform, involving choices in aesthetics, logistical elements of organization and threading (or the lack thereof), and assumptions in visual communication and available rhetorics. Even without greater gamification intention, such design elements and platform affordances can offer significant potential impact on the classroom, conference, or academic organization occupying this space. These changes are not without risks: gaming platforms carry with them mechanisms for decontextualized and intertextual racism, misogyny, and the transference of toxic community norms back to the classroom.},
urldate = {2024-08-23},
journal = {Computers and Composition},
author = {Johnson, Emily K. and Salter, Anastasia},
month = sep,
year = {2022},
keywords = {Discord, Educational technology, Games, Pedagogy, Social media},
pages = {102729},
file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/benediktbiedermayer/Zotero/storage/9KTD6T7M/S8755461522000378.html:text/html},
}